United States
INTRODUCTION
The author of this book, my brother, died in a French military hospital of the effects of exposure in the last fierce fighting that broke the Prussian power over Christendom; fighting for which he had volunteered after being invalided home. Any notes I can jot down about him must necessarily seem jerky and incongruous; for in such a relation memory is a medley of generalisation and detail, not to be uttered in words. One thing at least may fitly be said here. Before he died he did at least two things that he desired. One may seem much greater than the other; but he would not have shrunk from naming them together. He saw the end of an empire that was the nightmare of the nations; but I believe it pleased him almost as much that he had been able, often in the intervals of bitter warfare and by the aid of a brilliant memory, to put together these pages on the history, so necessary and so strangely neglected, of the great democracy which he never patronised, which he not only loved but honoured.
Cecil Edward Chesterton was born on November 12, 1879; and there is a special if a secondary sense in which we may use the phrase that he was born a fighter. It may seem in some sad fashion a flippancy to say that he argued from his very cradle. It is certainly, in the same sad fashion, a comfort, to remember one truth about our relations: that we perpetually argued and that we never quarrelled. In a sense it was the psychological truth, I fancy, that we never quarrelled because we always argued. His lucidity and love of truth kept things so much on the level of logic, that the rest of our relations remained, thank God, in solid sympathy; long before that later time when, in substance, our argument had become an agreement. Nor, I think, was the process valueless; for at least we learnt how to argue in defence of our agreement. But the retrospect is only worth a thought now, because it illustrates a duality which seemed to him, and is, very simple; but to many is baffling in its very simplicity. When I say his weapon was logic, it will be currently confused with formality or even frigidity: a silly superstition always pictures the logician as a pale-faced prig. He was a living proof, a very living proof, that the precise contrary is the case. In fact it is generally the warmer and more sanguine sort of man who has an appetite for abstract definitions and even abstract distinctions. He had all the debating dexterity of a genial and generous man like Charles Fox. He could command that more than legal clarity and closeness which really marked the legal arguments of a genial and generous man like Danton. In his wonderfully courageous public speaking, he rather preferred being a debator to being an orator; in a sense he maintained that no man had a right to be an orator without first being a debater. Eloquence, he said, had its proper place when reason had proved a thing to be right, and it was necessary to give men the courage to do what was right. I think he never needed any man’s eloquence to give him that. But the substitution of sentiment for reason, in the proper place for reason, affected him “as musicians are affected by a false note.” It was the combination of this intellectual integrity with extraordinary warmth and simplicity in the affections that made the point of his personality. The snobs and servile apologists of the régime he resisted seem to think they can atone for being hard-hearted by being soft-headed. He reversed, if ever a man did, that relation in the organs. The opposite condition really covers all that can be said of him in this brief study; it is the clue not only to his character but to his career. If rationalism meant being rational (which it hardly ever does) he might at every stage of his life be called a red-hot rationalist. Thus, for instance, he very early became a Socialist and joined the Fabian Society, on the executive of which he played a prominent part for some years. But he afterwards gave the explanation, very characteristic for those who could understand it, that what he liked about the Fabian sort of Socialism was its hardness. He meant intellectual hardness; the fact that the society avoided sentimentalism, and dealt in affirmations and not mere associations. He meant that upon the Fabian basis a Socialist was bound to believe in Socialism, but not in sandals, free love, bookbinding, and immediate disarmament. But he also added that, while he liked their hardness, he disliked their moderation. In other words, when he discovered, or believed that he discovered, that their intellectual hardness was combined with moral hardness, or rather moral deadness, he felt all the intellectual ice melted by a moral flame. He had, so to speak, a reaction of emotional realism, in which he saw, as suddenly as simple men can see simple truths, the potterers of Social Reform as the plotters of the Servile State. He was himself, above all things, a democrat as well as a Socialist; and in that intellectual sect he began to feel as if he were the only Socialist who was also a democrat. His dogmatic, democratic conviction would alone illustrate the falsity of the contrast between logic and life. The idea of human equality existed with extraordinary clarity in his brain, precisely because it existed with extraordinary simplicity in his character. His popular sympathies, unlike so many popular sentiments, could really survive any intimacy with the populace; they followed the poor not only at public meetings but to public houses. He was literally the only man I ever knew who was not only never a snob, but apparently never tempted to be a snob. The fact is almost more important than his wonderful lack of fear; for such good causes, when they cannot be lost by fear, are often lost by favour.
Thus he came to suspect that Socialism was merely social reform, and that social reform was merely slavery. But the point still is that though his attitude to it was now one of revolt, it was anything but a mere revulsion of feeling. He did, indeed, fall back on fundamental things, on a fury at the oppression of the poor, on a pity for slaves, and especially for contented slaves. But it is the mark of his type of mind that he did not abandon Socialism without a rational case against it, and a rational system to oppose to it. The theory he substituted for Socialism is that which may for convenience be called Distributivism; the theory that private property is proper to every private citizen. This is no place for its exposition; but it will be evident that such a conversion brings the convert into touch with much older traditions of human freedom, as expressed in the family or the guild. And it was about the same time that, having for some time held an Anglo-Catholic position, he joined the Roman Catholic Church. It is notable, in connection with the general argument, that while the deeper reasons for such a change do not concern such a sketch as this, he was again characteristically amused and annoyed with the sentimentalists, sympathetic or hostile, who supposed he was attracted by ritual, music, and emotional mysticism. He told such people, somewhat to their bewilderment, that he had been converted because Rome alone could satisfy the reason. In his case, of course, as in Newman’s and numberless others, well-meaning people conceived a thousand crooked or complicated explanations, rather than suppose that an obviously honest man believed a thing because he thought it was true. He was soon to give a more dramatic manifestation of his strange taste for the truth.
The attack on political corruption, the next and perhaps the most important passage in his life, still illustrates the same point, touching reason and enthusiasm. Precisely because he did know what Socialism is and what it is not, precisely because he had at least learned that from the intellectual hardness of the Fabians, he saw the spot where Fabian Socialism is not hard but soft. Socialism means the assumption by the State of all the means of production, distribution, and exchange. To quote (as he often quoted with a rational relish) the words of Mr. Balfour, that is Socialism and nothing else is Socialism. To such clear thinking, it is at once apparent that trusting a thing to the State must always mean trusting it to the statesmen. He could defend Socialism because he could define Socialism; and he was not helped or hindered by the hazy associations of the sort of Socialists who perpetually defended what they never defined. Such men might have a vague vision of red flags and red ties waving in an everlasting riot above the fall of top-hats and Union Jacks; but he knew that Socialism established meant Socialism official, and conducted by some sort of officials. All the primary forms of private property were to be given to the government; and it occurred to him, as a natural precaution, to give a glance at the government. He gave some attention to the actual types and methods of that governing and official class, into whose power trams and trades and shops and houses were already passing, amid loud Fabian cheers for the progress of Socialism. He looked at modern parliamentary government; he looked at it rationally and steadily and not without reflection. And the consequence was that he was put in the dock, and very nearly put in the lock-up, for calling it what it is.
In collaboration with Mr. Belloc he had written “The Party System,” in which the plutocratic and corrupt nature of our present polity is set forth. And when Mr. Belloc founded the Eye-Witness, as a bold and independent organ of the same sort of criticism, he served as the energetic second in command. He subsequently became editor of the Eye-Witness, which was renamed as the New Witness. It was during the latter period that the great test case of political corruption occurred; pretty well known in England, and unfortunately much better known in Europe, as the Marconi scandal. To narrate its alternate secrecies and sensations would be impossible here; but one fashionable fallacy about it may be exploded with advantage. An extraordinary notion still exists that the New Witness denounced Ministers for gambling on the Stock Exchange. It might be improper for Ministers to gamble; but gambling was certainly not a misdemeanor that would have hardened with any special horror so hearty an Anti-Puritan as the man of whom I write. The Marconi case did not raise the difficult ethics of gambling, but the perfectly plain ethics of secret commissions. The charge against the Ministers was that, while a government contract was being considered, they tried to make money out of a secret tip, given them by the very government contractor with whom their government was supposed to be bargaining. This was what their accuser asserted; but this was not what they attempted to answer by a prosecution. He was prosecuted, not for what he had said of the government, but for some secondary things he had said of the government contractor. The latter, Mr. Godfrey Isaacs, gained a verdict for criminal libel; and the judge inflicted a fine of £100. Readers may have chanced to note the subsequent incidents in the life of Mr. Isaacs, but I am here only concerned with incidents in the life of a more interesting person.
In any suggestion of his personality, indeed, the point does not lie in what was done to him, but rather in what was not done. He was positively assured, upon the very strongest and most converging legal authority, that unless he offered certain excuses he would certainly go to prison for several years. He did not offer those excuses; and I believe it never occurred to him to do so. His freedom from fear of all kinds had about it a sort of solid unconsciousness and even innocence. This homogeneous quality in it has been admirably seized and summed up by Mr. Belloc in a tribute of great truth and power. “His courage was heroic, native, positive and equal: always at the highest potentiality of courage. He never in his life checked an action or a word from a consideration of personal caution, and that is more than can be said of any other man of his time.” After the more or less nominal fine, however, his moral victory was proved in the one way in which a military victory can ever be proved. It is the successful general who continues his own plan of campaign. Whether a battle be ticketed in the history books as lost or won, the test is which side can continue to strike. He continued to strike, and to strike harder than ever, up to the very moment of that yet greater experience which changed all such military symbols into military facts. A man with instincts unspoiled and in that sense almost untouched, he would have always answered quite naturally to the autochthonous appeal of patriotism; but it is again characteristic of him that he desired, in his own phrase, to “rationalize patriotism,” which he did upon the principles of Rousseau, that contractual theory which, in these pages, he connects with the great name of Jefferson. But things even deeper than patriotism impelled him against Prussianism. His enemy was the barbarian when he enslaves, as something more hellish even than the barbarian when he slays. His was the spiritual instinct by which Prussian order was worse than Prussian anarchy; and nothing was so inhuman as an inhuman humanitarianism. If you had asked him for what he fought and died amid the wasted fields of France and Flanders, he might very probably have answered that it was to save the world from German social reforms.
This note, necessarily so broken and bemused, must reach its useless end. I have said nothing of numberless things that should be remembered at the mention of his name; of his books, which were great pamphlets and may yet be permanent pamphlets; of his journalistic exposures of other evils besides the Marconi, exposures that have made a new political atmosphere in the very election that is stirring around us; of his visit to America, which initiated him into an international friendship which is the foundation of this book. Least of all can I write of him apart from his work; of that loss nothing can be said by those who do not suffer it, and less still by those who do. And his experiences in life and death were so much greater even than my experiences of him, that a double incapacity makes me dumb. A portrait is impossible; as a friend he is too near me, and as a hero too far away.
G. K. CHESTERTON.
United States
INTRODUCTION
The author of this book, my brother, died in a French military hospital of the effects of exposure in the last fierce fighting that broke the Prussian power over Christendom; fighting for which he had volunteered after being invalided home. Any notes I can jot down about him must necessarily seem jerky and incongruous; for in such a relation memory is a medley of generalisation and detail, not to be uttered in words. One thing at least may fitly be said here. Before he died he did at least two things that he desired. One may seem much greater than the other; but he would not have shrunk from naming them together. He saw the end of an empire that was the nightmare of the nations; but I believe it pleased him almost as much that he had been able, often in the intervals of bitter warfare and by the aid of a brilliant memory, to put together these pages on the history, so necessary and so strangely neglected, of the great democracy which he never patronised, which he not only loved but honoured.
Stati Uniti
INTRODUZIONE
L’autore di questo libro, mio fratello, morì in un ospedale militare francese per gli effetti dell’esposizione al freddo nell’ultimo feroce combattimento che spezzò la potenza prussiana sulla Cristianità; combattimento per cui si era offerto volontario dopo essere stato congedato per infermità e rimandato a casa. Ogni appunto che io possa buttar giù su di lui parrà per forza sconnesso e incongruo; poiché in un simile rapporto la memoria è un guazzabuglio di generalizzazione e dettaglio, che le parole non sanno dire. Una cosa almeno può dirsi qui a proposito. Prima di morire fece almeno due cose che desiderava. Una può sembrare assai più grande dell’altra; ma egli non avrebbe esitato a nominarle insieme. Vide la fine di un impero che era l’incubo delle nazioni; ma credo gli piacque quasi altrettanto l’esser riuscito, spesso negli intervalli della guerra amara e col soccorso di una memoria brillante, a mettere insieme queste pagine sulla storia, così necessaria e così stranamente trascurata, della grande democrazia che egli non trattò mai con sufficienza, che non solo amò ma onorò.
Cecil Edward Chesterton was born on November 12, 1879; and there is a special if a secondary sense in which we may use the phrase that he was born a fighter. It may seem in some sad fashion a flippancy to say that he argued from his very cradle. It is certainly, in the same sad fashion, a comfort, to remember one truth about our relations: that we perpetually argued and that we never quarrelled. In a sense it was the psychological truth, I fancy, that we never quarrelled because we always argued. His lucidity and love of truth kept things so much on the level of logic, that the rest of our relations remained, thank God, in solid sympathy; long before that later time when, in substance, our argument had become an agreement. Nor, I think, was the process valueless; for at least we learnt how to argue in defence of our agreement. But the retrospect is only worth a thought now, because it illustrates a duality which seemed to him, and is, very simple; but to many is baffling in its very simplicity. When I say his weapon was logic, it will be currently confused with formality or even frigidity: a silly superstition always pictures the logician as a pale-faced prig. He was a living proof, a very living proof, that the precise contrary is the case. In fact it is generally the warmer and more sanguine sort of man who has an appetite for abstract definitions and even abstract distinctions. He had all the debating dexterity of a genial and generous man like Charles Fox. He could command that more than legal clarity and closeness which really marked the legal arguments of a genial and generous man like Danton. In his wonderfully courageous public speaking, he rather preferred being a debator to being an orator; in a sense he maintained that no man had a right to be an orator without first being a debater. Eloquence, he said, had its proper place when reason had proved a thing to be right, and it was necessary to give men the courage to do what was right. I think he never needed any man’s eloquence to give him that. But the substitution of sentiment for reason, in the proper place for reason, affected him “as musicians are affected by a false note.” It was the combination of this intellectual integrity with extraordinary warmth and simplicity in the affections that made the point of his personality. The snobs and servile apologists of the régime he resisted seem to think they can atone for being hard-hearted by being soft-headed. He reversed, if ever a man did, that relation in the organs. The opposite condition really covers all that can be said of him in this brief study; it is the clue not only to his character but to his career. If rationalism meant being rational (which it hardly ever does) he might at every stage of his life be called a red-hot rationalist. Thus, for instance, he very early became a Socialist and joined the Fabian Society, on the executive of which he played a prominent part for some years. But he afterwards gave the explanation, very characteristic for those who could understand it, that what he liked about the Fabian sort of Socialism was its hardness. He meant intellectual hardness; the fact that the society avoided sentimentalism, and dealt in affirmations and not mere associations. He meant that upon the Fabian basis a Socialist was bound to believe in Socialism, but not in sandals, free love, bookbinding, and immediate disarmament. But he also added that, while he liked their hardness, he disliked their moderation. In other words, when he discovered, or believed that he discovered, that their intellectual hardness was combined with moral hardness, or rather moral deadness, he felt all the intellectual ice melted by a moral flame. He had, so to speak, a reaction of emotional realism, in which he saw, as suddenly as simple men can see simple truths, the potterers of Social Reform as the plotters of the Servile State. He was himself, above all things, a democrat as well as a Socialist; and in that intellectual sect he began to feel as if he were the only Socialist who was also a democrat. His dogmatic, democratic conviction would alone illustrate the falsity of the contrast between logic and life. The idea of human equality existed with extraordinary clarity in his brain, precisely because it existed with extraordinary simplicity in his character. His popular sympathies, unlike so many popular sentiments, could really survive any intimacy with the populace; they followed the poor not only at public meetings but to public houses. He was literally the only man I ever knew who was not only never a snob, but apparently never tempted to be a snob. The fact is almost more important than his wonderful lack of fear; for such good causes, when they cannot be lost by fear, are often lost by favour.
Cecil Edward Chesterton nacque il 12 novembre 1879; e vi è uno speciale, se pur secondario, senso in cui possiamo usare la frase che egli nacque combattente. Può parere, in qualche triste modo, una frivolezza dire che discuteva fin dalla culla. È certamente, nello stesso triste modo, un conforto ricordare una verità riguardo ai nostri rapporti: che discutevamo perpetuamente e che non litigammo mai. In un certo senso era la verità psicologica, immagino, che non litigammo mai perché discutevamo sempre. La sua lucidità e il suo amore della verità mantennero le cose tanto sul piano della logica, che il resto dei nostri rapporti rimase, grazie a Dio, in solida simpatia; molto prima di quel tempo posteriore in cui, in sostanza, la nostra discussione era divenuta un accordo. Né, credo, il processo fu privo di valore; poiché almeno imparammo ad argomentare in difesa del nostro accordo. Ma la retrospettiva merita ora un pensiero solo perché illustra una dualità che a lui pareva, ed è, assai semplice; ma che a molti è sconcertante nella sua stessa semplicità. Quando dico che la sua arma era la logica, la si confonderà correntemente con la formalità o persino con la freddezza: una sciocca superstizione raffigura sempre il logico come un pedante dal volto pallido. Egli era una prova vivente, una prova assai vivente, che è vero precisamente il contrario. Di fatto è generalmente l’uomo più caldo e più sanguigno che ha appetito per le definizioni astratte e persino per le distinzioni astratte. Egli aveva tutta la destrezza dialettica di un uomo geniale e generoso come Charles Fox. Sapeva padroneggiare quella chiarezza e serratezza più che legale che segnavano davvero le argomentazioni legali di un uomo geniale e generoso come Danton. Nel suo discorso pubblico meravigliosamente coraggioso, preferiva essere un dibattitore piuttosto che un oratore; in un certo senso sosteneva che nessun uomo aveva il diritto di essere un oratore senza essere prima un dibattitore. L’eloquenza, diceva, aveva il suo giusto posto quando la ragione aveva dimostrato che una cosa era giusta, ed era necessario dare agli uomini il coraggio di fare ciò che era giusto. Credo che egli non avesse mai bisogno dell’eloquenza di alcun uomo per averlo. Ma la sostituzione del sentimento alla ragione, nel luogo proprio della ragione, lo colpiva «come i musicisti sono colpiti da una nota falsa». Era la combinazione di questa integrità intellettuale con uno straordinario calore e semplicità negli affetti che costituiva il tratto saliente della sua personalità. Gli snob e gli apologeti servili del régime a cui egli si opponeva sembrano pensare di poter espiare l’essere duri di cuore essendo molli di cervello. Egli rovesciò, se mai un uomo lo fece, quel rapporto negli organi. La condizione opposta copre davvero tutto ciò che si può dire di lui in questo breve studio; è la chiave non solo del suo carattere ma della sua carriera. Se razionalismo significasse essere razionali (cosa che quasi mai significa) egli potrebbe, a ogni tappa della sua vita, essere chiamato un razionalista arroventato. Così, per esempio, divenne assai presto socialista e si unì alla Società Fabiana, nel cui direttivo svolse una parte di rilievo per alcuni anni. Ma in seguito diede la spiegazione, assai caratteristica per coloro che sapevano comprenderla, che ciò che gli piaceva del socialismo di stampo fabiano era la sua durezza. Intendeva la durezza intellettuale; il fatto che la società evitava il sentimentalismo, e trattava in affermazioni e non in mere associazioni. Intendeva che sulla base fabiana un socialista era tenuto a credere nel socialismo, ma non nei sandali, nel libero amore, nella rilegatura dei libri e nel disarmo immediato. Ma aggiunse anche che, pur amando la loro durezza, ne detestava la moderazione. In altre parole, quando scoprì, o credette di scoprire, che la loro durezza intellettuale era combinata con la durezza morale, o piuttosto con la mortificazione morale, sentì tutto il ghiaccio intellettuale sciolto da una fiamma morale. Ebbe, per così dire, una reazione di realismo emotivo, in cui vide, tanto improvvisamente quanto gli uomini semplici sanno vedere le semplici verità, gli armeggioni della Riforma sociale come i congiurati dello Stato Servile. Egli era, sopra ogni cosa, un democratico oltre che un socialista; e in quella setta intellettuale cominciò a sentirsi come se fosse il solo socialista che era anche democratico. La sua dogmatica, democratica convinzione basterebbe da sola a illustrare la falsità del contrasto tra la logica e la vita. L’idea dell’uguaglianza umana esisteva con straordinaria chiarezza nel suo cervello, precisamente perché esisteva con straordinaria semplicità nel suo carattere. Le sue simpatie popolari, a differenza di tanti sentimenti popolari, sapevano davvero sopravvivere a qualsiasi intimità con la plebe; esse seguivano i poveri non solo nei pubblici comizi ma nelle osterie. Egli era letteralmente il solo uomo che io abbia mai conosciuto che non solo non fu mai uno snob, ma apparentemente non fu mai tentato di esserlo. Il fatto è quasi più importante della sua meravigliosa mancanza di paura; poiché tali buone cause, quando non possono essere perdute per paura, sono spesso perdute per favore.
Thus he came to suspect that Socialism was merely social reform, and that social reform was merely slavery. But the point still is that though his attitude to it was now one of revolt, it was anything but a mere revulsion of feeling. He did, indeed, fall back on fundamental things, on a fury at the oppression of the poor, on a pity for slaves, and especially for contented slaves. But it is the mark of his type of mind that he did not abandon Socialism without a rational case against it, and a rational system to oppose to it. The theory he substituted for Socialism is that which may for convenience be called Distributivism; the theory that private property is proper to every private citizen. This is no place for its exposition; but it will be evident that such a conversion brings the convert into touch with much older traditions of human freedom, as expressed in the family or the guild. And it was about the same time that, having for some time held an Anglo-Catholic position, he joined the Roman Catholic Church. It is notable, in connection with the general argument, that while the deeper reasons for such a change do not concern such a sketch as this, he was again characteristically amused and annoyed with the sentimentalists, sympathetic or hostile, who supposed he was attracted by ritual, music, and emotional mysticism. He told such people, somewhat to their bewilderment, that he had been converted because Rome alone could satisfy the reason. In his case, of course, as in Newman’s and numberless others, well-meaning people conceived a thousand crooked or complicated explanations, rather than suppose that an obviously honest man believed a thing because he thought it was true. He was soon to give a more dramatic manifestation of his strange taste for the truth.
The attack on political corruption, the next and perhaps the most important passage in his life, still illustrates the same point, touching reason and enthusiasm. Precisely because he did know what Socialism is and what it is not, precisely because he had at least learned that from the intellectual hardness of the Fabians, he saw the spot where Fabian Socialism is not hard but soft. Socialism means the assumption by the State of all the means of production, distribution, and exchange. To quote (as he often quoted with a rational relish) the words of Mr. Balfour, that is Socialism and nothing else is Socialism. To such clear thinking, it is at once apparent that trusting a thing to the State must always mean trusting it to the statesmen. He could defend Socialism because he could define Socialism; and he was not helped or hindered by the hazy associations of the sort of Socialists who perpetually defended what they never defined. Such men might have a vague vision of red flags and red ties waving in an everlasting riot above the fall of top-hats and Union Jacks; but he knew that Socialism established meant Socialism official, and conducted by some sort of officials. All the primary forms of private property were to be given to the government; and it occurred to him, as a natural precaution, to give a glance at the government. He gave some attention to the actual types and methods of that governing and official class, into whose power trams and trades and shops and houses were already passing, amid loud Fabian cheers for the progress of Socialism. He looked at modern parliamentary government; he looked at it rationally and steadily and not without reflection. And the consequence was that he was put in the dock, and very nearly put in the lock-up, for calling it what it is.
In collaboration with Mr. Belloc he had written “The Party System,” in which the plutocratic and corrupt nature of our present polity is set forth. And when Mr. Belloc founded the Eye-Witness, as a bold and independent organ of the same sort of criticism, he served as the energetic second in command. He subsequently became editor of the Eye-Witness, which was renamed as the New Witness. It was during the latter period that the great test case of political corruption occurred; pretty well known in England, and unfortunately much better known in Europe, as the Marconi scandal. To narrate its alternate secrecies and sensations would be impossible here; but one fashionable fallacy about it may be exploded with advantage. An extraordinary notion still exists that the New Witness denounced Ministers for gambling on the Stock Exchange. It might be improper for Ministers to gamble; but gambling was certainly not a misdemeanor that would have hardened with any special horror so hearty an Anti-Puritan as the man of whom I write. The Marconi case did not raise the difficult ethics of gambling, but the perfectly plain ethics of secret commissions. The charge against the Ministers was that, while a government contract was being considered, they tried to make money out of a secret tip, given them by the very government contractor with whom their government was supposed to be bargaining. This was what their accuser asserted; but this was not what they attempted to answer by a prosecution. He was prosecuted, not for what he had said of the government, but for some secondary things he had said of the government contractor. The latter, Mr. Godfrey Isaacs, gained a verdict for criminal libel; and the judge inflicted a fine of £100. Readers may have chanced to note the subsequent incidents in the life of Mr. Isaacs, but I am here only concerned with incidents in the life of a more interesting person.
Così giunse a sospettare che il socialismo fosse semplicemente riforma sociale, e che la riforma sociale fosse semplicemente schiavitù. Ma il punto resta che, benché il suo atteggiamento verso di esso fosse ormai di rivolta, non era affatto una mera ripulsa emotiva. Egli, in verità, ripiegò su cose fondamentali, su una furia contro l’oppressione dei poveri, su una pietà per gli schiavi, e specialmente per gli schiavi contenti. Ma è il segno del suo tipo di mente che egli non abbandonò il socialismo senza una ragionata requisitoria contro di esso, e un ragionato sistema da opporgli. La teoria che sostituì al socialismo è quella che per comodità può essere chiamata Distributismo; la teoria che la proprietà privata è propria di ogni privato cittadino. Non è questo il luogo per la sua esposizione; ma sarà evidente che una tale conversione mette il convertito in contatto con tradizioni assai più antiche della libertà umana, quali si esprimono nella famiglia o nella corporazione. E fu press’a poco nello stesso tempo che, avendo per qualche tempo tenuto una posizione anglo-cattolica, egli entrò nella Chiesa cattolica romana. È notevole, in connessione con l’argomento generale, che mentre le ragioni più profonde di un tale mutamento non concernono uno schizzo come questo, egli fu ancora una volta caratteristicamente divertito e infastidito dai sentimentalisti, simpatizzanti od ostili, che supponevano fosse attratto dal rito, dalla musica e dal misticismo emotivo. Diceva a costoro, con loro qualche sconcerto, di essersi convertito perché Roma soltanto poteva soddisfare la ragione. Nel suo caso, naturalmente, come in quello di Newman e di innumerevoli altri, persone benintenzionate concepivano mille spiegazioni contorte o complicate, piuttosto che supporre che un uomo palesemente onesto credesse una cosa perché la riteneva vera. Egli stava ben presto per dare una più drammatica manifestazione del suo strano gusto per la verità.
L’attacco alla corruzione politica, il passaggio successivo e forse il più importante della sua vita, illustra ancora lo stesso punto, riguardo alla ragione e all’entusiasmo. Proprio perché sapeva che cosa il socialismo è e che cosa non è, proprio perché aveva almeno appreso ciò dalla durezza intellettuale dei fabiani, egli vide il punto in cui il socialismo fabiano non è duro ma molle. Il socialismo significa l’assunzione da parte dello Stato di tutti i mezzi di produzione, distribuzione e scambio. Per citare (come egli spesso citava con razionale compiacimento) le parole del signor Balfour, questo è socialismo e nient’altro è socialismo. A un pensiero tanto chiaro, è subito evidente che affidare una cosa allo Stato deve sempre significare affidarla agli statisti. Egli sapeva difendere il socialismo perché sapeva definire il socialismo; e non era né aiutato né ostacolato dalle nebulose associazioni di quella sorta di socialisti che perpetuamente difendevano ciò che non definivano mai. Tali uomini potevano avere una vaga visione di bandiere rosse e cravatte rosse sventolanti in un eterno tumulto al di sopra della caduta dei cilindri e delle Union Jacks; ma egli sapeva che il socialismo istituito significava socialismo ufficiale, e condotto da una qualche specie di funzionari. Tutte le forme primarie di proprietà privata dovevano essere date al governo; e gli venne in mente, come naturale precauzione, di dare un’occhiata al governo. Prestò qualche attenzione ai tipi e ai metodi effettivi di quella classe governante e ufficiale, nel cui potere tram e commerci e negozi e case stavano già passando, tra fragorosi evviva fabiani per il progresso del socialismo. Guardò il moderno governo parlamentare; lo guardò razionalmente e fermamente e non senza riflessione. E la conseguenza fu che venne messo alla sbarra, e quasi messo in gattabuia, per averlo chiamato con il suo nome.
In collaborazione con il signor Belloc aveva scritto «The Party System», in cui è esposta la natura plutocratica e corrotta della nostra presente forma di governo. E quando il signor Belloc fondò l’Eye-Witness, come organo audace e indipendente della stessa specie di critica, egli servì come energico secondo in comando. Divenne in seguito direttore dell’Eye-Witness, che fu ribattezzato New Witness. Fu durante quest’ultimo periodo che si verificò il grande caso esemplare di corruzione politica; abbastanza ben noto in Inghilterra, e purtroppo assai meglio noto in Europa, come lo scandalo Marconi. Narrarne le alterne segretezze e sensazioni sarebbe qui impossibile; ma una fallacia di moda al riguardo può essere con vantaggio smascherata. Esiste ancora una straordinaria convinzione che il New Witness denunciasse i Ministri per aver giocato in Borsa. Poteva essere sconveniente che i Ministri giocassero d’azzardo; ma il gioco d’azzardo era certo non un misfatto che avrebbe indurito con qualche speciale orrore un Anti-Puritano tanto cordiale come l’uomo di cui scrivo. Il caso Marconi non sollevava la difficile etica del gioco d’azzardo, ma la perfettamente semplice etica delle commissioni segrete. L’accusa contro i Ministri era che, mentre un contratto governativo era in esame, essi tentarono di far denaro grazie a una soffiata segreta, data loro dallo stesso appaltatore governativo con cui il loro governo doveva presumibilmente trattare. Questo è ciò che il loro accusatore asseriva; ma non è a questo che essi tentarono di rispondere con un processo. Egli fu perseguito, non per ciò che aveva detto del governo, ma per alcune cose secondarie che aveva detto dell’appaltatore governativo. Quest’ultimo, il signor Godfrey Isaacs, ottenne un verdetto per diffamazione criminale; e il giudice inflisse una multa di 100 sterline. I lettori possono per caso aver notato i successivi episodi della vita del signor Isaacs, ma qui mi occupo soltanto degli episodi della vita di una persona più interessante.
In any suggestion of his personality, indeed, the point does not lie in what was done to him, but rather in what was not done. He was positively assured, upon the very strongest and most converging legal authority, that unless he offered certain excuses he would certainly go to prison for several years. He did not offer those excuses; and I believe it never occurred to him to do so. His freedom from fear of all kinds had about it a sort of solid unconsciousness and even innocence. This homogeneous quality in it has been admirably seized and summed up by Mr. Belloc in a tribute of great truth and power. “His courage was heroic, native, positive and equal: always at the highest potentiality of courage. He never in his life checked an action or a word from a consideration of personal caution, and that is more than can be said of any other man of his time.” After the more or less nominal fine, however, his moral victory was proved in the one way in which a military victory can ever be proved. It is the successful general who continues his own plan of campaign. Whether a battle be ticketed in the history books as lost or won, the test is which side can continue to strike. He continued to strike, and to strike harder than ever, up to the very moment of that yet greater experience which changed all such military symbols into military facts. A man with instincts unspoiled and in that sense almost untouched, he would have always answered quite naturally to the autochthonous appeal of patriotism; but it is again characteristic of him that he desired, in his own phrase, to “rationalize patriotism,” which he did upon the principles of Rousseau, that contractual theory which, in these pages, he connects with the great name of Jefferson. But things even deeper than patriotism impelled him against Prussianism. His enemy was the barbarian when he enslaves, as something more hellish even than the barbarian when he slays. His was the spiritual instinct by which Prussian order was worse than Prussian anarchy; and nothing was so inhuman as an inhuman humanitarianism. If you had asked him for what he fought and died amid the wasted fields of France and Flanders, he might very probably have answered that it was to save the world from German social reforms.
This note, necessarily so broken and bemused, must reach its useless end. I have said nothing of numberless things that should be remembered at the mention of his name; of his books, which were great pamphlets and may yet be permanent pamphlets; of his journalistic exposures of other evils besides the Marconi, exposures that have made a new political atmosphere in the very election that is stirring around us; of his visit to America, which initiated him into an international friendship which is the foundation of this book. Least of all can I write of him apart from his work; of that loss nothing can be said by those who do not suffer it, and less still by those who do. And his experiences in life and death were so much greater even than my experiences of him, that a double incapacity makes me dumb. A portrait is impossible; as a friend he is too near me, and as a hero too far away.
G. K. CHESTERTON.
In ogni possibile immagine della sua personalità, in verità, il punto non sta in ciò che gli fu fatto, bensì piuttosto in ciò che non fu fatto. Gli fu positivamente assicurato, sulla base della più forte e convergente autorità legale, che a meno di addurre certe scuse sarebbe di certo andato in prigione per parecchi anni. Egli non addusse quelle scuse; e credo che non gli passasse nemmeno per la mente di farlo. La sua libertà da ogni sorta di paura aveva in sé una specie di solida inconsapevolezza e persino innocenza. Questa qualità omogenea è stata mirabilmente colta e riassunta dal signor Belloc in un omaggio di grande verità e forza. “Il suo coraggio era eroico, nativo, positivo e costante: sempre alla più alta potenzialità del coraggio. In vita sua non frenò mai un’azione o una parola per una considerazione di prudenza personale, e questo è più di quanto si possa dire di ogni altro uomo del suo tempo.” Dopo l’ammenda più o meno nominale, tuttavia, la sua vittoria morale fu comprovata nell’unico modo in cui una vittoria militare può mai essere comprovata. È il generale vittorioso che prosegue il proprio piano di campagna. Che una battaglia sia catalogata nei libri di storia come persa o vinta, la prova è quale parte possa continuare a colpire. Egli continuò a colpire, e a colpire più duro che mai, fino al momento stesso di quella ancor più grande esperienza che mutò tutti quei simboli militari in fatti militari. Uomo dagli istinti intatti e in tal senso quasi incorrotti, avrebbe sempre risposto con tutta naturalezza all’autoctono richiamo del patriottismo; ma è di nuovo caratteristico di lui che desiderasse, secondo una sua espressione, “razionalizzare il patriottismo,” cosa che fece sui principi di Rousseau, quella teoria contrattuale che, in queste pagine, egli connette col grande nome di Jefferson. Ma cose ancor più profonde del patriottismo lo spingevano contro il prussianesimo. Suo nemico era il barbaro quando riduce in schiavitù, cosa ancor più infernale del barbaro quando uccide. Suo era l’istinto spirituale per cui l’ordine prussiano era peggiore dell’anarchia prussiana; e nulla era tanto inumano quanto un inumano umanitarismo. Se gli aveste chiesto per che cosa combatté e morì tra i devastati campi di Francia e di Fiandra, molto probabilmente avrebbe risposto che era per salvare il mondo dalle riforme sociali tedesche.
Questa nota, necessariamente così spezzata e confusa, deve giungere alla sua inutile fine. Nulla ho detto di innumerevoli cose che andrebbero ricordate alla menzione del suo nome; dei suoi libri, che furono grandi pamphlet e potranno ancora essere pamphlet duraturi; delle sue denunce giornalistiche di altri mali oltre al Marconi, denunce che hanno creato una nuova atmosfera politica proprio nell’elezione che ci si agita intorno; della sua visita in America, che lo iniziò a un’amicizia internazionale che è il fondamento di questo libro. Meno di tutto posso scrivere di lui separandolo dalla sua opera; di quella perdita nulla può dire chi non la soffre, e ancor meno chi la soffre. E le sue esperienze nella vita e nella morte furono tanto più grandi persino delle mie esperienze di lui, che una doppia incapacità mi rende muto. Un ritratto è impossibile; come amico mi è troppo vicino, e come eroe troppo lontano.
G. K. CHESTERTON.