What is Right With the World
The above excellent title is not of my own invention. It was suggested to me by the Editor of this paper (T.P.’s Weekly), and I consented to fill up the bill, partly because of the pleasure I have always had from the paper itself, and partly because it gives me an opportunity of telling an egotistical story, a story which may enlighten the public about the general origin of such titles.
I have always heard of the brutality of publishers and how they crush and obscure the author; but my complaint has always been that they push him forward far too much. I will not say that, so far from making too little of the author, they make too much of him; that this phrase is capable of a dark financial interpretation which I do not intend. But I do say that the prominent personalities of the literary world are very largely the creations of their publishers, in so far as they are not solely the creations of their wives. Here is a small incident out of my own existence. I designed to write a sort of essay, divided into sections, on one particular point of political error. This fallacy, though small and scholastic at first sight, seemed to me to be the real mistake in most modern sociological works. It was, briefly, the idea that things that have been tried have been found wanting. It was my purpose to point out that in the entanglements of practice this is untrue; that an old expedient may be the best thing for a new situation; that its principle may be useful though its practice was abandoned; and so on. Therefore, I claimed, we should look for the best method, the ideal, whether it is in the future or the past. I imagined this book as a drab-coloured, decorous little philosophical treatise, with no chapters, but the page occasionally broken by section-headings at the side. I proposed to call my analysis of a radical error ‘What is wrong’, meaning where the mistake is in our logical calculation. But I had highly capable and sympathetic publishers, whose only weakness was that they thought my unhappy monologue much more important than I did. By some confusion of ecstasy (which entirely through my own fault I failed to check) the title was changed into the apocalyptic trumpet-blast ‘What’s Wrong With the World’. It was divided up into three short, fierce chapters, like proclamations in a French riot. Outside there was an enormous portrait of myself looking like a depressed hairdresser, and the whole publication had somehow got the violence and instancy of a bombshell. Let it be understood that I do not blame the publishers in the least for this. I could have stopped it if I had minded my own affairs, and came out of their beautiful and ardent souls. I merely mention it as an instance of the error about publishers. They are always represented as cold and scornful merchants, seeking to keep your writers in the background. Alas (as Wordsworth so finely says), alas! the enthusiasm of publishers has oftener left me mourning.
Upon the whole, I am rather inclined to approve of this method of the publisher or editor making up the title, while the author makes up the remarks about it. Any man with a large mind ought to be able to write about anything. Any really free man ought to be able to write to order. Some of the greatest books in the world — Pickwick, for instance — were written to fulfil a scheme partly sketched out by a publisher. But I only brought together these two cases of title that came to me from outside because they do illustrate the necessity of some restatement in such a case. For these two titles are, when it comes to the fulfilment, at once too complex and too simple. I would never have dreamed of announcing, like some discovery of my own, what is wrong with the world. What is wrong with the world is the devil, and what is right with it is God; the human race will travel for a few more million years in all sorts of muddle and reform, and when it perishes of the last cold or heat it will still be within the limits of that very simple definition. But in age that has confused itself with such phrases as ‘optimist’ and ‘pessimist’, it is necessary to distinguish along more delicate lines. One of the strangest things about the use of the word ‘optimist’ is that it is now so constantly used about the future. The house of man is criticised not as a house, but as a kind of caravan; not by what it is, but by where it is going. None are more vitally and recklessly otherworldly than those modern progressives who do not believe in another world.
Now, for the matter of that, I do not think the world is getting much better in very many vital respects. In some of them, I think, the fact could hardly be disputed. The one perfectly satisfactory element at the present crisis is that all the prophecies have failed. At least the people who have been clearly proved to be wrong are the people who were quite sure they were right. That is always a gratifying circumstance. Now why is it that all these prophecies of the wise have been confounded and why has the destiny of men taken so decisive and different a course? It is because of the very simple fact that the human race consists of many millions of two-legged and tolerably cheerful, reasonably unhappy beings who never read any books at all and certainly never hear of any scientific predictions. If they act in opposition to the scheme which science has foreseen for them, they must be excused. They sin in ignorance. They have no notion that they are avoiding what was really unavoidable. But, indeed, the phrases loosely used of that obscure mass of mankind are a little misleading. To say of the bulk of human beings that they are uneducated is like saying of a Red Indian hunter that he has not yet taken his degree. He has taken many other things. And so, sincerely speaking, there are no uneducated men. They may escape the trivial examinations, but not the tremendous examinations of existence. The dependence of infancy, the enjoyment of animals, the love of woman and the fear of death — these are more frightful and more fixed than all conceivable forms of the cultivation of the mind. It is idle to complain of schools and colleges being trivial. In no case will a college ever teach the important things. He has learnt them right or wrong, and he has learnt them all alone.
We therefore come back to the primary truth, that what is right with the world has nothing to do with future changes, but is rooted in original realities. If groups or peoples show an unexpected independence or creative power; if they do things no one had dreamed of their doing; if they prove more ferocious or more self-sacrificing than the wisdom of the world had ever given them credit for, then such inexplicable outbursts can always be referred back to some elementary and absolute doctrine about the nature of men. No traditions in this world are so ancient as the traditions that lead to modern upheaval and innovation. Nothing nowadays is so conservative as a revolution. The men who call themselves Republicans are men walking the streets of deserted and tiny city-states, and digging up the great bones of pagans. And when we ask on what republicanism really rests, we come back to that great indemonstrable dogma of the native dignity of man. And when we come back to the lord of creation, we come back of necessity to creation; and we ask ourselves that ultimate question which St Thomas Aquinas (an extreme optimist) answered in the affirmative: Are these things ultimately of value at all?
What is right with the world is the world. In fact, nearly everything else is wrong with it. This is that great truth in the tremendous tale of Creation, a truth that our people must remember or perish. It is at the beginning that things are good, and not (as the more pallid progressives say) only at the end. The primordial things — existence, energy, fruition — are good so far as they go. You cannot have evil life, though you can have notorious evil livers. Manhood and womanhood are good things, though men and women are often perfectly pestilent. You can use poppies to drug people, or birch trees to beat them, stone to make an idol, or corn to make a corner; but it remains true that, in the abstract, before you have done anything, each of these four things is in strict truth a glory, a beneficent speciality and variety. We do praise the Lord that there are birch trees growing amongst the rocks and poppies amongst the corn; we do praise the Lord, even if we do not believe in Him. We do admire and applaud the project of a world, just as if we had been called to council in the primal darkness and seen the first starry plan of the skies. We are, as a matter of fact, far more certain that this life of ours is a magnificent and amazing enterprise than we are that it will succeed. These evolutionary optimists who called themselves Meliorists (a patient and poor-spirited lot they are) always talk as if we were certain of the end, though not of the beginning. In other words, they don’t know what life is aiming at, but they are quire sure it will get there. Why anybody who has avowedly forgotten where he came from should be quite so certain of where he is going to I have never been able to make out; but Meliorists are like that. They are ready to talk of existence itself as the product of purely evil forces. They never mention animals except as perpetually tearing each other to pieces; but a month in the country would cure that. They have a real giddy horror of stars and seas, as a man has on the edge of a hopelessly high precipice. They sometimes instinctively shrink from clay, fungoids, and the fresh young of animals with a quivering gesture that reveals the fundamental pessimist. Life itself, crude, uncultivated life, is horrible to them. They belong very largely to the same social class and creed as the lady who objected that the milk came to her from a dirty cow, and not from a nice clean shop. But they are sure how everything will end.
I am in precisely the opposite position. I am much more sure that everything is good at the beginning than I am that everything will be good at the end. That all this frame of things, this flesh, these stones, are good things, of that I am more brutally certain than I can say. But as for what will happen to them, that is to take a step into dogma and prophecy. I speak here, of course, solely of my personal feelings, not even of my reasoned creed. But on my instincts alone I should have no notion what would ultimately happen to this material world I think so magnificent. For all I know it may be literally and not figuratively true that the tares are tied into bundles for burning, and that as the tree falleth so shall it lie. I am an agnostic, like most people with a positive theology. But I do affirm, with the full weight of sincerity, that trees and flowers are good at the beginning, whatever happens to them at the end; that human lives were good at the beginning, whatever happens to them in the end. The ordinary modern progressive position is that this is a bad universe, but will certainly get better. I say it is certainly a good universe, even if it gets worse. I say that these trees and flowers, stars and sexes, are primarily, not merely ultimately, good. In the Beginning the power beyond words created heaven and earth. In the Beginning He looked on them and saw that they were good.
All this unavoidable theory (for theory is always unavoidable) may be popularly pulled together thus. We are to regard existence as a raid or great adventure; it is to be judged, therefore, not by what calamities it encounters, but by what flag it follows and what high town it assaults. The most dangerous thing in the world is to be alive; one is always in danger of one’s life. But anyone who shrinks from this is a traitor to the great scheme and experiment of being. The pessimist of the ordinary type, the pessimist who thinks he would be better dead, is blasted with the crime of Iscariot. Spiritually speaking, we should be justified in punishing him with death. Only, out of polite deference to his own philosophy, we punish him with life.
But this faith (that existence was fundamentally and purposely good) is not attacked only by the black, consistent pessimist. The man who says that he would sooner die is best answered by a sudden blow with the poker, for the reply is rightly logical, as well as physically very effective. But there has crept through the culture of modern Europe another notion that is equally in its own way an attack on the essential rightness of the world. It is not avowedly pessimistic, though the source from which it comes (which is Buddhism) is pessimistic for those who really understand it. It can offer itself — as it does among some of the high-minded and distinguished Theosophists — with an air of something highly optimistic. But this disguised pessimism is what is really wrong with the world — at least, especially with the modern world. It is essential to arrest and to examine it.
There has crept into our thoughts, through a thousand small openings, a curious and unnatural idea. I mean the idea that unity is itself a good thing; that there is something high and spiritual about things being blended and absorbed into each other. That all rivers should run into one river, that all vegetables should go into one pot — that is spoken of as the last and best fulfilment of being. Boys are to be ‘at one’ with girls; all sects are to be ‘at one’ in the New Theology; beasts fade into men and men fade into God; union in itself is a noble thing. Now union in itself is not a noble thing. Love is a noble thing; but love is not union. Nay, it is rather a vivid sense of separation and identity. Maudlin, inferior love poetry does, indeed, talk of lovers being ‘one soul’, just as maudlin, inferior religious poetry talks of being lost in God; but the best poetry does not. When Dante meets Beatrice, he feels his distance from her, not his proximity; and all the greatest saints have felt their lowness, not their highness, in the moment of ecstasy. And what is true of these grave and heroic matters (I do not say, of course, that saints and lovers have never used the language of union too, true enough in its own place and proper limitation of meaning) — what is true of these is equally true of all the lighter and less essential forms of appreciation of surprise. Division and variety are essential to praise; division and variety are what is right with the world. There is nothing specially right about mere contact and coalescence.
In short, this vast, vague idea of unity is the one ‘reactionary’ thing in the world. It is perhaps the only connection in which that foolish word ‘reactionary’ can be used with significance and truth. For this blending of men and women, nations and nations, is truly a return to the chaos and unconsciousness that were before the world was made. There is of course, another kind of unity of which I do not speak here; unity in the possession of truth and the perception of the need for these varieties. But the varieties themselves; the reflection of man and woman in each other, as in two distinct mirrors; the wonder of man at nature as a strange thing at once above and below him; the quaint and solitary kingdom of childhood; the local affections and the colour of certain landscapes — these actually are the things that are the grace and honour of the earth; these are the things that make life worth living and the whole framework of things well worthy to be sustained. And the best thing remains; that this view, whether conscious or not, always has been and still is the view of the living and labouring millions. While a few prigs on platforms are talking about ‘oneness’ and absorption in ‘The All’, the folk that dwell in all the valleys of this ancient earth are renewing the varieties for ever. With them a woman is loved for being unmanly, and a man loved for being un-womanly. With them the church and the home are both beautiful, because they are both different; with them fields are personal and flags are sacred; they are the virtue of existence, for they are not mankind but men.
The rooted hope of the modern world is that all these dim democracies do still believe in that romance of life, that variation of man, woman and child upon which all poetry has hitherto been built. The danger of the modern world is that these dim democracies are so very dim, and that they are especially dim where they are right. The danger is that the world may fall under a new oligarchy — the oligarchy of prigs. And if anyone should promptly ask (in the manner of the debating clubs) for the definition of a prig, I can only reply that a prig is an oligarch who does not even know he is an oligarch. A circle of small pedants sit on an upper platform, and pass unanimously (in a meeting of none) that there is no difference between the social duties of men and of women, the social instruction of men or of children. Below them boils that multitudinous sea of millions that think differently, that have always thought differently, that will always think differently. In spite of the overwhelming majority that maintains the old theory of life, I am in some real doubt about which will win. Owing to the decay of theology and all the other clear systems of thought, men have been thrown back very much upon their instincts, as with animals. As with animals, their instincts are right; but, as with animals, they can be cowed. Between the agile scholars and the stagnant mob, I am really doubtful about which will be triumphant. I have no doubt at all about which ought to be.
Europe at present exhibits a concentration upon politics which is partly the unfortunate result of our loss of religion, partly the just and needful result of our loss of our social inequality and iniquity. These causes, however, will not remain in operation for ever. Religion is returning from her exile; it is more likely that the future will be crazily and corruptly superstitious than that it will be merely rationalist.
On the other hand, our attempts to right the extreme ill-balance of wealth must soon have some issue; something will be done to lessen the perpetual torture of incompetent compassion; some scheme will be substituted for our malevolent anarchy, if it be only one of benevolent servitude. And as these two special unrests about the universe and the State settle down into more silent and enduring system, there will emerge more and more those primary and archaic truths which the dust of these two conflicts has veiled. The secondary questions relatively solved, we shall find ourselves all the more in the presence of the primary questions of Man.
For at present we all tend to one mistake; we tend to make politics too important. We tend to forget how huge a part of a man’s life is the same under a Sultan and a Senate, under Nero or St Louis. Daybreak is a never-ending glory, getting out of bed is a never-ending nuisance; food and friends will be welcomed; work and strangers must be accepted and endured; birds will go bedwards and children won’t, to the end of the last evening. And the worst peril is that in our just modern revolt against intolerable accidents we may have unsettled those things that alone make daily life tolerable. It will be an ironic tragedy if, when we have toiled to find rest, we find we are incurably restless. It will be sad if, when we have worked for our holiday, we find we have unlearnt everything but work. The typical modern man is the insane millionaire who has drudged to get money, and then finds he cannot enjoy even money. There is danger that the social reformer may silently and occultly develop some of the madness of the millionaire whom he denounces. He may find that he has learnt how to build playgrounds but forgotten how to play. He may agitate for peace and quiet, but only propagate his own mental agitation. In his long fight to get a slave a half-holiday he may angrily deny those ancient and natural things, the zest of being, the divinity of man, the sacredness of simple things, the health and humour of the earth, which alone make a half-holiday even half a holiday or a slave even half a man.
There is danger in that modern phrase ‘divine discontent’. There is truth in it also, of course; but it is only truth of a special and secondary kind. Much of the quarrel between Christianity and the world has been due to this fact; that there are generally two truths, as it were, at any given moment of revolt or reaction, and the ancient underlying truism which is nevertheless true all the time. It is sometimes worth while to point out that black is not so black as it is painted; but black is still black, and not white. So with the merits of content and discontent. It is true that in certain acute and painful crises of oppression or disgrace, discontent is a duty and shame could call us like a trumpet. But it is not true that man should look at life with an eye of discontent, however high-minded. It is not true that in his primary, naked relation to the world, in his relation to sex, to pain, to comradeship, to the grave or to the weather, man ought to make discontent his ideal; it is black lunacy. Half his poor little hopes of happiness hang on his thinking a small house pretty, a plain wife charming, a lame foot not unbearable, and bad cards not so bad. The voice of the special rebels and prophets, recommending discontent, should, as I have said, sound now and then suddenly, like a trumpet. But the voices of the saints and sages, recommending, contentment, should sound unceasingly, like the sea.
What is Right With the World
The above excellent title is not of my own invention. It was suggested to me by the Editor of this paper (T.P.’s Weekly), and I consented to fill up the bill, partly because of the pleasure I have always had from the paper itself, and partly because it gives me an opportunity of telling an egotistical story, a story which may enlighten the public about the general origin of such titles.
I have always heard of the brutality of publishers and how they crush and obscure the author; but my complaint has always been that they push him forward far too much. I will not say that, so far from making too little of the author, they make too much of him; that this phrase is capable of a dark financial interpretation which I do not intend. But I do say that the prominent personalities of the literary world are very largely the creations of their publishers, in so far as they are not solely the creations of their wives. Here is a small incident out of my own existence. I designed to write a sort of essay, divided into sections, on one particular point of political error. This fallacy, though small and scholastic at first sight, seemed to me to be the real mistake in most modern sociological works. It was, briefly, the idea that things that have been tried have been found wanting. It was my purpose to point out that in the entanglements of practice this is untrue; that an old expedient may be the best thing for a new situation; that its principle may be useful though its practice was abandoned; and so on. Therefore, I claimed, we should look for the best method, the ideal, whether it is in the future or the past. I imagined this book as a drab-coloured, decorous little philosophical treatise, with no chapters, but the page occasionally broken by section-headings at the side. I proposed to call my analysis of a radical error ‘What is wrong’, meaning where the mistake is in our logical calculation. But I had highly capable and sympathetic publishers, whose only weakness was that they thought my unhappy monologue much more important than I did. By some confusion of ecstasy (which entirely through my own fault I failed to check) the title was changed into the apocalyptic trumpet-blast ‘What’s Wrong With the World’. It was divided up into three short, fierce chapters, like proclamations in a French riot. Outside there was an enormous portrait of myself looking like a depressed hairdresser, and the whole publication had somehow got the violence and instancy of a bombshell. Let it be understood that I do not blame the publishers in the least for this. I could have stopped it if I had minded my own affairs, and came out of their beautiful and ardent souls. I merely mention it as an instance of the error about publishers. They are always represented as cold and scornful merchants, seeking to keep your writers in the background. Alas (as Wordsworth so finely says), alas! the enthusiasm of publishers has oftener left me mourning.
Upon the whole, I am rather inclined to approve of this method of the publisher or editor making up the title, while the author makes up the remarks about it. Any man with a large mind ought to be able to write about anything. Any really free man ought to be able to write to order. Some of the greatest books in the world — Pickwick, for instance — were written to fulfil a scheme partly sketched out by a publisher. But I only brought together these two cases of title that came to me from outside because they do illustrate the necessity of some restatement in such a case. For these two titles are, when it comes to the fulfilment, at once too complex and too simple. I would never have dreamed of announcing, like some discovery of my own, what is wrong with the world. What is wrong with the world is the devil, and what is right with it is God; the human race will travel for a few more million years in all sorts of muddle and reform, and when it perishes of the last cold or heat it will still be within the limits of that very simple definition. But in age that has confused itself with such phrases as ‘optimist’ and ‘pessimist’, it is necessary to distinguish along more delicate lines. One of the strangest things about the use of the word ‘optimist’ is that it is now so constantly used about the future. The house of man is criticised not as a house, but as a kind of caravan; not by what it is, but by where it is going. None are more vitally and recklessly otherworldly than those modern progressives who do not believe in another world.
Now, for the matter of that, I do not think the world is getting much better in very many vital respects. In some of them, I think, the fact could hardly be disputed. The one perfectly satisfactory element at the present crisis is that all the prophecies have failed. At least the people who have been clearly proved to be wrong are the people who were quite sure they were right. That is always a gratifying circumstance. Now why is it that all these prophecies of the wise have been confounded and why has the destiny of men taken so decisive and different a course? It is because of the very simple fact that the human race consists of many millions of two-legged and tolerably cheerful, reasonably unhappy beings who never read any books at all and certainly never hear of any scientific predictions. If they act in opposition to the scheme which science has foreseen for them, they must be excused. They sin in ignorance. They have no notion that they are avoiding what was really unavoidable. But, indeed, the phrases loosely used of that obscure mass of mankind are a little misleading. To say of the bulk of human beings that they are uneducated is like saying of a Red Indian hunter that he has not yet taken his degree. He has taken many other things. And so, sincerely speaking, there are no uneducated men. They may escape the trivial examinations, but not the tremendous examinations of existence. The dependence of infancy, the enjoyment of animals, the love of woman and the fear of death — these are more frightful and more fixed than all conceivable forms of the cultivation of the mind. It is idle to complain of schools and colleges being trivial. In no case will a college ever teach the important things. He has learnt them right or wrong, and he has learnt them all alone.
Cosa va bene nel mondo
Il titolo eccellente sopra non è di mia invenzione. Mi fu suggerito dal Direttore di questo giornale (T.P.’s Weekly), e accettai di completare il compito, in parte per il piacere che ho sempre provato per il giornale stesso e in parte perché mi dà l’occasione di raccontare una storia egocentrica, che può illuminare il pubblico sull’origine generale di titoli del genere.
Ho sempre sentito parlare della brutalità degli editori e di come schiaccino e oscurino l’autore; ma la mia lamentela è stata sempre che lo spingono avanti troppo. Non dirò che, lungi dal fare troppo poco dell’autore, ne fanno troppo; questa frase è capace di un’interpretazione finanziaria oscura che non intendo. Ma dico che le personalità prominenti del mondo letterario sono in gran parte creazioni dei loro editori, per quanto non siano soltanto creazioni delle loro mogli. Ecco un piccolo episodio della mia esistenza. Progettavo di scrivere una sorta di saggio, diviso in sezioni, su un particolare punto d’errore politico. Questa fallacia, benché a prima vista piccola e scolastica, mi sembrava il vero errore nella maggior parte delle opere sociologiche moderne. In breve, l’idea che le cose che sono state provate si siano rivelate insufficienti. Il mio scopo era di far notare che nelle complicazioni della pratica ciò è falso; che un vecchio espediente può essere la cosa migliore per una nuova situazione; che il suo principio può essere utile anche se la sua pratica è stata abbandonata; e così via. Perciò, sostenevo, dovremmo cercare il miglior metodo, l’ideale, sia che si trovi nel futuro o nel passato. Immaginavo questo libro come un trattato filosofico modesto, di colore sobrio, senza capitoli, ma con la pagina occasionalmente interrotta da titoli di sezione sul lato. Proponevo di chiamare la mia analisi di un errore radicale ‘Cosa non va’, nel senso di dove sta l’errore nel nostro calcolo logico. Ma avevo editori molto capaci e comprensivi, la cui unica debolezza era che ritenevano il mio infelice monologo molto più importante di quanto lo considerassi io. Per una confusione di estasi (che per mia colpa non sono riuscito a controllare) il titolo fu cambiato nel feroce suono di tromba apocalittico ‘Cosa Non Va Nel Mondo’. Fu diviso in tre brevi, accaniti capitoli, come proclami in una rivolta francese. Fu aggiunto un enorme ritratto mio che sembrava un parrucchiere depresso, e l’intera pubblicazione aveva in qualche modo assunto la violenza e l’immediatezza di una bomba. Sia chiaro che non biasimo gli editori per questo neanche un po’. Avrei potuto fermarli se mi fossi occupato dei miei affari, ma è uscito dalle loro anime belle e ardenti. Lo menziono semplicemente come esempio dell’errore riguardo agli editori. Vengono sempre rappresentati come freddi e sprezzanti mercanti, che cercano di tenere gli scrittori in secondo piano. Ahimè (come Wordsworth dice così splendidamente), ahimè! l’entusiasmo degli editori mi ha spesso lasciato in lutto.
Nel complesso, sono piuttosto incline ad approvare questo metodo per cui l’editore o il curatore inventa il titolo mentre l’autore scrive le considerazioni al riguardo. Un uomo di larghe vedute dovrebbe essere in grado di scrivere su qualsiasi argomento. Un uomo veramente libero dovrebbe essere capace di scrivere su commissione. Alcuni dei più grandi libri del mondo - Pickwick, per esempio - sono stati scritti per soddisfare uno schema in parte delineato da un editore. Ma ho riunito questi due casi di titoli che mi sono venuti dall’esterno solo perché illustrano la necessità di una qualche riformulazione in tali casi. Infatti, quando si arriva all’attuazione, questi due titoli risultano allo stesso tempo troppo complessi e troppo semplici. Non avrei mai sognato di annunciare come mia personale scoperta ciò che non va nel mondo. Ciò che non va nel mondo è il diavolo, e ciò che va bene in esso è Dio; la razza umana continuerà a viaggiare per qualche altro milione di anni tra mille confusione e riforme, e quando soccomberà all’ultima freddo o caldo, sarà ancora entro i limiti di quella definizione molto semplice. Ma in un’epoca che si è confusa con frasi come “ottimista” e “pessimista”, è necessario distinguere lungo linee più delicate. Una delle cose più strane nell’uso della parola “ottimista” è che ora viene usata costantemente per il futuro. La casa dell’uomo non viene criticata come una casa, ma come un genere di roulotte; non per quello che è, ma per dove sta andando. Nessuno è più vitalmente e temerariamente ultraterreno di quei moderni progressisti che non credono in un altro mondo.
Ora, per quel che ne so io, non credo che il mondo stia migliorando in molti aspetti vitali. In alcuni di essi, penso, il fatto sarebbe difficile da contestare. L’unico elemento perfettamente soddisfacente nella crisi attuale è che tutte le profezie si sono rivelate fallaci. Almeno le persone che hanno chiaramente dimostrato di aver torto sono quelle che erano assolutamente sicure di avere ragione. Questa è sempre una circostanza gratificante. Ora, perché mai tutte queste profezie dei saggi si sono rivelate vanificate e perché il destino degli uomini ha preso un corso così decisivo e diverso? È a causa del fatto molto semplice che la razza umana è composta da milioni di esseri bipedi e abbastanza allegri, ragionevolmente infelici, che non leggono mai libri e certamente non sentono parlare di alcuna previsione scientifica. Se agiscono in opposizione allo schema che la scienza ha previsto per loro, devono essere perdonati. Peccano nell’ignoranza. Non hanno idea di star evitando ciò che era davvero inevitabile. Ma, in effetti, le frasi usate in modo vago a proposito di quella massa oscura dell’umanità sono un po’ fuorvianti. Dire della maggior parte degli esseri umani che non è istruita è come dire di un cacciatore pellerossa che non ha ancora preso la laurea. Ha ottenuto molte altre cose. E così, parlando sinceramente, non esistono uomini non istruiti. Possono sfuggire agli esami banali, ma non ai tremendi esami dell’esistenza. La dipendenza dell’infanzia, il godimento degli animali, l’amore per la donna e la paura della morte — queste sono più spaventose e più fisse di tutte le forme concepibili del coltivamento della mente. È inutile lamentarsi che scuole e college siano banali. In nessun caso un college insegnerà mai le cose importanti. Le ha imparate giuste o sbagliate, ma le ha imparate tutte da solo.
We therefore come back to the primary truth, that what is right with the world has nothing to do with future changes, but is rooted in original realities. If groups or peoples show an unexpected independence or creative power; if they do things no one had dreamed of their doing; if they prove more ferocious or more self-sacrificing than the wisdom of the world had ever given them credit for, then such inexplicable outbursts can always be referred back to some elementary and absolute doctrine about the nature of men. No traditions in this world are so ancient as the traditions that lead to modern upheaval and innovation. Nothing nowadays is so conservative as a revolution. The men who call themselves Republicans are men walking the streets of deserted and tiny city-states, and digging up the great bones of pagans. And when we ask on what republicanism really rests, we come back to that great indemonstrable dogma of the native dignity of man. And when we come back to the lord of creation, we come back of necessity to creation; and we ask ourselves that ultimate question which St Thomas Aquinas (an extreme optimist) answered in the affirmative: Are these things ultimately of value at all?
What is right with the world is the world. In fact, nearly everything else is wrong with it. This is that great truth in the tremendous tale of Creation, a truth that our people must remember or perish. It is at the beginning that things are good, and not (as the more pallid progressives say) only at the end. The primordial things — existence, energy, fruition — are good so far as they go. You cannot have evil life, though you can have notorious evil livers. Manhood and womanhood are good things, though men and women are often perfectly pestilent. You can use poppies to drug people, or birch trees to beat them, stone to make an idol, or corn to make a corner; but it remains true that, in the abstract, before you have done anything, each of these four things is in strict truth a glory, a beneficent speciality and variety. We do praise the Lord that there are birch trees growing amongst the rocks and poppies amongst the corn; we do praise the Lord, even if we do not believe in Him. We do admire and applaud the project of a world, just as if we had been called to council in the primal darkness and seen the first starry plan of the skies. We are, as a matter of fact, far more certain that this life of ours is a magnificent and amazing enterprise than we are that it will succeed. These evolutionary optimists who called themselves Meliorists (a patient and poor-spirited lot they are) always talk as if we were certain of the end, though not of the beginning. In other words, they don’t know what life is aiming at, but they are quire sure it will get there. Why anybody who has avowedly forgotten where he came from should be quite so certain of where he is going to I have never been able to make out; but Meliorists are like that. They are ready to talk of existence itself as the product of purely evil forces. They never mention animals except as perpetually tearing each other to pieces; but a month in the country would cure that. They have a real giddy horror of stars and seas, as a man has on the edge of a hopelessly high precipice. They sometimes instinctively shrink from clay, fungoids, and the fresh young of animals with a quivering gesture that reveals the fundamental pessimist. Life itself, crude, uncultivated life, is horrible to them. They belong very largely to the same social class and creed as the lady who objected that the milk came to her from a dirty cow, and not from a nice clean shop. But they are sure how everything will end.
I am in precisely the opposite position. I am much more sure that everything is good at the beginning than I am that everything will be good at the end. That all this frame of things, this flesh, these stones, are good things, of that I am more brutally certain than I can say. But as for what will happen to them, that is to take a step into dogma and prophecy. I speak here, of course, solely of my personal feelings, not even of my reasoned creed. But on my instincts alone I should have no notion what would ultimately happen to this material world I think so magnificent. For all I know it may be literally and not figuratively true that the tares are tied into bundles for burning, and that as the tree falleth so shall it lie. I am an agnostic, like most people with a positive theology. But I do affirm, with the full weight of sincerity, that trees and flowers are good at the beginning, whatever happens to them at the end; that human lives were good at the beginning, whatever happens to them in the end. The ordinary modern progressive position is that this is a bad universe, but will certainly get better. I say it is certainly a good universe, even if it gets worse. I say that these trees and flowers, stars and sexes, are primarily, not merely ultimately, good. In the Beginning the power beyond words created heaven and earth. In the Beginning He looked on them and saw that they were good.
All this unavoidable theory (for theory is always unavoidable) may be popularly pulled together thus. We are to regard existence as a raid or great adventure; it is to be judged, therefore, not by what calamities it encounters, but by what flag it follows and what high town it assaults. The most dangerous thing in the world is to be alive; one is always in danger of one’s life. But anyone who shrinks from this is a traitor to the great scheme and experiment of being. The pessimist of the ordinary type, the pessimist who thinks he would be better dead, is blasted with the crime of Iscariot. Spiritually speaking, we should be justified in punishing him with death. Only, out of polite deference to his own philosophy, we punish him with life.
Torniamo dunque alla verità primaria: che ciò che è giusto nel mondo non ha nulla a che fare con i mutamenti futuri, ma è radicato nelle realtà originarie. Se gruppi o popoli mostrano un’inattesa indipendenza o potenza creatrice; se fanno cose che nessuno aveva sognato potessero fare; se si rivelano più feroci o più votati al sacrificio di sé di quanto la saggezza del mondo avesse mai loro riconosciuto, allora simili inspiegabili esplosioni possono sempre essere ricondotte a qualche dottrina elementare e assoluta sulla natura degli uomini. Nessuna tradizione a questo mondo è tanto antica quanto le tradizioni che conducono al moderno sconvolgimento e all’innovazione. Nulla oggigiorno è tanto conservatore quanto una rivoluzione. Gli uomini che si dicono Repubblicani sono uomini che camminano per le strade di città-stato deserte e minuscole, dissotterrando le grandi ossa dei pagani. E quando chiediamo su che cosa poggi realmente il repubblicanesimo, torniamo a quel grande e indimostrabile dogma della nativa dignità dell’uomo. E quando torniamo al signore del creato, torniamo per necessità al creato; e ci poniamo quella domanda ultima cui san Tommaso d’Aquino (ottimista estremo) rispose in senso affermativo: queste cose sono, in ultima analisi, di qualche valore?
Ciò che è giusto nel mondo è il mondo. In effetti, quasi tutto il resto vi è sbagliato. Questa è quella grande verità nel tremendo racconto della Creazione, una verità che il nostro popolo deve ricordare o perire. È al principio che le cose sono buone, e non (come dicono i più pallidi progressisti) soltanto alla fine. Le cose primordiali — l’esistenza, l’energia, la fruizione — sono buone per quanto vale. Non si può avere una vita malvagia, benché si possano avere notori viventi malvagi. La virilità e la femminilità sono cose buone, benché uomini e donne siano spesso perfettamente pestiferi. Si possono usare i papaveri per drogare la gente, o le betulle per bastonarla, la pietra per farne un idolo, o il grano per farne un accaparramento; ma resta vero che, in astratto, prima che tu abbia fatto alcunché, ciascuna di queste quattro cose è, in stretta verità, una gloria, una specialità e varietà benefica. Lodiamo davvero il Signore perché vi sono betulle che crescono tra le rocce e papaveri tra il grano; lodiamo davvero il Signore, anche se non crediamo in Lui. Ammiriamo e applaudiamo davvero il progetto di un mondo, proprio come se fossimo stati chiamati a consiglio nell’oscurità primordiale e avessimo visto il primo stellato disegno dei cieli. Siamo, di fatto, assai più certi che questa nostra vita sia un’impresa magnifica e stupefacente di quanto lo siamo che essa riuscirà. Questi ottimisti evoluzionisti che si chiamavano Melioristi (una schiera paziente e pusillanime) parlano sempre come se fossimo certi della fine, benché non del principio. In altre parole, non sanno a che cosa miri la vita, ma sono ben certi che vi arriverà. Perché mai chiunque abbia dichiaratamente dimenticato da dove è venuto debba essere tanto certo di dove sta andando, non sono mai riuscito a capirlo; ma i Melioristi sono fatti così. Sono pronti a parlare dell’esistenza stessa come del prodotto di forze puramente malvagie. Non menzionano mai gli animali se non come intenti a dilaniarsi perpetuamente a vicenda; ma un mese in campagna guarirebbe da ciò. Hanno un vero e vertiginoso orrore delle stelle e dei mari, come lo ha un uomo sull’orlo di un precipizio disperatamente alto. A volte istintivamente rifuggono dall’argilla, dai funghi e dai teneri nati degli animali con un gesto tremante che rivela il pessimista di fondo. La vita stessa, la vita cruda, incolta, è per loro orribile. Appartengono in gran parte alla stessa classe sociale e allo stesso credo della signora che obiettava che il latte le veniva da una mucca sporca, e non da un bel negozio pulito. Ma sono certi di come tutto finirà.
Io sono nella posizione precisamente opposta. Sono assai più certo che tutto sia buono al principio di quanto lo sia che tutto sarà buono alla fine. Che tutta questa impalcatura di cose, questa carne, queste pietre, siano cose buone, di ciò sono più brutalmente certo di quanto sappia dire. Ma quanto a ciò che accadrà loro, questo è fare un passo dentro il dogma e la profezia. Parlo qui, s’intende, unicamente dei miei sentimenti personali, nemmeno del mio credo ragionato. Ma sui miei istinti soli non avrei alcuna nozione di che cosa ultimamente accadrà a questo mondo materiale che ritengo tanto magnifico. Per quanto ne so, potrebbe essere letteralmente e non figurativamente vero che la zizzania sia legata in fasci per essere bruciata, e che come l’albero cade così giacerà. Sono un agnostico, come la maggior parte delle persone con una teologia positiva. Ma affermo, con tutto il peso della sincerità, che gli alberi e i fiori sono buoni al principio, qualunque cosa accada loro alla fine; che le vite umane erano buone al principio, qualunque cosa accada loro alla fine. La posizione progressista moderna ordinaria è che questo è un cattivo universo, ma che certamente migliorerà. Io dico che è certamente un buon universo, anche se peggiora. Dico che questi alberi e fiori, stelle e sessi, sono primariamente, non soltanto ultimamente, buoni. In Principio la potenza al di là delle parole creò il cielo e la terra. In Principio Egli li guardò e vide che erano buoni.
Tutta questa inevitabile teoria (poiché la teoria è sempre inevitabile) può popolarmente riassumersi così. Dobbiamo considerare l’esistenza come un’incursione o una grande avventura; essa va dunque giudicata non dalle calamità che incontra, ma dalla bandiera che segue e dall’alta città che assale. La cosa più pericolosa al mondo è essere vivi; si è sempre in pericolo di vita. Ma chiunque rifugga da ciò è un traditore del grande disegno ed esperimento dell’essere. Il pessimista di tipo ordinario, il pessimista che pensa che sarebbe meglio morto, è colpito dal crimine dell’Iscariota. Spiritualmente parlando, saremmo giustificati nel punirlo con la morte. Solo che, per cortese deferenza verso la sua stessa filosofia, lo puniamo con la vita.
But this faith (that existence was fundamentally and purposely good) is not attacked only by the black, consistent pessimist. The man who says that he would sooner die is best answered by a sudden blow with the poker, for the reply is rightly logical, as well as physically very effective. But there has crept through the culture of modern Europe another notion that is equally in its own way an attack on the essential rightness of the world. It is not avowedly pessimistic, though the source from which it comes (which is Buddhism) is pessimistic for those who really understand it. It can offer itself — as it does among some of the high-minded and distinguished Theosophists — with an air of something highly optimistic. But this disguised pessimism is what is really wrong with the world — at least, especially with the modern world. It is essential to arrest and to examine it.
There has crept into our thoughts, through a thousand small openings, a curious and unnatural idea. I mean the idea that unity is itself a good thing; that there is something high and spiritual about things being blended and absorbed into each other. That all rivers should run into one river, that all vegetables should go into one pot — that is spoken of as the last and best fulfilment of being. Boys are to be ‘at one’ with girls; all sects are to be ‘at one’ in the New Theology; beasts fade into men and men fade into God; union in itself is a noble thing. Now union in itself is not a noble thing. Love is a noble thing; but love is not union. Nay, it is rather a vivid sense of separation and identity. Maudlin, inferior love poetry does, indeed, talk of lovers being ‘one soul’, just as maudlin, inferior religious poetry talks of being lost in God; but the best poetry does not. When Dante meets Beatrice, he feels his distance from her, not his proximity; and all the greatest saints have felt their lowness, not their highness, in the moment of ecstasy. And what is true of these grave and heroic matters (I do not say, of course, that saints and lovers have never used the language of union too, true enough in its own place and proper limitation of meaning) — what is true of these is equally true of all the lighter and less essential forms of appreciation of surprise. Division and variety are essential to praise; division and variety are what is right with the world. There is nothing specially right about mere contact and coalescence.
In short, this vast, vague idea of unity is the one ‘reactionary’ thing in the world. It is perhaps the only connection in which that foolish word ‘reactionary’ can be used with significance and truth. For this blending of men and women, nations and nations, is truly a return to the chaos and unconsciousness that were before the world was made. There is of course, another kind of unity of which I do not speak here; unity in the possession of truth and the perception of the need for these varieties. But the varieties themselves; the reflection of man and woman in each other, as in two distinct mirrors; the wonder of man at nature as a strange thing at once above and below him; the quaint and solitary kingdom of childhood; the local affections and the colour of certain landscapes — these actually are the things that are the grace and honour of the earth; these are the things that make life worth living and the whole framework of things well worthy to be sustained. And the best thing remains; that this view, whether conscious or not, always has been and still is the view of the living and labouring millions. While a few prigs on platforms are talking about ‘oneness’ and absorption in ‘The All’, the folk that dwell in all the valleys of this ancient earth are renewing the varieties for ever. With them a woman is loved for being unmanly, and a man loved for being un-womanly. With them the church and the home are both beautiful, because they are both different; with them fields are personal and flags are sacred; they are the virtue of existence, for they are not mankind but men.
The rooted hope of the modern world is that all these dim democracies do still believe in that romance of life, that variation of man, woman and child upon which all poetry has hitherto been built. The danger of the modern world is that these dim democracies are so very dim, and that they are especially dim where they are right. The danger is that the world may fall under a new oligarchy — the oligarchy of prigs. And if anyone should promptly ask (in the manner of the debating clubs) for the definition of a prig, I can only reply that a prig is an oligarch who does not even know he is an oligarch. A circle of small pedants sit on an upper platform, and pass unanimously (in a meeting of none) that there is no difference between the social duties of men and of women, the social instruction of men or of children. Below them boils that multitudinous sea of millions that think differently, that have always thought differently, that will always think differently. In spite of the overwhelming majority that maintains the old theory of life, I am in some real doubt about which will win. Owing to the decay of theology and all the other clear systems of thought, men have been thrown back very much upon their instincts, as with animals. As with animals, their instincts are right; but, as with animals, they can be cowed. Between the agile scholars and the stagnant mob, I am really doubtful about which will be triumphant. I have no doubt at all about which ought to be.
Europe at present exhibits a concentration upon politics which is partly the unfortunate result of our loss of religion, partly the just and needful result of our loss of our social inequality and iniquity. These causes, however, will not remain in operation for ever. Religion is returning from her exile; it is more likely that the future will be crazily and corruptly superstitious than that it will be merely rationalist.
Ma questa fede (che l’esistenza fosse fondamentalmente e intenzionalmente buona) non è attaccata soltanto dal nero, coerente pessimista. All’uomo che dice che preferirebbe morire si risponde meglio con un improvviso colpo d’attizzatoio, poiché la replica è giustamente logica, oltre che fisicamente assai efficace. Ma attraverso la cultura dell’Europa moderna si è insinuata un’altra nozione che è, a suo modo, egualmente un attacco all’essenziale rettitudine del mondo. Non è dichiaratamente pessimistica, benché la fonte da cui proviene (che è il Buddhismo) sia pessimistica per chi la comprende davvero. Può presentarsi — come fa presso alcuni Teosofi di alto ingegno e distinti — con un’aria di qualcosa di altamente ottimistico. Ma questo pessimismo travestito è ciò che è realmente sbagliato nel mondo — almeno, specialmente nel mondo moderno. È essenziale arrestarlo ed esaminarlo.
Nei nostri pensieri si è insinuata, attraverso mille piccole aperture, un’idea curiosa e innaturale. Intendo l’idea che l’unità sia di per sé una cosa buona; che vi sia qualcosa di alto e spirituale nel fatto che le cose siano fuse e assorbite l’una nell’altra. Che tutti i fiumi debbano confluire in un solo fiume, che tutte le verdure debbano finire in una sola pentola — ciò viene indicato come l’ultimo e migliore compimento dell’essere. I ragazzi devono essere ‘tutt’uno’ con le ragazze; tutte le sette devono essere ‘tutt’uno’ nella Nuova Teologia; le bestie sfumano negli uomini e gli uomini sfumano in Dio; l’unione è di per sé una cosa nobile. Ora, l’unione non è di per sé una cosa nobile. L’amore è una cosa nobile; ma l’amore non è unione. Anzi, è piuttosto un vivido senso di separazione e di identità. La sdolcinata e inferiore poesia d’amore parla sì, in verità, di amanti che sono ‘una sola anima’, proprio come la sdolcinata e inferiore poesia religiosa parla dell’essere perduti in Dio; ma la poesia migliore non lo fa. Quando Dante incontra Beatrice, egli sente la propria distanza da lei, non la propria vicinanza; e tutti i più grandi santi hanno sentito la propria bassezza, non la propria altezza, nell’attimo dell’estasi. E ciò che è vero di queste gravi ed eroiche faccende (non dico, s’intende, che santi e amanti non abbiano mai usato anche il linguaggio dell’unione, abbastanza vero nella sua giusta collocazione e propria limitazione di significato) — ciò che è vero di queste è egualmente vero di tutte le forme più lievi e meno essenziali di apprezzamento della sorpresa. La divisione e la varietà sono essenziali alla lode; la divisione e la varietà sono ciò che è giusto nel mondo. Non c’è nulla di particolarmente giusto nel mero contatto e nella coalescenza.
In breve, questa vasta, vaga idea di unità è l’unica cosa ‘reazionaria’ del mondo. È forse l’unico contesto in cui quella sciocca parola ‘reazionario’ possa essere usata con significato e verità. Poiché questo mescolarsi di uomini e donne, di nazioni e nazioni, è veramente un ritorno al caos e all’incoscienza che erano prima che il mondo fosse fatto. Vi è naturalmente un altro genere di unità di cui qui non parlo; l’unità nel possesso della verità e nella percezione del bisogno di queste varietà. Ma le varietà stesse; il riflesso dell’uomo e della donna l’uno nell’altra, come in due specchi distinti; la meraviglia dell’uomo dinanzi alla natura come cosa strana al tempo stesso sopra e sotto di lui; il bizzarro e solitario regno della fanciullezza; gli affetti locali e il colore di certi paesaggi — queste sono davvero le cose che costituiscono la grazia e l’onore della terra; queste sono le cose che rendono la vita degna di essere vissuta e l’intera impalcatura delle cose ben degna di essere sostenuta. E la cosa migliore rimane; che questa veduta, cosciente o no, è sempre stata ed è tuttora la veduta dei milioni che vivono e lavorano. Mentre pochi saccenti sulle tribune parlano di ‘unicità’ e di assorbimento nel ‘Tutto’, la gente che dimora in tutte le valli di questa antica terra rinnova le varietà per sempre. Presso di loro una donna è amata per essere non-virile, e un uomo amato per essere non-femmineo. Presso di loro la chiesa e la casa sono entrambe belle, perché sono entrambe diverse; presso di loro i campi sono personali e le bandiere sacre; essi sono la virtù dell’esistenza, poiché non sono l’umanità ma gli uomini.
La radicata speranza del mondo moderno è che tutte queste fioche democrazie credano ancora in quel romanzo della vita, in quella variazione di uomo, donna e fanciullo su cui tutta la poesia è stata finora edificata. Il pericolo del mondo moderno è che queste fioche democrazie sono tanto fioche, e che lo sono specialmente là dove hanno ragione. Il pericolo è che il mondo possa cadere sotto una nuova oligarchia — l’oligarchia dei saccenti. E se qualcuno chiedesse prontamente (alla maniera dei circoli di dibattito) la definizione di un saccente, posso solo rispondere che un saccente è un oligarca che non sa nemmeno di essere un oligarca. Un circolo di piccoli pedanti siede su una tribuna sopraelevata, e delibera all’unanimità (in un’assemblea di nessuno) che non vi è differenza tra i doveri sociali degli uomini e delle donne, tra l’istruzione sociale degli uomini o dei fanciulli. Sotto di loro ribolle quel mare moltitudinoso di milioni che la pensano diversamente, che hanno sempre pensato diversamente, che penseranno sempre diversamente. Nonostante la schiacciante maggioranza che sostiene la vecchia teoria della vita, sono in un reale dubbio su quale delle due vincerà. A causa del decadere della teologia e di tutti gli altri chiari sistemi di pensiero, gli uomini sono stati ricacciati in gran parte sui loro istinti, come gli animali. Come per gli animali, i loro istinti sono giusti; ma, come per gli animali, possono essere intimiditi. Tra gli agili studiosi e la plebe stagnante, sono davvero incerto su quale trionferà. Non ho alcun dubbio su quale dovrebbe.
L’Europa attualmente esibisce una concentrazione sulla politica che è in parte lo sfortunato risultato della nostra perdita della religione, in parte il giusto e necessario risultato della nostra perdita della nostra disuguaglianza e iniquità sociale. Queste cause, tuttavia, non resteranno in azione per sempre. La religione sta tornando dal suo esilio; è più probabile che il futuro sia follemente e corrottamente superstizioso, piuttosto che meramente razionalista.
On the other hand, our attempts to right the extreme ill-balance of wealth must soon have some issue; something will be done to lessen the perpetual torture of incompetent compassion; some scheme will be substituted for our malevolent anarchy, if it be only one of benevolent servitude. And as these two special unrests about the universe and the State settle down into more silent and enduring system, there will emerge more and more those primary and archaic truths which the dust of these two conflicts has veiled. The secondary questions relatively solved, we shall find ourselves all the more in the presence of the primary questions of Man.
For at present we all tend to one mistake; we tend to make politics too important. We tend to forget how huge a part of a man’s life is the same under a Sultan and a Senate, under Nero or St Louis. Daybreak is a never-ending glory, getting out of bed is a never-ending nuisance; food and friends will be welcomed; work and strangers must be accepted and endured; birds will go bedwards and children won’t, to the end of the last evening. And the worst peril is that in our just modern revolt against intolerable accidents we may have unsettled those things that alone make daily life tolerable. It will be an ironic tragedy if, when we have toiled to find rest, we find we are incurably restless. It will be sad if, when we have worked for our holiday, we find we have unlearnt everything but work. The typical modern man is the insane millionaire who has drudged to get money, and then finds he cannot enjoy even money. There is danger that the social reformer may silently and occultly develop some of the madness of the millionaire whom he denounces. He may find that he has learnt how to build playgrounds but forgotten how to play. He may agitate for peace and quiet, but only propagate his own mental agitation. In his long fight to get a slave a half-holiday he may angrily deny those ancient and natural things, the zest of being, the divinity of man, the sacredness of simple things, the health and humour of the earth, which alone make a half-holiday even half a holiday or a slave even half a man.
There is danger in that modern phrase ‘divine discontent’. There is truth in it also, of course; but it is only truth of a special and secondary kind. Much of the quarrel between Christianity and the world has been due to this fact; that there are generally two truths, as it were, at any given moment of revolt or reaction, and the ancient underlying truism which is nevertheless true all the time. It is sometimes worth while to point out that black is not so black as it is painted; but black is still black, and not white. So with the merits of content and discontent. It is true that in certain acute and painful crises of oppression or disgrace, discontent is a duty and shame could call us like a trumpet. But it is not true that man should look at life with an eye of discontent, however high-minded. It is not true that in his primary, naked relation to the world, in his relation to sex, to pain, to comradeship, to the grave or to the weather, man ought to make discontent his ideal; it is black lunacy. Half his poor little hopes of happiness hang on his thinking a small house pretty, a plain wife charming, a lame foot not unbearable, and bad cards not so bad. The voice of the special rebels and prophets, recommending discontent, should, as I have said, sound now and then suddenly, like a trumpet. But the voices of the saints and sages, recommending, contentment, should sound unceasingly, like the sea.
D’altra parte, i nostri tentativi di raddrizzare lo squilibrio estremo della ricchezza dovranno pur avere presto qualche esito; qualcosa si farà per alleviare la tortura perpetua di una compassione incompetente; a questa nostra anarchia malevola si sostituirà un qualche disegno, foss’anche soltanto quello di una servitù benevola. E man mano che queste due inquietudini particolari, quella intorno all’universo e quella intorno allo Stato, si acquieteranno in un ordine più silenzioso e più durevole, emergeranno sempre più quelle verità primarie e arcaiche che la polvere di questi due conflitti aveva velato. Risolte in via relativa le questioni secondarie, ci ritroveremo tanto più alla presenza delle questioni primarie dell’Uomo.
Perché al presente siamo tutti inclini a un medesimo errore: tendiamo a dare alla politica troppa importanza. Tendiamo a dimenticare quanto grande parte della vita di un uomo resti identica sotto un Sultano e sotto un Senato, sotto Nerone o sotto san Luigi. L’alba è una gloria che non ha fine, alzarsi dal letto è una seccatura che non ha fine; il cibo e gli amici saranno benvenuti; il lavoro e gli estranei vanno accettati e sopportati; gli uccelli andranno a dormire e i bambini no, fino all’ultima sera del mondo. E il pericolo peggiore è che, nella nostra pur giusta rivolta moderna contro accidenti intollerabili, possiamo aver scardinato proprio quelle cose che sole rendono tollerabile la vita di ogni giorno. Sarà una tragedia ironica se, dopo aver faticato per trovare riposo, ci scopriremo inguaribilmente inquieti. Sarà triste se, dopo aver lavorato per la nostra vacanza, scopriremo di aver disimparato tutto tranne il lavoro. L’uomo moderno tipico è il milionario impazzito che si è sfiancato per far denaro, e poi scopre di non saper godere nemmeno del denaro. C’è il pericolo che il riformatore sociale sviluppi in segreto e di nascosto un po’ della follia del milionario che denuncia. Può scoprire di aver imparato a costruire campi da gioco ma di aver dimenticato come si gioca. Può agitarsi per la pace e la quiete, e non far altro che propagare la propria agitazione mentale. Nella sua lunga battaglia per procurare a uno schiavo un mezzo giorno di riposo può giungere a negare con rabbia quelle cose antiche e naturali, il gusto dell’esistere, la divinità dell’uomo, la sacralità delle cose semplici, la salute e l’umorismo della terra, che sole fanno di un mezzo giorno di riposo anche solo mezzo riposo, o di uno schiavo anche solo mezzo uomo.
C’è un pericolo in quella frase moderna, «divina insoddisfazione». C’è anche della verità, si capisce; ma è soltanto una verità di specie particolare e secondaria. Molto della disputa tra il Cristianesimo e il mondo è dovuto a questo fatto: che in genere vi sono due verità, per così dire, in ogni dato momento di rivolta o di reazione, e poi l’antico truismo di fondo che nondimeno è vero in ogni tempo. Talora vale la pena di far notare che il nero non è così nero come lo si dipinge; ma il nero resta nero, e non bianco. Così è dei meriti della contentezza e della scontentezza. È vero che in certe crisi acute e dolorose di oppressione o di disonore la scontentezza è un dovere e la vergogna può chiamarci come una tromba. Ma non è vero che l’uomo debba guardare la vita con occhio scontento, per quanto nobile d’animo. Non è vero che, nella sua relazione primaria e nuda con il mondo, nella sua relazione col sesso, col dolore, con la fratellanza, con la tomba o col tempo che fa, l’uomo debba fare della scontentezza il suo ideale: è nera follia. Metà delle sue povere piccole speranze di felicità sono appese al fatto che egli trovi graziosa una piccola casa, incantevole una moglie qualunque, sopportabile un piede zoppo, e non così cattive le carte cattive. La voce dei ribelli e dei profeti particolari, che raccomanda la scontentezza, dovrebbe, come ho detto, risuonare di tanto in tanto d’improvviso, come una tromba. Ma le voci dei santi e dei saggi, che raccomandano la contentezza, dovrebbero risuonare senza posa, come il mare.