DO WE AGREE?

A DEBATE BETWEEN G. K. CHESTERTON and BERNARD SHAW

with

HILAIRE BELLOC

in the chair

A PREFATORY NOTE

In justice to all concerned I feel it to be my duty to state frankly that this account of a public discussion between Mr. Chesterton and Mr. Shaw is something less than a verbatim report. But with some assistance from the debaters it has been possible to save enough from oblivion to justify publication.

CECIL PALMER

London, 1928


DO WE AGREE?

MR. BELLOC: I am here to take the chair in the debate between two men whom you desire to hear more than you could possibly desire to hear me. They will debate whether they agree or do not agree. From what I know of attempts at agreement between human beings there is a prospect of a very pretty fight. When men debate agreement between nations then you may be certain a disastrous war is on the horizon. I make an exception for the League of Nations, of which I know nothing. If the League of Nations could make a war it would be the only thing it ever has made.

I do not know what Mr. Chesterton is going to say. I do not know what Mr. Shaw is going to say. If I did I would not say it for them. I vaguely gather from what I have heard that they are going to try to discover a principle: whether men should be free to possess private means, as is Mr. Shaw, as is Mr. Chesterton; or should be, like myself, an embarrassed person, a publishers’ hack. I could tell them; but my mouth is shut. I am not allowed to say what I think. At any rate, they are going to debate this sort of thing. I know not what more to say They are about to debate. You are about to listen. I am about to sneer.

MR. SHAW: Mr. Belloc, and Ladies and Gentlemen. Our subject this evening, “Do We Agree?” was an inspiration of Mr. Chesterton’s. Some of you might reasonably wonder, if we agree, what we are going to debate about. But I suspect that you do not really care much what we debate about provided we entertain you by talking in our characteristic manners.

The reason for this, though you may not know it—and it is my business to tell you—is that Mr. Chesterton and I are two madmen. Instead of doing honest and respectable work and behaving ourselves as ordinary citizens. we go about the world possessed by a strange gift of tongues— in my own case almost exclusively confined to the English language— uttering all sorts of extraordinary opinions for no reason whatever.

Mr. Chesterton tells and prints the most extravagant lies. He takes ordinary incidents of human life—commonplace middle-class life— and gives them a monstrous and strange and gigantic outline. He fills suburban gardens with the most impossible murders, and not only does he invent the murders but also succeeds in discovering the murderer who never committed the murders. I do very much the same sort of thing. I promulgate lies in the shape of plays; but whereas Mr. Chesterton takes events which you think ordinary and makes them gigantic and colossal to reveal their essential miraculousness, I am rather inclined to take these things in their utter commonplaceness, and yet to introduce among them outrageous ideas which scandalize the ordinary play-goer and send him away wondering whether he has been standing on his head all his life or whether I am standing on mine.

A man goes to see one of my plays and sits by his wife. Some apparently ordinary thing is said on the stage, and his wife says to him: “Aha! What do you think of that?” Two minutes later another apparently ordinary thing is said and the man turns to his wife and says to her: “Aha! What do you think of that?”

Curious, is it not, that we should go about doing these things and be tolerated and even largely admired for doing them? Of late years I might say that I have almost been reverenced for doing these things.

Obviously we are mad; and in the East we should be reverenced as madmen. The wisdom of the East says: “Let us listen to these men carefully; but let us not forget that they are madmen.”

In this country they say “Let us listen to these amusing chaps. They are perfectly sane, which we obviously are not.” Now there must be some reason for shewing us all this consideration. There must be some force in nature which…

(At this point the debate was interrupted by persistent knocking at the doors by ticket-holders who had, through some misunderstanding, been locked out. On the chairman’s intervention the doors were opened, and order was restored Mr. Shaw then proceeded.)

Ladies and Gentlemen, I must go on because, as you see, if I don’t begin to talk everybody else does. Now I was speaking of the curious respect in which mad people are held in the East and in this country. What I was leading up to is this, that it matters very little on what points they differ: they have all kinds of aberrations which rise out of their personal circumstances, out of their training out of their knowledge or ignorance. But if you listen to them carefully and find that at certain points they agree, then you have some reason for supposing that here the spirit of the age is coming through, and giving you an inspired message. Reject all the contradictory things they say and concentrate your attention on the things upon which they agree, and you may be listening to the voice of revelation.

You will do well to-night to listen attentively, because probably what is urging us to these utterances is not personal to ourselves but some conclusion to which all mankind is moving either by reason or by inspiration. The mere fact that Mr. Chesterton and 1 may agree upon any point may not at all prevent us from debating it passionately. I find that the people who fight me generally hold the very ideas I am trying to express. I do not know if it is because they resent the liberty I am taking or because they do not like the words I use or the twist of my mind; but they are the people who quarrel most with me.

You have at this moment a typical debate raging in the Press. You have a very pretty controversy going on in the Church of England between the Archbishop of Canterbury and the Bishop of Birmingham. I hope you have all read the admirable letter of the Archbishop of Canterbury. Everybody is pleased with that letter. It has the enormous virtue of being entirely good-humoured, of trying to make peace, of avoiding making mischief: a popular English virtue which is a credit to the English race. But it has another English quality which is a little more questionable, and that is the quality of being entirely anti-intellectual. The letter is a heartfelt appeal for ambiguity. You can imagine the Archbishop of Canterbury, if he were continuing the controversy in private, saying to the Bishop of Birmingham: “Now, my dear Barnes, let me recommend you to read that wonderful book, the Pilgrim’s Progress. Read the history of the hero, Christian, no doubt a very splendid fellow, and from the literary point of view the only hero of romantic fiction resembling a real man. But he is always fighting. He is out of one trouble into another. He is leading a terrible life. How different to that great Peacemaker, Mr. Facing-Both-Ways! Mr. Facing-Both-Ways has no history. Happy is the country that has no history; and happy, you may say, is the man who has no history; and Mr. Facing-Both-Ways in The Pilgrim’s Progress is that man.”

Bunyan, by the way, does not even mention Mr. Facing-Both Ways’ extraordinary historical feat of drafting the Twenty-seventh Article of the Church of England. There being some very troublesome people for Elizabeth to deal with—Catholics and Puritans, for instance, quarrelling about Transubstantiation—Mr. Facing-Both Ways drafted an Article in two paragraphs. The first paragraph affirmed the doctrine of Transubstantiation. The second paragraph said it was an idle superstition. Then Queen Elizabeth was able to say “Now you are all satisfied; and you must all attend the Church of England. If you don’t I will send you to prison.”

But I am not for one moment going to debate the doctrine of Transubstantiation. I mention it only to shew, by the controversy between the Archbishop and the Bishop, that in most debates you will find two types of mind playing with the same subject. There is one sort of mind that 1 think is my own sort. I sometimes call it the Irish mind, as distinct from the English mind. But that is only to make the English and Irish sit up and listen. Spengler talks not of Irish and English minds, but of the Greek, or Grecian mind, and the Gothic mind—the Faustian mind as he, being a German, calls it. And in this controversy you find that what is moving Bishop Barnes is a Grecian dislike of not knowing what it is he believes, and on the other side a Gothic instinctive feeling that it is perhaps just as well not to know too distinctly. I am not saying which is the better type of mind. I think on the whole both of them are pretty useful. But I always like to know what it is I am preaching. It gets me into trouble in England, where people say, “Why go into these matters? Why do you want to think so accurately and sharply?” I can only say that my head is built that way; but I protest that I do not claim any moral superiority because when I know what I mean the other people do not know what they mean, and very often do not know what I mean. And one subject on which I know what I mean is the opinion which has inevitably been growing up for the last hundred years or so, not so much an opinion as a revolt against the mis-distribution, the obviously monstrous and anomalous mis-distribution of wealth under what we call the capitalist system.

I have always, since I got clear on the subject of Socialism said, Don’t put in the foreground the nationalisation of the means of production, distribution, and exchange: you will never get there if you begin with them. You have to begin with the question of the distribution of wealth.

The other day a man died and the Government took four and a half million pounds as death duty on his property. That man made all his money by the labour of men who received twenty-six shillings a week after years of qualifying for their work. Was that a reasonable distribution of wealth between them? We are all coming to the opinion that it was not reasonable. What does Mr. Chester ton think about it? I want to know, not only because of the public importance of his opinions, but because I have always followed Mr. Chesterton with extraordinary interest and enjoyment, and his assent to any view of mine is a great personal pleasure, because I am very fond of Mr. Chesterton.

Mr. Chesterton has rejected Socialism nominally, probably because it is a rather stupid word. But he is a distributist, which means today a Redistributist. He has arrived by his own path at my own position. (Laughter.) I do not see why you should laugh: I cannot imagine anything more natural.

But now comes the question upon which I will ask Mr. Chesterton whether he agrees with me or not. The moment I made up my mind that the present distribution of wealth was wrong, the peculiar constitution of my brain obliged me to find out exactly how far it was wrong and what is the right distribution. I went through all the proposals ever made and through the arguments used in justification of the existing distribution; and I found they were utterly insensate and grotesque.

Eventually I was convinced that we ought to be tolerant of any sort of crime except unequal distribution of income. In organized society the question always arises at what point are we justified in killing for the good of the community. I should answer in this way. If you take two shillings as your share and another man wants two shillings and sixpence, kill him. Similarly, if a man accepts two shillings while you have two shillings and sixpence, kill him.

On the stroke of the hour, I ask Mr. Chesterton: “Do you agree with that?”

MR. CHESTERTON: Ladies and gentlemen. The answer is in the negative. I don’t agree with it. Nor does Mr. Shaw. He does not think, any more than I do, that all the people in this hall, who have already created some confusion, should increase the confusion by killing each other and searching each other’s pockets to see whether there is half-a-crown or two shillings in them. As regards the general question, what I want to say is this: I should like to say to begin with that I have no intention of following Mr. Shaw into a discussion which would be very improper on my part on the condition of the Church of England. But since he has definitely challenged me on the point I will say—he will not agree— that Mr. Shaw is indeed a peacemaker and has reconciled both sides. For if the Arch bishop is anti-intellectual there will be nobody to pretend that the Bishop is intellectual.

VOICE: Yes he is.

MR. CHESTERTON: Now as to the much more interesting question, about a much more interesting person than Bishop Barnes—I mean Mr. Shaw—I should like to say that in a sense I can agree with him, in which case he can claim a complete victory. This is not a real controversy or debate. It is an enquiry, and I hope a profitable and interesting enquiry. Up to a point I quite agree with him, because I did start entirely by agreeing with him, as many years ago I began by being a Socialist, just as he was a Socialist. Barring some difference of age we were in the same position. We grew in beauty side by side. I will not say literally we filled one home with glee: but I do believe we have filled a fair number of homes with glee. Whether those homes included our own personal households it is for others to say. But up to a point I agreed with Mr. Shaw by being a Socialist, and I agreed upon grounds he has laid down with critical justice and lucidity, grounds which I can imagine nobody being such a fool as to deny: the distribution of property in the modern world is a monstrosity and a blasphemy. Thus I come to the important stage of the proceedings. I claim that I might agree with Mr. Shaw a step farther.

I have heard from nearly all the Socialists I have known, the phrase which Mr. Shaw has with characteristic artfulness avoided, a phrase which I think everyone will agree is common to collectivist philosophy, and the phrase is this: “that the means of production should be owned by the community.” I ask you to note that phrase because it is really upon that that the whole question turns.

Now there is a sense in which I do agree with Mr. Bernard Shaw. There is a point up to which I would agree with that formula. So far as is possible under human conditions I should desire the community—or, as we used to call it in the old English language, The Commons—to own the means of production. So far, I say, you have Mr. Bernard Shaw and me walking in fact side by side in the flowery meads… But after that, alas! a change takes place. The change is owing to Mr. Shaw’s vast superiority, to his powerful intellect. It is not my fault if he has remained young, while I have grown in comparison wrinkled and haggard, old and experienced, and acquainted with the elementary facts of human life.

Now the first thing I want to note is this. When you say the community ought to own the means of production, what do you mean? That is the whole point. There was a time when Mr. Shaw would probably have said in all sincerity that anything possessed by the State or the Government would be in fact possessed by the Commons: in other words, by the community. I do not wish to challenge Mr. Shaw about later remarks of his, but I doubt whether Mr. Shaw, in his eternal youth, still believes in democracy in that sense. I quite admit he has a more hopeful and hearty outlook in some respects, and he has even gone to the length of saying that if democracy will not do for mankind, perhaps it will do for some other creature different from mankind. He has almost proposed to invent a new animal, which might be supposed to live for 300 years. I am inclined to think that if Mr. Shaw lived for 300 years— and I heartily hope he will—I never knew a man more likely to do it— he would certainly agree with me. I would even undertake to prove it from the actual history of the last 300 years, but though I think it is probable I will not insist upon it. As a very profound philosopher has said, “You never can tell.” And it may be that Mr. Shaw’s immortal power of talking nonsense would survive even that 300 years and he would still be fixed in his unnatural theories in the matter.

Now I do not believe myself that Mr. Shaw thinks that the community, in the sense of that state which owns and rules, the thing that issues postage stamps and provides policemen, I do not believe he thinks that that community is now, at this moment, identical with the Commons, and I do not believe he ready thinks that in his own socialistic state it would be identical. I am glad therefore that he has sufficient disordered common sense to perceive that, as a matter of fact, when you have vast systems, however just and however reasonably controlled, indirectly, by elaborate machinery of officials and other things, you do in fact find that those who rule are the few. It may be a good thing or a bad thing, but it is not true that all the people directly control. Collectivism has put all their eggs in one basket. I do not think that Mr. Shaw believes, or that anybody believes, that 12,000,000 men, say, carry the basket, or look after the basket, or have any real distributed control over the eggs in the basket. I believe that it is controlled from the centre by a few people. They may be quite right or quite necessary. A certain limit to that sort of control any sane man will recognise as necessary: it is not the same as the Commons controlling the means of production. It is a few oligarchs or a few officials who do in fact control all the means of production.

What Mr. Shaw means is not that all the people should control the means of production, but that the product should be distributed among the vast mass of the Commons, and that is guide a different thing. It is not controlling the means of production at all. If all the citizens had simply an equal share of the income of the State they would not have any control of the capital. That is where G. K. Chesterton differs from George Bernard Shaw. I begin at the other end. I do not think that a community arranged on the principles of Distributism and on nothing else would be a perfect community. All admit that the society that we propose is more a matter of proportion and arrangement than a perfectly clear system in which all production is pooled and the result given out in wages. But what I say is this: Let us, so far as is possible in the complicated affairs of humanity, put into the hands of the Commons the control of the means of production—and real control. The man who owns a piece of land controls it in a direct and real sense. He really owns the means of production. It is the same with a man who owns a piece of machinery. He can use it or not use it. Even a man who owns his own tools or works in his own workshop, to that extent owns and controls the means of production.

But if you establish right in the middle of the State one enormous machine, if you turn the handle of that machine, and somebody, who must be an official, and therefore a ruler, distributes to everybody equally the food or whatever else is produced by that machine, no single one of any of these people receiving more than any other single person, but all equal fragments: that fulfils a definite ideal of equality, yet no single one of those citizens has any control over the means of production. They have no control whatever—unless you think that the prospect of voting about once every five years for Mr. Vanboodle— then a Socialist member—with the prospect that he will or will not make a promise to a political assembly or that he will or will not promise to ask a certain question which may or may not be answered— unless you think that by this means they possess control.

I have used the metaphor of the Collectivists of having all your eggs in one basket. Now there are men whom we are pleased to call bad eggs. They are not all of them in politics. On the other hand there are men who deserve the encomium of “good egg.” There are, in other words, a number of good men and a number of bad men scattered among the commonwealth.

To put the matter shortly, I might say that all this theory of absolutely equal mechanical distribution depends upon a sort of use of the passive mood. It is easy enough to say Property should be distributed, but who is, as it were, the subject of the verb? Who or what is to distribute? Now it is based on the idea that the central power which condescends to distribute will be permanently just, wise, sane, and representative of the conscience of the community which has created it.

That is what we doubt. We say there ought to be in the world a great mass of scattered powers, privileges, limits, points of resistance, so that the mass of the Commons may resist tyranny. And we say that there is a permanent possibility of that central direction, however much it may have been appointed to distribute money equally, becoming a tyranny. I do not think it would be difficult to suggest a way in which it could happen. As soon as any particular mob of people are behaving in some way which the governing group chooses to regard as anti-civic, supplies could be cut off easily with the approval of this governing group. You have only to call someone by some name like Bolshevist or Papist. You have only to tie some label on a set of people and the community will contentedly see these people starved into surrender.

We say the method to be adopted is the other method. We admit, frankly, that our method is in a sense imperfect, and only in that sense illogical. It is imperfect, or illogical, because it corresponds to the variety and differences of human life. Mr. Shaw is making abstract diagrams of triangles, squares. and circles; we are trying to paint a portrait, the portrait of a man. We are trying to make our lines and colours follow the characteristics of the real object. Man desires certain things. He likes a certain amount of liberty, certain kinds of ownership, certain kinds of local affection, and won’t be happy without them.

There are a great many other things that might be said, but I think it will be clearer if I repeat some of the things we have already said.

I do in that sense accept the propositions that the community should own the means of production, but I say that the Commons should own the means of production, and the only way to do that is to keep actual hold upon land. Mr. Bernard Shaw proposes to distribute wealth. We propose to distribute power.

MR. SHAW: I cannot say that Mr. Chesterton has succeeded in forcing a difference of opinion on me. There are, I suppose, at least some people in this room who have heard me orating on this platform at lectures of the Fabian Society, and they must have been considerably amused at Mr. Chesterton’s attempt to impress upon me what income is. My main activity as an economist of late has been to try to concentrate the attention of my party on the fact not only that they must distribute income, but that there is nothing else to distribute.

We must be perfectly clear as to what capital is. I will tell you. Capital is spare money. And, of course, spare money means spare food. If I happen to have more of the means of subsistence than I can use, I may take that part that is unconsumed, and say to another man: “Let me feed you whilst you produce some kind of contraption that will facilitate my work in future.” But when the man has produced it for me, the capital has all gone: there is nothing left for me or him to eat. If he has made me a spade I cannot eat that spade.

I have said I may employ my spare subsistence in this way; but I must employ it so because it will not keep: if nobody eats it, it will go rotten. The only thing to be done with it is to have it promptly consumed. All that remains of it then is a figure in a ledger. Some of my capital was employed in the late war; and this country has still my name written down as the proprietor of the capital they blew to pieces in that war.

Having said that for your instruction, let us come down to facts. Mr. Chesterton has formed the Distributist League which organized this meeting. What was the very first thing the League said must be done? It said the coal-mines must be nationalized. Instead of saying that the miner’s means of production must he made his own property, it was forced to advocate making national property of the coal mines. These coal-mines, when nationalized, will not be managed by the House of Commons: if they were you would very soon have no coal. But neither will they be managed by the miners. If you ask the man working in the mine to manage the mine he will say, “Not me, governor! That is your job.”

I would like Mr. Chesterton to consider what he understands by the means of production. He has spoken of them in rather a nineteenth-century manner. He has been talking as though the means of production were machines. I submit to you that the real means of production in this country are men and women, and that consequently you always have the maximum control of the individual over the means of production, because it means self-control over his own person. But he must surrender that control to the manager of the mine because he does not know how to manage it himself. Under the present capitalistic system he has to surrender it to the manager appointed by the proprietors of the mine. Under Socialism he would have to surrender it to the manager appointed by the Coalmaster-General. That would not prevent the product of the mine being equally distributed among the people.

There is no difficulty here. In a sense Mr. Chesterton really does not disagree with me in this matter, since he does see that in the matter of fuel in this country you have to come to nationalization. Fuel must be controlled equally for the benefit of all the people. Since we agreed upon that, I am not disposed to argue the matter further. Now that Mr. Chesterton agreed that the coal-mines will have to be nationalized he will be led by the same pressure of facts to agree to the nationalization of everything else.

I have to allow for the pressure of facts because, as a playwright, I think of all problems in terms of actual men and women. Mr. Chesterton lets himself idealize them sometimes as virtuous peasant proprietors and self-managing petty capitalists.

The capitalist and the landlord have their own particular ways of robbing the poor; but their legal rights are quite different. It is a very direct way on the part of the landlord. He may do exactly what he likes with the land he owns. If I own a large part of Scotland I can turn the people off the land practically into the sea, or across the sea. I can take women in child-bearing and throw them into the snow and leave them there. That has been done. I can do it for no better reason than I think it is better to shoot deer on the land than allow people to live on it. They might frighten the deer.

But now compare that with the ownership of my umbrella. As a matter of fact the umbrella I have to-night belongs to my wife; but I think she will permit me to call it mine for the purpose of the debate. Now I have a very limited legal right to the use of that umbrella. I cannot do as I like with it. For instance, certain passages in Mr. Chesterton’s speech tempted me to get up and smite him over the head with my umbrella. I may presently feel inclined to smite Mr. Belloc. But should I abuse my right to do what I like with my property—with my umbrella—in this way I should soon be made aware— possibly by Mr. Belloc’s fist—that I cannot treat my umbrella as my own property in the way in which a landlord can treat his land. I want to destroy ownership in order that possession and enjoyment may be raised to the highest point in every section of the community. That, I think, is perfectly simple.

There are points on which a landlord, even a Scottish landlord, and his tenant the crofter entirely agree. The landlord objects to being shot at sight. The Irish landlord used to object. His tenants sometimes took no notice of his objection, but all the same they had a very strong objection to being shot themselves. You have no objection to a State law being carried out vigorously that people shall not shoot one another. There is no difficulty in modern civilized States in having it carried out. If you could once convince the people that inequality of income is a greater social danger than murder, very few people would want to continue to commit it; and the State could suppress it with the assent of the community generally. We are always adding fresh crimes to the calendar. Why not enact that no person shall live in this community without pulling his weight in the social boat, without producing more than he consumes—because you have to provide for the accumulation of spare money as capital—who does not replace by his own labour what he takes out of the community, who attempts to live idly, as men are proud to live nowadays. Is there any greater difficulty in treating such a parasite as a malefactor, than in treating a murderer as a malefactor?

Having said that much about the property part of the business, 1 think I have succeeded in establishing that Mr. Chesterton does not disagree with me. I should like to say I do not believe in Democracy. I do believe in Catholicism; but I hold that the Irish Episcopal Protestant Church, of which I was baptized a member, takes the name of Catholicism in vain; that the Roman Church has also taken it in vain; and so with the Greek Church and the rest. My Catholicism is really catholic Catholicism: that is what I believe in, as apart from this voting business and democracy. Does Mr. Chesterton agree with me on that?

MR. CHESTERTON: Among the bewildering welter of fallacies which Mr. Shaw has just given us, I prefer to deal first with the simplest. When Mr. Shaw refrains from hitting me over the head with his umbrella, the real reason—apart from his real kindness of heart, which makes him tolerant of the humblest of the creatures of God—is not because he does not own his umbrella, but because he does not own my head. As I am still in possession of that imperfect organ, I will proceed to use it to the confutation of some of his other fallacies.

I should like to say now what I ought perhaps to have said earlier in the evening, that we are enormously grateful to Mr. Shaw for his characteristic generosity in consenting to debate with a humble movement like our own. I am so conscious of that condescension on his part that I should feel it a very unfair return to ask him to read any of our potty little literature or cast his eye over our little weekly paper or become conscious of the facts we have stated a thousand times. One of these facts, with which every person who knows us is familiar, is our position with regard to the coal question. We have said again and again that in our human state of society there must be a class of things called exceptions. We admit that upon the whole in the very peculiar case of coal it is desirable and about the best way out of the difficulty that it should be controlled by the officials of the State, just in the same way as postage stamps are controlled. No one says anything else about postage stamps. I cannot imagine that anyone wants to have his own postage stamps, of perhaps more picturesque design and varied colours. I can assure you that Distributists are perfectly sensible and sane people, and they have always recognized that there are institutions in the State in which it is very difficult to apply the principle of individual property, and that one of these cases is the discovery under the earth of valuable minerals. Socialists are not alone in believing this. Charles I, who, I suppose, could not be called a Socialist, pointed out that certain kinds of minerals ought to belong to the State, that is, to the Commons. We have said over and over again that we support the nationalization of the coal-mines, not as a general example of Distribution but as a common-sense admission of an exception. The reason why we make it an exception is because it is not very easy to see how the healthy principle of personal ownership can be applied. If it could we should apply it with the greatest pleasure. We consider personal ownership infinitely more healthy. If there were a way in which a miner could mark out one particular piece of coal and say, “This is mine, and I am proud of it,” we should have made an enormous improvement upon State management. There are cases in which it is very difficult to apply the principle, and that is one of them. It is the reverse of the truth for Mr. Shaw to say that the logic of that fact will lead me to the application of the same principle to other cases, like the ownership of the land. One could not illustrate it better than by the case of coal. It may be true for all I know that if you ask a miner if he would like to manage the mine he would say, “I do not want to manage it; it is for my betters to manage it.” I had not noticed that meek and simple manner among miners. I have even heard complaints of the opposite temper in that body. I defy Mr. Shaw to say if you went to the Irish farmers, or the French farmers, or the Serbian or the Dutch farmers, or any of the millions of peasant owners throughout the world, I defy him to say if you went to the farmer and said, “Who controls these farms?’” he would say, “It is not for the likes of me to control a farm.” Mr. Shaw knows perfectly well it is nonsense to suggest that peasants would talk that way anywhere. It is part of his complaints against peasants that they claim personal possessions. I am not likely to be led to the denial of property in land, for I know ordinary normal people who feel property in land to be normal. I fully agree with Mr. Shaw, and speak as strongly as he would speak, of the abomination and detestable foulness and sin of landlords who drove poor people from their land in Scotland and elsewhere. It is quite true that men in possession of land have committed these crimes; but I do not see why wicked officials under a socialistic state could not commit these crimes. But that has nothing to do with the principle of ownership in land. In fact these very Highland crofters, these very people thus abominably outraged and oppressed, if you asked them what they want would probably say, “I want to own my own croft; I want to own my own land.”

Mr. Shaw’s dislike of the landlord is not so much a denial of the right to private property. not so much that he owns the land, but that the landlord has swallowed up private property. In the face of these facts of millions and millions of ordinary human beings who have private property, who know what it is like to own property, I must confess that I am not overwhelmed and crushed by Mr. Shaw’s claim that he knows all about men and women as they really are. I think Mr. Shaw knows something about certain kinds of men and women; though he sometimes makes them a little more amusing than they really are. But I cannot agree with his discovery that peasants do not like peasant property, because I know the reverse is the fact.

Then we come to the general point he raised about the State. He raised a very interesting question. He said that after all the State does command respect, that we all do accept laws even though they are issued by an official group. Up to a point I willingly accept his argument. The Distributist is certainly not an anarchist. He does not believe it would be a good thing if there were no such laws. But the reason why most of these laws are accepted is because they correspond with the common conscience of mankind. Mr. Shaw and Bishop Barnes might think it would be an inadequate way of explaining it, but we might call attention to an Hebraic code called the Ten Commandments. They do, I think, correspond pretty roughly to the moral code of every religion that is at all sane. These all reverence certain ideas about “Thou shalt not kill.” They all have a reverence for the commandment which says, “Thou shalt not covet thy neighbour’s goods.” They reverence the idea that you must not covet his house or his ox or his ass. It should be noted, too, that besides forbidding us to covet our neighbour’s property, this commandment also implies that every man has a right to own some property.

MR. SHAW: I now want to ask Mr. Chesterton why he insists, on the point about the nationalization of the coal-mines—on which he agrees with me—that they are an exception. Are they an exception? In what way are the coal-mines an exception? What is the fundamental reason why you must nationalize your coal-mine? The reason is this. If you will go up to the constituency of Mr. Sidney Webb, to the Sunderland coast, you will be able to pick up coal for nothing, absolutely nothing at all. You see people doing it there. You take a perambulator, or barrow, or simple sack, and when the tide goes out you go out on the foreshore and pick up excellent coal. If you go to other parts of England, like Whitehaven, you will find you have to go through workings driven out under the sea, which took 20 years to make, 20 years continual expenditure of capital before coal could be touched, where men going down the shaft have to travel sometimes two or three miles to their work. That is the reason at bottom why you cannot distribute your coal mine. The reason you have to pay such monstrous prices for your coal is they are fixed by the cost of making the submarine mines. People who have mines like the Sunderland foreshore naturally make colossal fortunes. Everyone can see at once that in order to have any kind of equable dealing in coal, the only way is to charge the citizens the average cost for the total national supply. You cannot average the cost by putting your eggs into different baskets. Now this is not the exception: it is the rule. You have exactly the same difference in the case of the land. You have land worth absolutely nothing at all and land worth a million an acre or more. And the acre worth more than a million and the acre worth nothing are within half-an-hour’s drive in a taxi.

You cannot say that the coal-mine is an exception. The coal-mine is only one instance. Mr. Chesterton in arriving at the necessity for the nationalization of the coal-mines has started on his journey towards the nationalization of all the industries. If he goes on to the land, and from the land to the factory, and from there to every other industrial department, he will find that every successive case is an exception; and eventually he will have to say to himself: “I think it will be better to call nationalization the rule rather than the exception.”

I must deny that I ever said that the coal-miner says he wants to be ruled by his betters. I may not be a democrat; but I am not a snob. Intellectually I am a snob, and you will admit that I have good ground for that. Socially I am not a snob. There is no question of betters at all in the matter. The manager is not better than the executant, nor the executant better than the manager. Both are equally necessary and equally honourable. But if you ask the executant to manage he will refuse on the ground that it is not his job; and vice versa.

Mr. Chesterton says he does not see why State officials under a system which recognises nationalization of land should not act as the old landlords acted. I should say, in the first place, they won’t have the power. A State official does what he is instructed to do and paid to do, just as a landlord’s agent does; and there is no more danger of the official making himself a landlord than there is now of the agent making himself one.

As to the instinct of owning—and you have it widely in the country—you have not got it in the towns. People are content to live in houses they do not own: when they possess them they often find them a great nuisance. But you must not conclude that because a miner would refuse to manage a mine a farmer will refuse to manage his farm. The farmer is himself a manager.

How does this wonderful system of peasant proprietorship work? Do you realise that it has to be broken up every day? The reason is that when a man owning a farm has a family, each son, when the farmer dies, has a right to an equal part of the land. They find that this arrangement is entirely impossible, and they have to make some other arrangement, and some of the sons have to go off into the towns to work. It is unthinkable that all could remain on the land: you cannot split up the land and give every person a bit of property.

I have stolen two minutes from Mr. Chesterton, and I apologise.

MR. CHESTERTON: I am sure Mr. Shaw is very welcome to as many minutes as I can offer him, or anything else, for his kindness in entertaining us this evening. It is rather late now and there is not much time left for me. He has been rather slow in discovering what Distributism is and what the whole question is about. If this were the beginning of the discussion I could do over our system completely. I could tell him exactly what we think about property in towns. It is absurd to say it does not exist.

In rural ownership different problems have to be faced. We are not cutting a thing up into mathematical squares. We are trying to deal with human beings, creatures quite outside the purview of Mr. Shaw and his political philosophy. We know town people are a little different from country people; business of one kind is different from business of another kind; difficulties arise about family, and all the rest of it. We show man’s irrepressible desire to own property and because some landlords have been cruel, it is no use talking of abolishing, denying, and destroying property, saying no one shall have any property at all. It is characteristic of his school, of his age. The morality he represents is above all the morality of negations. Just as it says you must not drink wine at all as the only solution to a few people drinking too much: just as it would say you must not touch meat or smoke tobacco at all. Let us always remember, therefore, that when Mr. Shaw says he can persuade all men to give up the sentiment of private property, it is in exactly the same hopeful spirit that he says he will get all of you to give up meat, tobacco, beer, and a vast number of other things. He will not do anything of the sort and I suspect he himself suspects by this time that he will not do it. It is quite false to say you must have a centralised machinery, even in towns. It is quite false to say that all forces must be used, as they are in monopolies, from the centre. It is absurd to say that because the wind is a central thing you cannot separate windmills. How am I to explain all that in five minutes? I could go through a vast number of fallacies into which he has fallen. He said, ironically, he would like to see me go down a mine. I have no difficulty in imagining myself sinking in such a fashion in any geological deposit. I really should like to see him doing work on a farm, because he would find out about five hundred pieces of nonsense he has been speaking to be the nonsense they are.

It is absolutely fallacious to suggest that there is some sort of difficulty in peasantries whereby they are bound to disappear. The answer to that is that they have not disappeared. It is part of the very case against peasantry, among those who do not like them, that they are antiquated, covered with hoary superstition. Why have they remained through all these centuries, if they must immediately break up and become impossible? There is an answer to all that and I am quite prepared to give it at some greater length than five minutes. But at no time did I say that we must make the whole community a community of agricultural peasants. It is absurd. What I said was that a desire for property which is universal, everywhere, does appear in a perfect and working example in the ownership of land. It only remains for me to say one thing. Mr. Shaw said, in reference to the State owning the means of production, that men and women are the only means of production. I quite accept the parallel of the phrase. His proposition is that the government, the officials of the State, should own the men and women: in other words that the men and women should be slaves.

MR. BELLOC: I was told when I accepted this onerous office that I was to sum up. I shall do nothing of the sort. In a very few years from now this debate will be antiquated. I will now recite you a poem:

“Our civilization Is built upon coal. Let us chant in rotation Our civilization That lump of damnation Without any soul, Our civilization Is built upon coal.

“In a very few years, It will float upon oil. Then give three hearty cheers, In a very few years We shall mop up our tears And have done with our toil. In a very few years It will float upon oil.”

In I do not know how many years—five, ten, twenty—this debate will be as antiquated as crinolines are. I am surprised that neither of the two speakers pointed out that one of three things is going to happen. One of three things: not one of two. It is always one of three things. This industrial civilization which, thank God, oppresses only the small part of the world in which we are most inextricably bound up, will break down and therefore end from its monstrous wickedness, folly, ineptitude, leading to a restoration of sane, ordinary human affairs, complicated but based as a whole upon the freedom of the citizens. Or it will break down and lead to nothing but a desert. Or it will lead the mass of men to become contented slaves, with a few rich men controlling them. Take your choice. You will all be dead before any of the three things comes off. One of the three things is going to happen, or a mixture of two, or possibly a mixture of the three combined.

HILAIRE BELLOC

in the chair A PREFATORY NOTE

In justice to all concerned I feel it to be my duty to state frankly that this account of a public discussion between Mr. Chesterton and Mr. Shaw is something less than a verbatim report. But with some assistance from the debaters it has been possible to save enough from oblivion to justify publication.

HILAIRE BELLOC

alla presidenza UNA NOTA PREFATORIA

Per giustizia verso tutti gli interessati, sento il dovere di dichiarare francamente che questo resoconto di una pubblica discussione tra il signor Chesterton e il signor Shaw è qualcosa di meno di un resoconto testuale. Ma con qualche aiuto da parte dei contendenti è stato possibile salvare dall’oblio quanto basta a giustificarne la pubblicazione.

CECIL PALMER

London, 1928


DO WE AGREE?

MR. BELLOC: I am here to take the chair in the debate between two men whom you desire to hear more than you could possibly desire to hear me. They will debate whether they agree or do not agree. From what I know of attempts at agreement between human beings there is a prospect of a very pretty fight. When men debate agreement between nations then you may be certain a disastrous war is on the horizon. I make an exception for the League of Nations, of which I know nothing. If the League of Nations could make a war it would be the only thing it ever has made.

I do not know what Mr. Chesterton is going to say. I do not know what Mr. Shaw is going to say. If I did I would not say it for them. I vaguely gather from what I have heard that they are going to try to discover a principle: whether men should be free to possess private means, as is Mr. Shaw, as is Mr. Chesterton; or should be, like myself, an embarrassed person, a publishers’ hack. I could tell them; but my mouth is shut. I am not allowed to say what I think. At any rate, they are going to debate this sort of thing. I know not what more to say They are about to debate. You are about to listen. I am about to sneer.

MR. SHAW: Mr. Belloc, and Ladies and Gentlemen. Our subject this evening, “Do We Agree?” was an inspiration of Mr. Chesterton’s. Some of you might reasonably wonder, if we agree, what we are going to debate about. But I suspect that you do not really care much what we debate about provided we entertain you by talking in our characteristic manners.

The reason for this, though you may not know it—and it is my business to tell you—is that Mr. Chesterton and I are two madmen. Instead of doing honest and respectable work and behaving ourselves as ordinary citizens. we go about the world possessed by a strange gift of tongues— in my own case almost exclusively confined to the English language— uttering all sorts of extraordinary opinions for no reason whatever.

Mr. Chesterton tells and prints the most extravagant lies. He takes ordinary incidents of human life—commonplace middle-class life— and gives them a monstrous and strange and gigantic outline. He fills suburban gardens with the most impossible murders, and not only does he invent the murders but also succeeds in discovering the murderer who never committed the murders. I do very much the same sort of thing. I promulgate lies in the shape of plays; but whereas Mr. Chesterton takes events which you think ordinary and makes them gigantic and colossal to reveal their essential miraculousness, I am rather inclined to take these things in their utter commonplaceness, and yet to introduce among them outrageous ideas which scandalize the ordinary play-goer and send him away wondering whether he has been standing on his head all his life or whether I am standing on mine.

A man goes to see one of my plays and sits by his wife. Some apparently ordinary thing is said on the stage, and his wife says to him: “Aha! What do you think of that?” Two minutes later another apparently ordinary thing is said and the man turns to his wife and says to her: “Aha! What do you think of that?”

Curious, is it not, that we should go about doing these things and be tolerated and even largely admired for doing them? Of late years I might say that I have almost been reverenced for doing these things.

Obviously we are mad; and in the East we should be reverenced as madmen. The wisdom of the East says: “Let us listen to these men carefully; but let us not forget that they are madmen.”

In this country they say “Let us listen to these amusing chaps. They are perfectly sane, which we obviously are not.” Now there must be some reason for shewing us all this consideration. There must be some force in nature which…

(At this point the debate was interrupted by persistent knocking at the doors by ticket-holders who had, through some misunderstanding, been locked out. On the chairman’s intervention the doors were opened, and order was restored Mr. Shaw then proceeded.)

Ladies and Gentlemen, I must go on because, as you see, if I don’t begin to talk everybody else does. Now I was speaking of the curious respect in which mad people are held in the East and in this country. What I was leading up to is this, that it matters very little on what points they differ: they have all kinds of aberrations which rise out of their personal circumstances, out of their training out of their knowledge or ignorance. But if you listen to them carefully and find that at certain points they agree, then you have some reason for supposing that here the spirit of the age is coming through, and giving you an inspired message. Reject all the contradictory things they say and concentrate your attention on the things upon which they agree, and you may be listening to the voice of revelation.

You will do well to-night to listen attentively, because probably what is urging us to these utterances is not personal to ourselves but some conclusion to which all mankind is moving either by reason or by inspiration. The mere fact that Mr. Chesterton and 1 may agree upon any point may not at all prevent us from debating it passionately. I find that the people who fight me generally hold the very ideas I am trying to express. I do not know if it is because they resent the liberty I am taking or because they do not like the words I use or the twist of my mind; but they are the people who quarrel most with me.

You have at this moment a typical debate raging in the Press. You have a very pretty controversy going on in the Church of England between the Archbishop of Canterbury and the Bishop of Birmingham. I hope you have all read the admirable letter of the Archbishop of Canterbury. Everybody is pleased with that letter. It has the enormous virtue of being entirely good-humoured, of trying to make peace, of avoiding making mischief: a popular English virtue which is a credit to the English race. But it has another English quality which is a little more questionable, and that is the quality of being entirely anti-intellectual. The letter is a heartfelt appeal for ambiguity. You can imagine the Archbishop of Canterbury, if he were continuing the controversy in private, saying to the Bishop of Birmingham: “Now, my dear Barnes, let me recommend you to read that wonderful book, the Pilgrim’s Progress. Read the history of the hero, Christian, no doubt a very splendid fellow, and from the literary point of view the only hero of romantic fiction resembling a real man. But he is always fighting. He is out of one trouble into another. He is leading a terrible life. How different to that great Peacemaker, Mr. Facing-Both-Ways! Mr. Facing-Both-Ways has no history. Happy is the country that has no history; and happy, you may say, is the man who has no history; and Mr. Facing-Both-Ways in The Pilgrim’s Progress is that man.”

CECIL PALMER

Londra, 1928


SIAMO D’ACCORDO?

IL SIGNOR BELLOC: Sono qui per presiedere il dibattito fra due uomini che voi desiderate ascoltare più di quanto possiate mai desiderare di ascoltare me. Essi discuteranno se sono d’accordo o non sono d’accordo. Da quel che so dei tentativi di accordo tra esseri umani, c’è la prospettiva di una lite assai graziosa. Quando gli uomini discutono di accordi fra le nazioni, allora potete star certi che una guerra disastrosa è all’orizzonte. Faccio un’eccezione per la Società delle Nazioni, di cui non so nulla. Se la Società delle Nazioni riuscisse a fare una guerra, sarebbe l’unica cosa che abbia mai fatto.

Non so che cosa dirà il signor Chesterton. Non so che cosa dirà il signor Shaw. E se lo sapessi, non lo direi al posto loro. Da quel che ho sentito arguisco vagamente che cercheranno di scoprire un principio: se gli uomini debbano essere liberi di possedere mezzi privati, come lo è il signor Shaw, come lo è il signor Chesterton; oppure debbano essere, come me, una persona indigente, un manovale al servizio degli editori. Potrei dirvelo io; ma ho la bocca cucita. Non mi è consentito dire ciò che penso. In ogni caso, discuteranno di questo genere di cose. Non so che altro dire. Stanno per discutere. Voi state per ascoltare. Io sto per sogghignare.

IL SIGNOR SHAW: Signor Belloc, e Signore e Signori. Il nostro tema di questa sera, “Siamo d’accordo?”, è stato un’ispirazione del signor Chesterton. Alcuni di voi potrebbero ragionevolmente domandarsi, se siamo d’accordo, di che cosa mai discuteremo. Ma sospetto che a voi non importi granché di che cosa discutiamo, purché vi intratteniamo parlando alle nostre maniere caratteristiche.

La ragione di ciò, benché forse non lo sappiate—ed è compito mio dirvelo—è che il signor Chesterton e io siamo due pazzi. Invece di fare un lavoro onesto e rispettabile e di comportarci come cittadini ordinari, andiamo in giro per il mondo posseduti da uno strano dono delle lingue—nel mio caso quasi esclusivamente limitato alla lingua inglese—pronunciando ogni sorta di opinioni straordinarie senza alcuna ragione.

Il signor Chesterton racconta e stampa le menzogne più stravaganti. Prende gli incidenti ordinari della vita umana—la vita comune della classe media—e conferisce loro un contorno mostruoso, strano e gigantesco. Riempie i giardini di periferia dei più impossibili omicidi, e non solo inventa gli omicidi, ma riesce anche a scoprire l’assassino che gli omicidi non li ha mai commessi. Io faccio più o meno lo stesso genere di cose. Diffondo menzogne sotto forma di commedie; ma mentre il signor Chesterton prende eventi che voi ritenete ordinari e li rende giganteschi e colossali per rivelarne l’essenziale miracolosità, io sono piuttosto incline a prendere queste cose nella loro assoluta banalità, eppure a introdurre tra esse idee oltraggiose che scandalizzano lo spettatore comune e lo mandano via a domandarsi se abbia camminato sulla testa per tutta la vita, o se sia io a camminare sulla mia.

Un uomo va a vedere una delle mie commedie e siede accanto alla moglie. Sul palco viene detta qualcosa in apparenza ordinaria, e sua moglie gli dice: “Aha! Che ne pensi?” Due minuti dopo viene detta un’altra cosa in apparenza ordinaria, e l’uomo si volge alla moglie e le dice: “Aha! Che ne pensi?”

Curioso, non è vero, che noi andiamo in giro a fare queste cose e veniamo tollerati e persino ampiamente ammirati per il fatto di farle? In questi ultimi anni potrei dire di essere stato quasi venerato per il fatto di farle.

Evidentemente siamo pazzi; e in Oriente saremmo venerati come pazzi. La saggezza dell’Oriente dice: “Ascoltiamo attentamente questi uomini; ma non dimentichiamo che sono pazzi.”

In questo paese dicono: “Ascoltiamo questi tipi divertenti. Sono perfettamente sani di mente, cosa che noi evidentemente non siamo.” Ora, ci deve pur essere qualche ragione per mostrarci tutta questa considerazione. Ci deve essere qualche forza nella natura che…

(A questo punto il dibattito fu interrotto da un insistente bussare alle porte da parte dei possessori di biglietto che, per un qualche malinteso, erano rimasti chiusi fuori. Su intervento del presidente le porte furono aperte, e l’ordine fu ripristinato. Il signor Shaw proseguì allora.)

Signore e Signori, devo continuare perché, come vedete, se non comincio a parlare io, comincia chiunque altro. Ebbene, parlavo del curioso rispetto in cui i pazzi sono tenuti in Oriente e in questo paese. Ciò a cui volevo arrivare è questo: che conta assai poco su quali punti essi divergano; hanno ogni sorta di aberrazioni che sorgono dalle loro circostanze personali, dalla loro educazione, dalla loro conoscenza o ignoranza. Ma se li ascoltate attentamente e trovate che su certi punti concordano, allora avete qualche ragione per supporre che qui stia trapelando lo spirito del tempo, che vi dà un messaggio ispirato. Respingete tutte le cose contraddittorie che dicono e concentrate la vostra attenzione sulle cose sulle quali concordano, e potreste star ascoltando la voce della rivelazione.

Farete bene questa notte ad ascoltare con attenzione, perché probabilmente ciò che ci spinge a queste dichiarazioni non è qualcosa di personale a noi stessi, ma qualche conclusione verso cui tutta l’umanità si muove per ragione o per ispirazione. Il mero fatto che il signor Chesterton e io possiamo concordare su un qualche punto può non impedirci affatto di dibatterlo appassionatamente. Trovo che le persone che si battono contro di me generalmente sostengono le medesime idee che io cerco di esprimere. Non so se sia perché risentono della libertà che mi prendo, o perché non gradiscono le parole che uso o la piega della mia mente; ma sono proprio loro le persone che più litigano con me.

Avete in questo momento un tipico dibattito che infuria sulla Stampa. Avete una controversia assai graziosa in corso nella Chiesa d’Inghilterra fra l’Arcivescovo di Canterbury e il Vescovo di Birmingham. Spero che abbiate letto tutti l’ammirevole lettera dell’Arcivescovo di Canterbury. Quella lettera piace a tutti. Ha l’enorme pregio di essere interamente bonaria, di cercare di fare la pace, di evitare di seminare zizzania: una popolare virtù inglese che fa onore alla razza inglese. Ma ha un’altra qualità inglese un po’ più discutibile, ed è la qualità di essere interamente anti-intellettuale. La lettera è un accorato appello all’ambiguità. Potete immaginare l’Arcivescovo di Canterbury, se proseguisse la controversia in privato, dire al Vescovo di Birmingham: “Ora, mio caro Barnes, permettete che vi raccomandi di leggere quel meraviglioso libro, il Pilgrim’s Progress. Leggete la storia dell’eroe, Christian, senza dubbio un tipo assai splendido, e dal punto di vista letterario l’unico eroe della narrativa romantica che somigli a un uomo reale. Ma egli è sempre in lotta. Esce da un guaio per entrare in un altro. Conduce una vita terribile. Quanto diverso da quel grande Paciere, il signor Guardadaentrambeleparti! Il signor Guardadaentrambeleparti non ha storia. Felice il paese che non ha storia; e felice, potreste dire, l’uomo che non ha storia; e il signor Guardadaentrambeleparti nel The Pilgrim’s Progress è quell’uomo.”

Bunyan, by the way, does not even mention Mr. Facing-Both Ways’ extraordinary historical feat of drafting the Twenty-seventh Article of the Church of England. There being some very troublesome people for Elizabeth to deal with—Catholics and Puritans, for instance, quarrelling about Transubstantiation—Mr. Facing-Both Ways drafted an Article in two paragraphs. The first paragraph affirmed the doctrine of Transubstantiation. The second paragraph said it was an idle superstition. Then Queen Elizabeth was able to say “Now you are all satisfied; and you must all attend the Church of England. If you don’t I will send you to prison.”

But I am not for one moment going to debate the doctrine of Transubstantiation. I mention it only to shew, by the controversy between the Archbishop and the Bishop, that in most debates you will find two types of mind playing with the same subject. There is one sort of mind that 1 think is my own sort. I sometimes call it the Irish mind, as distinct from the English mind. But that is only to make the English and Irish sit up and listen. Spengler talks not of Irish and English minds, but of the Greek, or Grecian mind, and the Gothic mind—the Faustian mind as he, being a German, calls it. And in this controversy you find that what is moving Bishop Barnes is a Grecian dislike of not knowing what it is he believes, and on the other side a Gothic instinctive feeling that it is perhaps just as well not to know too distinctly. I am not saying which is the better type of mind. I think on the whole both of them are pretty useful. But I always like to know what it is I am preaching. It gets me into trouble in England, where people say, “Why go into these matters? Why do you want to think so accurately and sharply?” I can only say that my head is built that way; but I protest that I do not claim any moral superiority because when I know what I mean the other people do not know what they mean, and very often do not know what I mean. And one subject on which I know what I mean is the opinion which has inevitably been growing up for the last hundred years or so, not so much an opinion as a revolt against the mis-distribution, the obviously monstrous and anomalous mis-distribution of wealth under what we call the capitalist system.

I have always, since I got clear on the subject of Socialism said, Don’t put in the foreground the nationalisation of the means of production, distribution, and exchange: you will never get there if you begin with them. You have to begin with the question of the distribution of wealth.

The other day a man died and the Government took four and a half million pounds as death duty on his property. That man made all his money by the labour of men who received twenty-six shillings a week after years of qualifying for their work. Was that a reasonable distribution of wealth between them? We are all coming to the opinion that it was not reasonable. What does Mr. Chester ton think about it? I want to know, not only because of the public importance of his opinions, but because I have always followed Mr. Chesterton with extraordinary interest and enjoyment, and his assent to any view of mine is a great personal pleasure, because I am very fond of Mr. Chesterton.

Mr. Chesterton has rejected Socialism nominally, probably because it is a rather stupid word. But he is a distributist, which means today a Redistributist. He has arrived by his own path at my own position. (Laughter.) I do not see why you should laugh: I cannot imagine anything more natural.

But now comes the question upon which I will ask Mr. Chesterton whether he agrees with me or not. The moment I made up my mind that the present distribution of wealth was wrong, the peculiar constitution of my brain obliged me to find out exactly how far it was wrong and what is the right distribution. I went through all the proposals ever made and through the arguments used in justification of the existing distribution; and I found they were utterly insensate and grotesque.

Eventually I was convinced that we ought to be tolerant of any sort of crime except unequal distribution of income. In organized society the question always arises at what point are we justified in killing for the good of the community. I should answer in this way. If you take two shillings as your share and another man wants two shillings and sixpence, kill him. Similarly, if a man accepts two shillings while you have two shillings and sixpence, kill him.

On the stroke of the hour, I ask Mr. Chesterton: “Do you agree with that?”

MR. CHESTERTON: Ladies and gentlemen. The answer is in the negative. I don’t agree with it. Nor does Mr. Shaw. He does not think, any more than I do, that all the people in this hall, who have already created some confusion, should increase the confusion by killing each other and searching each other’s pockets to see whether there is half-a-crown or two shillings in them. As regards the general question, what I want to say is this: I should like to say to begin with that I have no intention of following Mr. Shaw into a discussion which would be very improper on my part on the condition of the Church of England. But since he has definitely challenged me on the point I will say—he will not agree— that Mr. Shaw is indeed a peacemaker and has reconciled both sides. For if the Arch bishop is anti-intellectual there will be nobody to pretend that the Bishop is intellectual.

VOICE: Yes he is.

MR. CHESTERTON: Now as to the much more interesting question, about a much more interesting person than Bishop Barnes—I mean Mr. Shaw—I should like to say that in a sense I can agree with him, in which case he can claim a complete victory. This is not a real controversy or debate. It is an enquiry, and I hope a profitable and interesting enquiry. Up to a point I quite agree with him, because I did start entirely by agreeing with him, as many years ago I began by being a Socialist, just as he was a Socialist. Barring some difference of age we were in the same position. We grew in beauty side by side. I will not say literally we filled one home with glee: but I do believe we have filled a fair number of homes with glee. Whether those homes included our own personal households it is for others to say. But up to a point I agreed with Mr. Shaw by being a Socialist, and I agreed upon grounds he has laid down with critical justice and lucidity, grounds which I can imagine nobody being such a fool as to deny: the distribution of property in the modern world is a monstrosity and a blasphemy. Thus I come to the important stage of the proceedings. I claim that I might agree with Mr. Shaw a step farther.

Bunyan, per inciso, non menziona neppure la straordinaria impresa storica del signor Facing-Both-Ways, quella di redigere il Ventisettesimo Articolo della Chiesa d’Inghilterra. Trovandosi Elisabetta alle prese con certe persone assai moleste — cattolici e puritani, per esempio, in lite sulla Transustanziazione — il signor Facing-Both-Ways redasse un Articolo in due paragrafi. Il primo paragrafo affermava la dottrina della Transustanziazione. Il secondo paragrafo diceva che essa era un’oziosa superstizione. Allora la regina Elisabetta poté dire: «Ora siete tutti soddisfatti; e dovete tutti frequentare la Chiesa d’Inghilterra. Se non lo fate, vi mando in prigione».

Ma non ho la minima intenzione di dibattere la dottrina della Transustanziazione. La menziono solo per mostrare, mediante la controversia tra l’Arcivescovo e il Vescovo, che nella maggior parte dei dibattiti si trovano due tipi di mente che giocano con lo stesso soggetto. C’è un tipo di mente che credo sia il mio. A volte la chiamo la mente irlandese, in contrapposizione a quella inglese. Ma è solo per far rizzare le orecchie a inglesi e irlandesi. Spengler non parla di menti irlandese e inglese, bensì della mente greca, o grecanica, e della mente gotica — la mente faustiana, come lui, essendo tedesco, la chiama. E in questa controversia si scopre che ciò che muove il Vescovo Barnes è un’avversione grecana per il non sapere che cosa creda, e dall’altra parte un istintivo sentire gotico per cui forse è altrettanto bene non sapere troppo distintamente. Non sto dicendo quale sia il tipo di mente migliore. Credo che, nel complesso, entrambi siano piuttosto utili. Ma a me piace sempre sapere che cosa sto predicando. Questo mi mette nei guai in Inghilterra, dove la gente dice: «Perché addentrarsi in queste faccende? Perché volete pensare con tanta precisione e acutezza?» Posso solo rispondere che la mia testa è fatta così; ma protesto di non rivendicare alcuna superiorità morale per il fatto che, quando io so ciò che intendo, gli altri non sanno ciò che intendono, e molto spesso non sanno ciò che intendo io. E un argomento su cui so ciò che intendo è l’opinione che è inevitabilmente andata crescendo negli ultimi cento anni circa, non tanto un’opinione quanto una rivolta contro l’iniqua distribuzione, la palesemente mostruosa e anomala iniqua distribuzione della ricchezza sotto ciò che chiamiamo il sistema capitalista.

Da quando ho fatto chiarezza sul tema del Socialismo, ho sempre detto: non mettete in primo piano la nazionalizzazione dei mezzi di produzione, distribuzione e scambio: non ci arriverete mai se cominciate da quelli. Dovete cominciare dalla questione della distribuzione della ricchezza.

L’altro giorno è morto un uomo e il Governo ha prelevato quattro milioni e mezzo di sterline come imposta di successione sul suo patrimonio. Quell’uomo aveva fatto tutto il suo denaro con il lavoro di uomini che ricevevano ventisei scellini a settimana dopo anni di apprendistato per il loro mestiere. Era questa una distribuzione ragionevole della ricchezza tra loro? Stiamo tutti giungendo all’opinione che non fosse ragionevole. Che cosa ne pensa il signor Chesterton? Voglio saperlo, non solo per l’importanza pubblica delle sue opinioni, ma perché ho sempre seguito il signor Chesterton con straordinario interesse e diletto, e il suo assenso a una qualsiasi mia tesi è un grande piacere personale, perché sono molto affezionato al signor Chesterton.

Il signor Chesterton ha respinto nominalmente il Socialismo, probabilmente perché è una parola piuttosto stupida. Ma è un distributista, il che oggi significa un Ridistributista. È giunto per la sua strada alla mia stessa posizione. (Risate.) Non vedo perché dobbiate ridere: non riesco a immaginare nulla di più naturale.

Ma ora viene la domanda su cui chiederò al signor Chesterton se è d’accordo con me o no. Nel momento in cui mi convinsi che l’attuale distribuzione della ricchezza fosse sbagliata, la peculiare costituzione del mio cervello mi obbligò a scoprire esattamente fin dove fosse sbagliata e quale sia la distribuzione giusta. Passai in rassegna tutte le proposte mai avanzate e tutti gli argomenti usati a giustificazione della distribuzione esistente; e li trovai del tutto insensati e grotteschi.

Alla fine mi convinsi che dovremmo essere tolleranti verso ogni sorta di delitto, tranne l’iniqua distribuzione del reddito. Nella società organizzata si pone sempre la questione a quale punto siamo giustificati a uccidere per il bene della comunità. Io risponderei così. Se tu prendi due scellini come tua parte e un altro uomo ne vuole due e sei pence, uccidilo. Analogamente, se un uomo accetta due scellini mentre tu ne hai due e sei pence, uccidilo.

Allo scoccare dell’ora, chiedo al signor Chesterton: «Siete d’accordo con questo?»

IL SIGNOR CHESTERTON: Signore e signori. La risposta è negativa. Non sono d’accordo. E neppure lo è il signor Shaw. Egli non pensa, più di quanto lo pensi io, che tutte le persone in questa sala, che hanno già creato una certa confusione, debbano accrescere la confusione uccidendosi a vicenda e frugandosi le tasche l’un l’altro per vedere se vi si trovi mezza corona o due scellini. Quanto alla questione generale, ciò che voglio dire è questo: vorrei dire, per cominciare, che non ho alcuna intenzione di seguire il signor Shaw in una discussione che sarebbe assai sconveniente da parte mia sulla condizione della Chiesa d’Inghilterra. Ma poiché egli mi ha esplicitamente sfidato sul punto, dirò — e lui non sarà d’accordo — che il signor Shaw è davvero un paciere e ha riconciliato entrambe le parti. Perché se l’Arcivescovo è anti-intellettuale, non ci sarà nessuno a fingere che il Vescovo sia intellettuale.

UNA VOCE: Sì che lo è.

IL SIGNOR CHESTERTON: Ora, quanto alla questione molto più interessante, riguardo a una persona molto più interessante del Vescovo Barnes — intendo il signor Shaw — vorrei dire che, in un certo senso, posso essere d’accordo con lui, nel qual caso egli può rivendicare una completa vittoria. Questa non è una vera controversia o dibattito. È un’indagine, e spero un’indagine proficua e interessante. Fino a un certo punto sono del tutto d’accordo con lui, perché cominciai proprio col trovarmi d’accordo con lui, dato che molti anni fa iniziai essendo socialista, proprio come lui era socialista. A parte una certa differenza d’età, eravamo nella medesima posizione. Crescemmo in bellezza fianco a fianco. Non dirò che, letteralmente, riempimmo una casa di allegria: ma credo davvero che abbiamo riempito di allegria un discreto numero di case. Se tra quelle case rientrino anche i nostri personali focolari, spetta ad altri dirlo. Ma fino a un certo punto ero d’accordo con il signor Shaw nell’essere socialista, ed ero d’accordo su terreni ch’egli ha esposto con critica giustezza e lucidità, terreni su cui non riesco a immaginare nessuno tanto sciocco da negarli: la distribuzione della proprietà nel mondo moderno è una mostruosità e una bestemmia. Così giungo alla fase importante del procedimento. Sostengo che potrei essere d’accordo con il signor Shaw un passo più in là.

I have heard from nearly all the Socialists I have known, the phrase which Mr. Shaw has with characteristic artfulness avoided, a phrase which I think everyone will agree is common to collectivist philosophy, and the phrase is this: “that the means of production should be owned by the community.” I ask you to note that phrase because it is really upon that that the whole question turns.

Now there is a sense in which I do agree with Mr. Bernard Shaw. There is a point up to which I would agree with that formula. So far as is possible under human conditions I should desire the community—or, as we used to call it in the old English language, The Commons—to own the means of production. So far, I say, you have Mr. Bernard Shaw and me walking in fact side by side in the flowery meads… But after that, alas! a change takes place. The change is owing to Mr. Shaw’s vast superiority, to his powerful intellect. It is not my fault if he has remained young, while I have grown in comparison wrinkled and haggard, old and experienced, and acquainted with the elementary facts of human life.

Now the first thing I want to note is this. When you say the community ought to own the means of production, what do you mean? That is the whole point. There was a time when Mr. Shaw would probably have said in all sincerity that anything possessed by the State or the Government would be in fact possessed by the Commons: in other words, by the community. I do not wish to challenge Mr. Shaw about later remarks of his, but I doubt whether Mr. Shaw, in his eternal youth, still believes in democracy in that sense. I quite admit he has a more hopeful and hearty outlook in some respects, and he has even gone to the length of saying that if democracy will not do for mankind, perhaps it will do for some other creature different from mankind. He has almost proposed to invent a new animal, which might be supposed to live for 300 years. I am inclined to think that if Mr. Shaw lived for 300 years— and I heartily hope he will—I never knew a man more likely to do it— he would certainly agree with me. I would even undertake to prove it from the actual history of the last 300 years, but though I think it is probable I will not insist upon it. As a very profound philosopher has said, “You never can tell.” And it may be that Mr. Shaw’s immortal power of talking nonsense would survive even that 300 years and he would still be fixed in his unnatural theories in the matter.

Now I do not believe myself that Mr. Shaw thinks that the community, in the sense of that state which owns and rules, the thing that issues postage stamps and provides policemen, I do not believe he thinks that that community is now, at this moment, identical with the Commons, and I do not believe he ready thinks that in his own socialistic state it would be identical. I am glad therefore that he has sufficient disordered common sense to perceive that, as a matter of fact, when you have vast systems, however just and however reasonably controlled, indirectly, by elaborate machinery of officials and other things, you do in fact find that those who rule are the few. It may be a good thing or a bad thing, but it is not true that all the people directly control. Collectivism has put all their eggs in one basket. I do not think that Mr. Shaw believes, or that anybody believes, that 12,000,000 men, say, carry the basket, or look after the basket, or have any real distributed control over the eggs in the basket. I believe that it is controlled from the centre by a few people. They may be quite right or quite necessary. A certain limit to that sort of control any sane man will recognise as necessary: it is not the same as the Commons controlling the means of production. It is a few oligarchs or a few officials who do in fact control all the means of production.

What Mr. Shaw means is not that all the people should control the means of production, but that the product should be distributed among the vast mass of the Commons, and that is guide a different thing. It is not controlling the means of production at all. If all the citizens had simply an equal share of the income of the State they would not have any control of the capital. That is where G. K. Chesterton differs from George Bernard Shaw. I begin at the other end. I do not think that a community arranged on the principles of Distributism and on nothing else would be a perfect community. All admit that the society that we propose is more a matter of proportion and arrangement than a perfectly clear system in which all production is pooled and the result given out in wages. But what I say is this: Let us, so far as is possible in the complicated affairs of humanity, put into the hands of the Commons the control of the means of production—and real control. The man who owns a piece of land controls it in a direct and real sense. He really owns the means of production. It is the same with a man who owns a piece of machinery. He can use it or not use it. Even a man who owns his own tools or works in his own workshop, to that extent owns and controls the means of production.

But if you establish right in the middle of the State one enormous machine, if you turn the handle of that machine, and somebody, who must be an official, and therefore a ruler, distributes to everybody equally the food or whatever else is produced by that machine, no single one of any of these people receiving more than any other single person, but all equal fragments: that fulfils a definite ideal of equality, yet no single one of those citizens has any control over the means of production. They have no control whatever—unless you think that the prospect of voting about once every five years for Mr. Vanboodle— then a Socialist member—with the prospect that he will or will not make a promise to a political assembly or that he will or will not promise to ask a certain question which may or may not be answered— unless you think that by this means they possess control.

Ho udito da quasi tutti i socialisti che ho conosciuto la frase che il signor Shaw con caratteristica scaltrezza ha evitato, una frase che credo tutti concorderanno essere comune alla filosofia collettivista, e la frase è questa: “che i mezzi di produzione dovrebbero essere posseduti dalla comunità.” Vi chiedo di notare quella frase, perché è davvero su di essa che l’intera questione ruota.

Ora, c’è un senso in cui concordo con il signor Bernard Shaw. C’è un punto fino al quale concorderei con quella formula. Per quanto è possibile in condizioni umane io desidererei che la comunità—o, come la chiamavamo nell’antica lingua inglese, i Comuni—possedesse i mezzi di produzione. Fin qui, dico, il signor Bernard Shaw e io camminiamo di fatto fianco a fianco nei prati fioriti… Ma dopo di ciò, ahimè! avviene un mutamento. Il mutamento è dovuto alla vasta superiorità del signor Shaw, al suo potente intelletto. Non è colpa mia se egli è rimasto giovane, mentre io sono divenuto in confronto rugoso e sciupato, vecchio ed esperto, e a conoscenza dei fatti elementari della vita umana.

Ora, la prima cosa che voglio notare è questa. Quando dite che la comunità dovrebbe possedere i mezzi di produzione, che cosa intendete? È tutto qui il punto. Vi fu un tempo in cui il signor Shaw avrebbe probabilmente detto in tutta sincerità che qualunque cosa posseduta dallo Stato o dal Governo sarebbe di fatto posseduta dai Comuni: in altre parole, dalla comunità. Non intendo sfidare il signor Shaw su sue osservazioni più recenti, ma dubito che il signor Shaw, nella sua eterna giovinezza, creda ancora nella democrazia in quel senso. Ammetto senz’altro che egli ha una prospettiva più speranzosa e più cordiale sotto certi aspetti, ed è giunto perfino a dire che se la democrazia non va bene per il genere umano, forse andrà bene per qualche altra creatura diversa dal genere umano. Ha quasi proposto di inventare un nuovo animale, che si supponga viva per 300 anni. Sono incline a pensare che se il signor Shaw vivesse per 300 anni— e di cuore spero che lo farà—non ho mai conosciuto uomo più propenso a farlo— egli certamente concorderebbe con me. Mi impegnerei perfino a dimostrarlo dalla storia effettiva degli ultimi 300 anni, ma benché lo ritenga probabile non insisterò su ciò. Come ha detto un profondissimo filosofo, “Non si può mai sapere.” E può darsi che l’immortale potere del signor Shaw di dire sciocchezze sopravviva perfino a quei 300 anni, ed egli resterebbe ancora fisso nelle sue innaturali teorie in materia.

Ora io non credo, da parte mia, che il signor Shaw pensi che la comunità, nel senso di quello stato che possiede e governa, la cosa che emette francobolli e provvede poliziotti, non credo che egli pensi che quella comunità sia ora, in questo momento, identica ai Comuni, e non credo che egli pensi davvero che nel suo stesso stato socialista essa sarebbe identica. Sono lieto perciò che egli abbia sufficiente disordinato buon senso da percepire che, in effetti, quando avete vasti sistemi, per quanto giusti e per quanto ragionevolmente controllati, indirettamente, da un elaborato apparato di funzionari e altre cose, di fatto scoprite che quelli che governano sono i pochi. Può essere una buona cosa o una cattiva cosa, ma non è vero che tutto il popolo controlli direttamente. Il collettivismo ha messo tutte le uova in un solo paniere. Non credo che il signor Shaw creda, o che chiunque creda, che 12.000.000 di uomini, diciamo, portino il paniere, o si occupino del paniere, o abbiano un qualche reale controllo distribuito sulle uova nel paniere. Credo che esso sia controllato dal centro da poche persone. Possono avere del tutto ragione o essere del tutto necessarie. Un certo limite a quel genere di controllo ogni uomo sano riconoscerà come necessario: non è la stessa cosa che i Comuni controllino i mezzi di produzione. Sono pochi oligarchi o pochi funzionari che di fatto controllano tutti i mezzi di produzione.

Ciò che il signor Shaw intende non è che tutto il popolo controlli i mezzi di produzione, ma che il prodotto sia distribuito tra la vasta massa dei Comuni, e questa è una cosa ben diversa. Non è affatto controllare i mezzi di produzione. Se tutti i cittadini avessero semplicemente una quota uguale del reddito dello Stato, non avrebbero alcun controllo sul capitale. Ecco in che cosa G. K. Chesterton differisce da George Bernard Shaw. Io comincio dall’altro capo. Non credo che una comunità ordinata secondo i principi del Distributismo e nient’altro sarebbe una comunità perfetta. Tutti ammettono che la società che proponiamo è più una questione di proporzione e disposizione che un sistema perfettamente chiaro in cui tutta la produzione è messa in comune e il risultato distribuito in salari. Ma ciò che dico è questo: mettiamo, per quanto è possibile nelle complicate faccende dell’umanità, nelle mani dei Comuni il controllo dei mezzi di produzione—e un controllo reale. L’uomo che possiede un pezzo di terra lo controlla in senso diretto e reale. Egli possiede davvero i mezzi di produzione. Lo stesso vale per l’uomo che possiede un pezzo di macchinario. Può usarlo o non usarlo. Perfino un uomo che possiede i propri arnesi o lavora nella propria officina, in tale misura possiede e controlla i mezzi di produzione.

Ma se stabilite proprio in mezzo allo Stato una enorme Macchina, se girate la manovella di quella Macchina, e qualcuno, che dev’essere un funzionario, e perciò un governante, distribuisce a tutti in parti uguali il cibo o qualunque altra cosa sia prodotta da quella Macchina, senza che nessuno riceva più di qualsiasi altra singola persona, ma tutti frammenti uguali: ciò adempie un definito ideale di uguaglianza, eppure nessuno di quei cittadini ha alcun controllo sui mezzi di produzione. Non hanno alcun controllo—a meno che non pensiate che la prospettiva di votare all’incirca una volta ogni cinque anni per il signor Vanboodle— allora un membro socialista—con la prospettiva che egli farà o non farà una promessa a un’assemblea politica, o che egli porrà o non porrà una certa domanda che può o non può ricevere risposta— a meno che non pensiate che con questo mezzo essi possiedano il controllo.

I have used the metaphor of the Collectivists of having all your eggs in one basket. Now there are men whom we are pleased to call bad eggs. They are not all of them in politics. On the other hand there are men who deserve the encomium of “good egg.” There are, in other words, a number of good men and a number of bad men scattered among the commonwealth.

To put the matter shortly, I might say that all this theory of absolutely equal mechanical distribution depends upon a sort of use of the passive mood. It is easy enough to say Property should be distributed, but who is, as it were, the subject of the verb? Who or what is to distribute? Now it is based on the idea that the central power which condescends to distribute will be permanently just, wise, sane, and representative of the conscience of the community which has created it.

That is what we doubt. We say there ought to be in the world a great mass of scattered powers, privileges, limits, points of resistance, so that the mass of the Commons may resist tyranny. And we say that there is a permanent possibility of that central direction, however much it may have been appointed to distribute money equally, becoming a tyranny. I do not think it would be difficult to suggest a way in which it could happen. As soon as any particular mob of people are behaving in some way which the governing group chooses to regard as anti-civic, supplies could be cut off easily with the approval of this governing group. You have only to call someone by some name like Bolshevist or Papist. You have only to tie some label on a set of people and the community will contentedly see these people starved into surrender.

We say the method to be adopted is the other method. We admit, frankly, that our method is in a sense imperfect, and only in that sense illogical. It is imperfect, or illogical, because it corresponds to the variety and differences of human life. Mr. Shaw is making abstract diagrams of triangles, squares. and circles; we are trying to paint a portrait, the portrait of a man. We are trying to make our lines and colours follow the characteristics of the real object. Man desires certain things. He likes a certain amount of liberty, certain kinds of ownership, certain kinds of local affection, and won’t be happy without them.

There are a great many other things that might be said, but I think it will be clearer if I repeat some of the things we have already said.

I do in that sense accept the propositions that the community should own the means of production, but I say that the Commons should own the means of production, and the only way to do that is to keep actual hold upon land. Mr. Bernard Shaw proposes to distribute wealth. We propose to distribute power.

MR. SHAW: I cannot say that Mr. Chesterton has succeeded in forcing a difference of opinion on me. There are, I suppose, at least some people in this room who have heard me orating on this platform at lectures of the Fabian Society, and they must have been considerably amused at Mr. Chesterton’s attempt to impress upon me what income is. My main activity as an economist of late has been to try to concentrate the attention of my party on the fact not only that they must distribute income, but that there is nothing else to distribute.

We must be perfectly clear as to what capital is. I will tell you. Capital is spare money. And, of course, spare money means spare food. If I happen to have more of the means of subsistence than I can use, I may take that part that is unconsumed, and say to another man: “Let me feed you whilst you produce some kind of contraption that will facilitate my work in future.” But when the man has produced it for me, the capital has all gone: there is nothing left for me or him to eat. If he has made me a spade I cannot eat that spade.

I have said I may employ my spare subsistence in this way; but I must employ it so because it will not keep: if nobody eats it, it will go rotten. The only thing to be done with it is to have it promptly consumed. All that remains of it then is a figure in a ledger. Some of my capital was employed in the late war; and this country has still my name written down as the proprietor of the capital they blew to pieces in that war.

Having said that for your instruction, let us come down to facts. Mr. Chesterton has formed the Distributist League which organized this meeting. What was the very first thing the League said must be done? It said the coal-mines must be nationalized. Instead of saying that the miner’s means of production must he made his own property, it was forced to advocate making national property of the coal mines. These coal-mines, when nationalized, will not be managed by the House of Commons: if they were you would very soon have no coal. But neither will they be managed by the miners. If you ask the man working in the mine to manage the mine he will say, “Not me, governor! That is your job.”

I would like Mr. Chesterton to consider what he understands by the means of production. He has spoken of them in rather a nineteenth-century manner. He has been talking as though the means of production were machines. I submit to you that the real means of production in this country are men and women, and that consequently you always have the maximum control of the individual over the means of production, because it means self-control over his own person. But he must surrender that control to the manager of the mine because he does not know how to manage it himself. Under the present capitalistic system he has to surrender it to the manager appointed by the proprietors of the mine. Under Socialism he would have to surrender it to the manager appointed by the Coalmaster-General. That would not prevent the product of the mine being equally distributed among the people.

There is no difficulty here. In a sense Mr. Chesterton really does not disagree with me in this matter, since he does see that in the matter of fuel in this country you have to come to nationalization. Fuel must be controlled equally for the benefit of all the people. Since we agreed upon that, I am not disposed to argue the matter further. Now that Mr. Chesterton agreed that the coal-mines will have to be nationalized he will be led by the same pressure of facts to agree to the nationalization of everything else.

Ho usato la metafora dei collettivisti di avere tutte le uova in un solo paniere. Ora, vi sono uomini che ci compiacciamo di chiamare uova marce. Non tutti si trovano in politica. D’altra parte vi sono uomini che meritano l’elogio di «buon uovo». Vi sono, in altre parole, un certo numero di uomini buoni e un certo numero di uomini cattivi sparsi per la comunità.

Per dirla in breve, potrei affermare che tutta questa teoria di una distribuzione meccanica assolutamente uguale si fonda su una sorta di uso della forma passiva. È abbastanza facile dire che la Proprietà dovrebbe essere distribuita, ma chi è, per così dire, il soggetto del verbo? Chi o che cosa deve distribuire? Ora, essa si fonda sull’idea che il potere centrale che si degna di distribuire sarà permanentemente giusto, saggio, assennato e rappresentativo della coscienza della comunità che l’ha creato.

Questo è ciò di cui noi dubitiamo. Diciamo che nel mondo dovrebbe esservi una grande massa di poteri, privilegi, limiti e punti di resistenza sparsi, affinché la massa dei Comuni possa resistere alla tirannia. E diciamo che vi è una permanente possibilità che quella direzione centrale, per quanto sia stata incaricata di distribuire equamente il denaro, si trasformi in una tirannia. Non credo sarebbe difficile suggerire un modo in cui ciò potrebbe accadere. Non appena una particolare folla di persone si comporti in un modo che il gruppo dirigente scelga di considerare anticivico, i rifornimenti potrebbero essere tagliati con facilità, con l’approvazione di quel gruppo dirigente. Basta chiamare qualcuno con un nome come bolscevico o papista. Basta appiccicare un’etichetta a un gruppo di persone e la comunità vedrà con soddisfazione queste persone ridotte alla resa dalla fame.

Diciamo che il metodo da adottare è l’altro metodo. Ammettiamo, francamente, che il nostro metodo è in un certo senso imperfetto, e solo in quel senso illogico. È imperfetto, o illogico, perché corrisponde alla varietà e alle differenze della vita umana. Il signor Shaw traccia diagrammi astratti di triangoli, quadrati e cerchi; noi cerchiamo di dipingere un ritratto, il ritratto di un uomo. Cerchiamo di far seguire alle nostre linee e ai nostri colori le caratteristiche dell’oggetto reale. L’uomo desidera certe cose. Ama una certa dose di libertà, certe forme di proprietà, certe forme di affetto locale, e non sarà felice senza di esse.

Vi sono moltissime altre cose che si potrebbero dire, ma credo sarà più chiaro se ripeto alcune delle cose che abbiamo già detto.

In tal senso accetto sì le proposizioni secondo cui la comunità dovrebbe possedere i mezzi di produzione, ma dico che dovrebbero essere i Comuni a possedere i mezzi di produzione, e l’unico modo per farlo è mantenere l’effettiva presa sulla terra. Il signor Bernard Shaw propone di distribuire la ricchezza. Noi proponiamo di distribuire il potere.

IL SIGNOR SHAW: Non posso dire che il signor Chesterton sia riuscito a impormi una divergenza d’opinione. Vi sono, suppongo, almeno alcune persone in questa sala che mi hanno udito arringare da questo palco alle conferenze della Società Fabiana, e devono essersi assai divertite al tentativo del signor Chesterton di spiegarmi che cosa sia il reddito. La mia principale attività di economista, di recente, è stata quella di cercare di concentrare l’attenzione del mio partito sul fatto non solo che essi devono distribuire il reddito, ma che non c’è nient’altro da distribuire.

Dobbiamo essere perfettamente chiari su che cosa sia il capitale. Ve lo dirò io. Il capitale è denaro in eccedenza. E, naturalmente, denaro in eccedenza significa cibo in eccedenza. Se mi càpita di avere più mezzi di sussistenza di quanti ne possa usare, posso prendere quella parte non consumata e dire a un altro uomo: «Lascia che ti nutra mentre produci un qualche congegno che agevolerà il mio lavoro in futuro». Ma quando l’uomo me l’ha prodotto, il capitale se n’è tutto andato: non resta nulla da mangiare né per me né per lui. Se mi ha fatto una vanga, non posso mangiarmi quella vanga.

Ho detto che posso impiegare in questo modo la mia sussistenza in eccedenza; ma devo impiegarla così perché non si conserva: se nessuno la mangia, andrà a male. L’unica cosa da farne è farla consumare prontamente. Tutto ciò che ne resta, allora, è una cifra in un registro contabile. Parte del mio capitale fu impiegata nell’ultima guerra; e questo paese ha ancora il mio nome scritto come proprietario del capitale che fecero saltare in pezzi in quella guerra.

Detto ciò a vostra istruzione, veniamo ai fatti. Il signor Chesterton ha fondato la Lega Distributista, che ha organizzato questa riunione. Qual è stata la primissima cosa che la Lega disse doversi fare? Disse che le miniere di carbone devono essere nazionalizzate. Invece di dire che i mezzi di produzione del minatore devono diventare sua proprietà, fu costretta a caldeggiare che si facesse proprietà nazionale delle miniere di carbone. Queste miniere di carbone, una volta nazionalizzate, non saranno gestite dalla Camera dei Comuni: se lo fossero, ben presto non avreste più carbone. Ma neppure saranno gestite dai minatori. Se chiedete all’uomo che lavora nella miniera di gestire la miniera, egli dirà: «Io no, padrone! Questo è compito vostro».

Vorrei che il signor Chesterton considerasse che cosa intende per mezzi di produzione. Ne ha parlato in una maniera piuttosto ottocentesca. Ha parlato come se i mezzi di produzione fossero macchine. Vi sottopongo che i veri mezzi di produzione in questo paese sono gli uomini e le donne, e che di conseguenza si ha sempre il massimo controllo dell’individuo sui mezzi di produzione, poiché esso significa il controllo di sulla propria persona. Ma egli deve cedere quel controllo al direttore della miniera perché non sa gestirla da sé. Sotto l’attuale sistema capitalistico deve cederlo al direttore nominato dai proprietari della miniera. Sotto il Socialismo dovrebbe cederlo al direttore nominato dal Direttore Generale del Carbone. Ciò non impedirebbe che il prodotto della miniera fosse egualmente distribuito tra la gente.

Qui non c’è alcuna difficoltà. In un certo senso il signor Chesterton non è davvero in disaccordo con me in questa faccenda, poiché egli vede bene che in materia di combustibile in questo paese si deve giungere alla nazionalizzazione. Il combustibile deve essere controllato equamente a beneficio di tutta la gente. Poiché su questo eravamo d’accordo, non sono disposto a discutere oltre la questione. Ora che il signor Chesterton ha convenuto che le miniere di carbone dovranno essere nazionalizzate, sarà condotto dalla medesima pressione dei fatti a convenire alla nazionalizzazione di tutto il resto.

I have to allow for the pressure of facts because, as a playwright, I think of all problems in terms of actual men and women. Mr. Chesterton lets himself idealize them sometimes as virtuous peasant proprietors and self-managing petty capitalists.

The capitalist and the landlord have their own particular ways of robbing the poor; but their legal rights are quite different. It is a very direct way on the part of the landlord. He may do exactly what he likes with the land he owns. If I own a large part of Scotland I can turn the people off the land practically into the sea, or across the sea. I can take women in child-bearing and throw them into the snow and leave them there. That has been done. I can do it for no better reason than I think it is better to shoot deer on the land than allow people to live on it. They might frighten the deer.

But now compare that with the ownership of my umbrella. As a matter of fact the umbrella I have to-night belongs to my wife; but I think she will permit me to call it mine for the purpose of the debate. Now I have a very limited legal right to the use of that umbrella. I cannot do as I like with it. For instance, certain passages in Mr. Chesterton’s speech tempted me to get up and smite him over the head with my umbrella. I may presently feel inclined to smite Mr. Belloc. But should I abuse my right to do what I like with my property—with my umbrella—in this way I should soon be made aware— possibly by Mr. Belloc’s fist—that I cannot treat my umbrella as my own property in the way in which a landlord can treat his land. I want to destroy ownership in order that possession and enjoyment may be raised to the highest point in every section of the community. That, I think, is perfectly simple.

There are points on which a landlord, even a Scottish landlord, and his tenant the crofter entirely agree. The landlord objects to being shot at sight. The Irish landlord used to object. His tenants sometimes took no notice of his objection, but all the same they had a very strong objection to being shot themselves. You have no objection to a State law being carried out vigorously that people shall not shoot one another. There is no difficulty in modern civilized States in having it carried out. If you could once convince the people that inequality of income is a greater social danger than murder, very few people would want to continue to commit it; and the State could suppress it with the assent of the community generally. We are always adding fresh crimes to the calendar. Why not enact that no person shall live in this community without pulling his weight in the social boat, without producing more than he consumes—because you have to provide for the accumulation of spare money as capital—who does not replace by his own labour what he takes out of the community, who attempts to live idly, as men are proud to live nowadays. Is there any greater difficulty in treating such a parasite as a malefactor, than in treating a murderer as a malefactor?

Having said that much about the property part of the business, 1 think I have succeeded in establishing that Mr. Chesterton does not disagree with me. I should like to say I do not believe in Democracy. I do believe in Catholicism; but I hold that the Irish Episcopal Protestant Church, of which I was baptized a member, takes the name of Catholicism in vain; that the Roman Church has also taken it in vain; and so with the Greek Church and the rest. My Catholicism is really catholic Catholicism: that is what I believe in, as apart from this voting business and democracy. Does Mr. Chesterton agree with me on that?

MR. CHESTERTON: Among the bewildering welter of fallacies which Mr. Shaw has just given us, I prefer to deal first with the simplest. When Mr. Shaw refrains from hitting me over the head with his umbrella, the real reason—apart from his real kindness of heart, which makes him tolerant of the humblest of the creatures of God—is not because he does not own his umbrella, but because he does not own my head. As I am still in possession of that imperfect organ, I will proceed to use it to the confutation of some of his other fallacies.

I should like to say now what I ought perhaps to have said earlier in the evening, that we are enormously grateful to Mr. Shaw for his characteristic generosity in consenting to debate with a humble movement like our own. I am so conscious of that condescension on his part that I should feel it a very unfair return to ask him to read any of our potty little literature or cast his eye over our little weekly paper or become conscious of the facts we have stated a thousand times. One of these facts, with which every person who knows us is familiar, is our position with regard to the coal question. We have said again and again that in our human state of society there must be a class of things called exceptions. We admit that upon the whole in the very peculiar case of coal it is desirable and about the best way out of the difficulty that it should be controlled by the officials of the State, just in the same way as postage stamps are controlled. No one says anything else about postage stamps. I cannot imagine that anyone wants to have his own postage stamps, of perhaps more picturesque design and varied colours. I can assure you that Distributists are perfectly sensible and sane people, and they have always recognized that there are institutions in the State in which it is very difficult to apply the principle of individual property, and that one of these cases is the discovery under the earth of valuable minerals. Socialists are not alone in believing this. Charles I, who, I suppose, could not be called a Socialist, pointed out that certain kinds of minerals ought to belong to the State, that is, to the Commons. We have said over and over again that we support the nationalization of the coal-mines, not as a general example of Distribution but as a common-sense admission of an exception. The reason why we make it an exception is because it is not very easy to see how the healthy principle of personal ownership can be applied. If it could we should apply it with the greatest pleasure. We consider personal ownership infinitely more healthy. If there were a way in which a miner could mark out one particular piece of coal and say, “This is mine, and I am proud of it,” we should have made an enormous improvement upon State management. There are cases in which it is very difficult to apply the principle, and that is one of them. It is the reverse of the truth for Mr. Shaw to say that the logic of that fact will lead me to the application of the same principle to other cases, like the ownership of the land. One could not illustrate it better than by the case of coal. It may be true for all I know that if you ask a miner if he would like to manage the mine he would say, “I do not want to manage it; it is for my betters to manage it.” I had not noticed that meek and simple manner among miners. I have even heard complaints of the opposite temper in that body. I defy Mr. Shaw to say if you went to the Irish farmers, or the French farmers, or the Serbian or the Dutch farmers, or any of the millions of peasant owners throughout the world, I defy him to say if you went to the farmer and said, “Who controls these farms?’” he would say, “It is not for the likes of me to control a farm.” Mr. Shaw knows perfectly well it is nonsense to suggest that peasants would talk that way anywhere. It is part of his complaints against peasants that they claim personal possessions. I am not likely to be led to the denial of property in land, for I know ordinary normal people who feel property in land to be normal. I fully agree with Mr. Shaw, and speak as strongly as he would speak, of the abomination and detestable foulness and sin of landlords who drove poor people from their land in Scotland and elsewhere. It is quite true that men in possession of land have committed these crimes; but I do not see why wicked officials under a socialistic state could not commit these crimes. But that has nothing to do with the principle of ownership in land. In fact these very Highland crofters, these very people thus abominably outraged and oppressed, if you asked them what they want would probably say, “I want to own my own croft; I want to own my own land.”

Devo tener conto della pressione dei fatti perché, come drammaturgo, penso a tutti i problemi nei termini di uomini e donne reali. Il signor Chesterton talvolta si lascia andare a idealizzarli come virtuosi contadini proprietari e piccoli capitalisti che si gestiscono da .

Il capitalista e il proprietario terriero hanno i loro particolari modi di derubare i poveri; ma i loro diritti legali sono assai diversi. Nel caso del proprietario terriero è un modo assai diretto. Egli può fare esattamente ciò che vuole della terra che possiede. Se possiedo gran parte della Scozia posso cacciare la gente dalla terra praticamente in mare, o al di là del mare. Posso prendere donne in attesa di un figlio e gettarle nella neve e lasciarvele. Ciò è stato fatto. Posso farlo senza altra ragione se non che ritengo meglio cacciare i cervi su quella terra piuttosto che permettere alla gente di viverci. Potrebbero spaventare i cervi.

Ma ora si confronti tutto ciò con la proprietà del mio ombrello. In verità l’ombrello che ho questa notte appartiene a mia moglie; ma credo che ella mi permetterà di chiamarlo mio ai fini del dibattito. Ora, io ho un diritto legale assai limitato all’uso di quell’ombrello. Non posso farne ciò che voglio. Per esempio, certi passaggi del discorso del signor Chesterton mi hanno tentato ad alzarmi e a colpirlo sul capo col mio ombrello. Fra poco potrei sentirmi incline a colpire il signor Belloc. Ma se abusassi del mio diritto di fare ciò che voglio della mia proprietà — del mio ombrello — in questo modo, mi sarebbe presto fatto capire — forse dal pugno del signor Belloc — che non posso trattare il mio ombrello come mia proprietà nel modo in cui un proprietario terriero può trattare la sua terra. Io voglio distruggere la proprietà affinché il possesso e il godimento possano essere elevati al massimo grado in ogni sezione della comunità. Questo, credo, è perfettamente semplice.

Vi sono punti su cui un proprietario terriero, persino uno scozzese, e il suo affittuario, il piccolo colono, concordano pienamente. Il proprietario terriero ha da ridire sull’essere ammazzato a vista. Il proprietario terriero irlandese soleva avere da ridire. I suoi affittuari talvolta non davano ascolto alla sua obiezione, ma tuttavia avevano una fortissima obiezione all’essere ammazzati loro stessi. Voi non avete nulla in contrario a che una legge dello Stato sia applicata con vigore, affinché la gente non si ammazzi a vicenda. Non c’è alcuna difficoltà, nei moderni Stati civili, a farla applicare. Se poteste una buona volta convincere la gente che la disuguaglianza dei redditi è un pericolo sociale più grande dell’omicidio, ben pochi vorrebbero continuare a commetterla; e lo Stato potrebbe reprimerla col consenso della comunità in generale. Aggiungiamo di continuo nuovi delitti al calendario. Perché non stabilire che nessuno possa vivere in questa comunità senza remare nella barca sociale, senza produrre più di quanto consuma — perché occorre provvedere all’accumulo di denaro in eccedenza come capitale — che non restituisca col proprio lavoro ciò che toglie alla comunità, che tenti di vivere nell’ozio, come oggi gli uomini sono orgogliosi di vivere? Vi è forse una difficoltà maggiore a trattare un simile parassita come un malfattore, che non a trattare un assassino come un malfattore?

Detto questo sulla parte della faccenda relativa alla proprietà, credo di essere riuscito a stabilire che il signor Chesterton non è in disaccordo con me. Vorrei dire che io non credo nella Democrazia. Credo nel Cattolicesimo; ma sostengo che la Chiesa protestante episcopale irlandese, di cui fui battezzato membro, prende invano il nome di Cattolicesimo; che la Chiesa romana l’ha anch’essa preso invano; e così la Chiesa greca e le altre. Il mio Cattolicesimo è davvero cattolico Cattolicesimo: è in questo che credo, a prescindere da questa faccenda del voto e dalla democrazia. Il signor Chesterton concorda con me su questo?

IL SIGNOR CHESTERTON: Tra la sconcertante congerie di fallacie che il signor Shaw ci ha appena propinato, preferisco affrontare per prima la più semplice. Quando il signor Shaw si trattiene dal colpirmi sul capo col suo ombrello, la vera ragione — a parte la sua autentica bontà di cuore, che lo rende tollerante verso la più umile delle creature di Dio — non è che egli non possegga il suo ombrello, ma che non possiede la mia testa. Poiché sono tuttora in possesso di quell’imperfetto organo, procederò a servirmene per confutare alcune delle sue altre fallacie.

Vorrei dire ora ciò che forse avrei dovuto dire prima, in serata: che siamo enormemente grati al signor Shaw per la sua caratteristica generosità nell’acconsentire a dibattere con un umile movimento come il nostro. Sono così consapevole di tale condiscendenza da parte sua che riterrei una ricompensa assai ingiusta chiedergli di leggere una qualsiasi delle nostre insignificanti operette o di gettare l’occhio sul nostro piccolo settimanale o di prendere coscienza dei fatti che abbiamo esposto mille volte. Uno di questi fatti, con cui ha familiarità chiunque ci conosca, è la nostra posizione riguardo alla questione del carbone. Abbiamo detto e ridetto che nel nostro stato umano di società deve esservi una classe di cose chiamate eccezioni. Ammettiamo che, nel complesso, nel caso assai peculiare del carbone sia desiderabile e all’incirca la migliore via d’uscita dalla difficoltà che esso sia controllato dai funzionari dello Stato, proprio nello stesso modo in cui sono controllati i francobolli. Nessuno dice alcunché di diverso a proposito dei francobolli. Non riesco a immaginare che qualcuno voglia avere i propri francobolli, magari di disegno più pittoresco e di colori più svariati. Posso assicurarvi che i Distributisti sono persone perfettamente assennate e sane di mente, e hanno sempre riconosciuto che vi sono nello Stato istituzioni in cui è assai difficile applicare il principio della proprietà individuale, e che uno di questi casi è la scoperta sotto terra di minerali preziosi. I socialisti non sono i soli a crederlo. Carlo I, che, suppongo, non potrebbe essere chiamato socialista, fece notare che certi tipi di minerali dovrebbero appartenere allo Stato, cioè ai Comuni. Abbiamo detto e ripetuto che sosteniamo la nazionalizzazione delle miniere di carbone, non come esempio generale di Distribuzione, ma come ammissione di buon senso di un’eccezione. La ragione per cui ne facciamo un’eccezione è che non è molto facile vedere come vi si possa applicare il sano principio della proprietà personale. Se si potesse, lo applicheremmo col più grande piacere. Consideriamo la proprietà personale infinitamente più sana. Se vi fosse un modo in cui un minatore potesse delimitare un particolare pezzo di carbone e dire: «Questo è mio, e ne sono fiero», avremmo compiuto un enorme miglioramento rispetto alla gestione statale. Vi sono casi in cui è assai difficile applicare il principio, e questo è uno di essi. È l’esatto contrario della verità che il signor Shaw affermi che la logica di quel fatto mi condurrà ad applicare il medesimo principio ad altri casi, come la proprietà della terra. Non si potrebbe illustrarlo meglio che col caso del carbone. Può darsi sia vero, per quel che ne so, che se domandaste a un minatore se gli piacerebbe dirigere la miniera egli risponderebbe: «Non voglio dirigerla; spetta a chi è migliore di me dirigerla». Non avevo notato quel fare mite e semplice tra i minatori. Ho anzi sentito lagnanze del temperamento opposto in quella categoria. Sfido il signor Shaw a dire che, se andaste dai contadini irlandesi, o dai contadini francesi, o dai contadini serbi o olandesi, o da uno qualsiasi dei milioni di contadini proprietari sparsi per il mondo, sfido lui a dire che, se andaste dal contadino e diceste: «Chi controlla queste fattorie?», egli risponderebbe: «Non spetta a gente come me controllare una fattoria». Il signor Shaw sa perfettamente bene che è un’assurdità supporre che i contadini parlerebbero così in un qualsiasi luogo. È parte delle sue lagnanze contro i contadini il fatto che essi rivendicano possessi personali. Non è probabile che io sia indotto a negare la proprietà della terra, poiché conosco persone comuni e normali che sentono la proprietà della terra come una cosa normale. Concordo pienamente col signor Shaw, e parlo con la stessa forza con cui parlerebbe lui, dell’abominio e della detestabile turpitudine e del peccato dei proprietari terrieri che cacciarono i poveri dalla loro terra in Scozia e altrove. È del tutto vero che uomini in possesso della terra hanno commesso questi delitti; ma non vedo perché malvagi funzionari sotto uno Stato socialista non potrebbero commettere questi stessi delitti. Ma ciò non ha nulla a che fare col principio della proprietà della terra. Anzi, questi stessi piccoli coloni delle Highland, queste stesse persone così abominevolmente oltraggiate e oppresse, se chiedeste loro che cosa vogliono, probabilmente risponderebbero: «Voglio possedere il mio podere; voglio possedere la mia terra».

Mr. Shaw’s dislike of the landlord is not so much a denial of the right to private property. not so much that he owns the land, but that the landlord has swallowed up private property. In the face of these facts of millions and millions of ordinary human beings who have private property, who know what it is like to own property, I must confess that I am not overwhelmed and crushed by Mr. Shaw’s claim that he knows all about men and women as they really are. I think Mr. Shaw knows something about certain kinds of men and women; though he sometimes makes them a little more amusing than they really are. But I cannot agree with his discovery that peasants do not like peasant property, because I know the reverse is the fact.

Then we come to the general point he raised about the State. He raised a very interesting question. He said that after all the State does command respect, that we all do accept laws even though they are issued by an official group. Up to a point I willingly accept his argument. The Distributist is certainly not an anarchist. He does not believe it would be a good thing if there were no such laws. But the reason why most of these laws are accepted is because they correspond with the common conscience of mankind. Mr. Shaw and Bishop Barnes might think it would be an inadequate way of explaining it, but we might call attention to an Hebraic code called the Ten Commandments. They do, I think, correspond pretty roughly to the moral code of every religion that is at all sane. These all reverence certain ideas about “Thou shalt not kill.” They all have a reverence for the commandment which says, “Thou shalt not covet thy neighbour’s goods.” They reverence the idea that you must not covet his house or his ox or his ass. It should be noted, too, that besides forbidding us to covet our neighbour’s property, this commandment also implies that every man has a right to own some property.

MR. SHAW: I now want to ask Mr. Chesterton why he insists, on the point about the nationalization of the coal-mines—on which he agrees with me—that they are an exception. Are they an exception? In what way are the coal-mines an exception? What is the fundamental reason why you must nationalize your coal-mine? The reason is this. If you will go up to the constituency of Mr. Sidney Webb, to the Sunderland coast, you will be able to pick up coal for nothing, absolutely nothing at all. You see people doing it there. You take a perambulator, or barrow, or simple sack, and when the tide goes out you go out on the foreshore and pick up excellent coal. If you go to other parts of England, like Whitehaven, you will find you have to go through workings driven out under the sea, which took 20 years to make, 20 years continual expenditure of capital before coal could be touched, where men going down the shaft have to travel sometimes two or three miles to their work. That is the reason at bottom why you cannot distribute your coal mine. The reason you have to pay such monstrous prices for your coal is they are fixed by the cost of making the submarine mines. People who have mines like the Sunderland foreshore naturally make colossal fortunes. Everyone can see at once that in order to have any kind of equable dealing in coal, the only way is to charge the citizens the average cost for the total national supply. You cannot average the cost by putting your eggs into different baskets. Now this is not the exception: it is the rule. You have exactly the same difference in the case of the land. You have land worth absolutely nothing at all and land worth a million an acre or more. And the acre worth more than a million and the acre worth nothing are within half-an-hour’s drive in a taxi.

You cannot say that the coal-mine is an exception. The coal-mine is only one instance. Mr. Chesterton in arriving at the necessity for the nationalization of the coal-mines has started on his journey towards the nationalization of all the industries. If he goes on to the land, and from the land to the factory, and from there to every other industrial department, he will find that every successive case is an exception; and eventually he will have to say to himself: “I think it will be better to call nationalization the rule rather than the exception.”

I must deny that I ever said that the coal-miner says he wants to be ruled by his betters. I may not be a democrat; but I am not a snob. Intellectually I am a snob, and you will admit that I have good ground for that. Socially I am not a snob. There is no question of betters at all in the matter. The manager is not better than the executant, nor the executant better than the manager. Both are equally necessary and equally honourable. But if you ask the executant to manage he will refuse on the ground that it is not his job; and vice versa.

Mr. Chesterton says he does not see why State officials under a system which recognises nationalization of land should not act as the old landlords acted. I should say, in the first place, they won’t have the power. A State official does what he is instructed to do and paid to do, just as a landlord’s agent does; and there is no more danger of the official making himself a landlord than there is now of the agent making himself one.

As to the instinct of owning—and you have it widely in the country—you have not got it in the towns. People are content to live in houses they do not own: when they possess them they often find them a great nuisance. But you must not conclude that because a miner would refuse to manage a mine a farmer will refuse to manage his farm. The farmer is himself a manager.

How does this wonderful system of peasant proprietorship work? Do you realise that it has to be broken up every day? The reason is that when a man owning a farm has a family, each son, when the farmer dies, has a right to an equal part of the land. They find that this arrangement is entirely impossible, and they have to make some other arrangement, and some of the sons have to go off into the towns to work. It is unthinkable that all could remain on the land: you cannot split up the land and give every person a bit of property.

L’avversione del signor Shaw per il proprietario terriero non è tanto una negazione del diritto alla proprietà privata, non tanto il fatto che egli possieda la terra, quanto il fatto che il proprietario terriero abbia inghiottito la proprietà privata. Di fronte a questi fatti di milioni e milioni di comuni esseri umani che possiedono una proprietà privata, che sanno che cosa voglia dire possedere una proprietà, devo confessare che non sono sopraffatto né schiacciato dalla pretesa del signor Shaw di sapere tutto sugli uomini e sulle donne quali essi realmente sono. Credo che il signor Shaw sappia qualcosa su certi tipi di uomini e di donne; benché talvolta li renda un po’ più divertenti di quanto realmente siano. Ma non posso concordare con la sua scoperta che i contadini non amino la proprietà contadina, perché so che il contrario è la realtà.

Veniamo poi al punto generale che egli ha sollevato riguardo allo Stato. Ha sollevato una questione assai interessante. Ha detto che, dopotutto, lo Stato comanda sì rispetto, che tutti accettiamo le leggi anche se emanate da un gruppo di funzionari. Fino a un certo punto accetto volentieri il suo argomento. Il Distributista non è certo un anarchico. Non crede che sarebbe una buona cosa se non vi fossero tali leggi. Ma la ragione per cui la maggior parte di queste leggi è accettata è che esse corrispondono alla comune coscienza dell’umanità. Il signor Shaw e il vescovo Barnes potrebbero pensare che sia un modo inadeguato di spiegarlo, ma potremmo richiamare l’attenzione su un codice ebraico chiamato i Dieci Comandamenti. Essi, credo, corrispondono all’incirca al codice morale di ogni religione che sia minimamente assennata. Tutti riveriscono certe idee sul «Non uccidere». Tutti hanno una riverenza per il comandamento che dice: «Non desiderare i beni del tuo prossimo». Riveriscono l’idea che non si debba desiderare la sua casa né il suo bue né il suo asino. Va notato, inoltre, che oltre a proibirci di desiderare la proprietà del nostro prossimo, questo comandamento implica anche che ogni uomo ha il diritto di possedere una qualche proprietà.

IL SIGNOR SHAW: Ora voglio chiedere al signor Chesterton perché insista, sul punto della nazionalizzazione delle miniere di carbone — sul quale concorda con me — che esse siano un’eccezione. Sono un’eccezione? In che modo le miniere di carbone sono un’eccezione? Qual è la ragione fondamentale per cui si deve nazionalizzare la propria miniera di carbone? La ragione è questa. Se andate su nel collegio elettorale del signor Sidney Webb, sulla costa di Sunderland, potrete raccogliere carbone per niente, assolutamente per niente. Vedete gente che lo fa laggiù. Prendete una carrozzina, o una carriola, o un semplice sacco, e quando la marea si ritira uscite sulla battigia e raccogliete ottimo carbone. Se andate in altre parti dell’Inghilterra, come Whitehaven, scoprirete che dovete attraversare gallerie scavate sotto il mare, che occorsero vent’anni per essere realizzate, vent’anni di continua spesa di capitale prima che si potesse toccare il carbone, dove gli uomini che scendono nel pozzo devono talvolta percorrere due o tre miglia per giungere al lavoro. È questa, in fondo, la ragione per cui non potete distribuire la vostra miniera di carbone. La ragione per cui dovete pagare prezzi così mostruosi per il carbone è che essi sono fissati dal costo di realizzazione delle miniere sottomarine. Chi possiede miniere come la battigia di Sunderland fa naturalmente fortune colossali. Chiunque può vedere subito che, per avere un qualsiasi tipo di equo commercio del carbone, l’unico modo è far pagare ai cittadini il costo medio dell’intera fornitura nazionale. Non potete fare la media del costo mettendo le uova in panieri diversi. Ora, questa non è l’eccezione: è la regola. Avete esattamente la stessa differenza nel caso della terra. Avete terra che non vale assolutamente niente e terra che vale un milione l’acro o più. E l’acro che vale più di un milione e l’acro che non vale niente si trovano a mezz’ora di taxi l’uno dall’altro.

Non potete dire che la miniera di carbone sia un’eccezione. La miniera di carbone è soltanto un caso tra tanti. Il signor Chesterton, giungendo alla necessità della nazionalizzazione delle miniere di carbone, si è messo in viaggio verso la nazionalizzazione di tutte le industrie. Se prosegue fino alla terra, e dalla terra alla fabbrica, e di là a ogni altro comparto industriale, scoprirà che ogni caso successivo è un’eccezione; e alla fine dovrà dire a se stesso: «Credo sarà meglio chiamare la nazionalizzazione la regola piuttosto che l’eccezione».

Devo negare di aver mai detto che il minatore dica di voler essere governato da chi è migliore di lui. Potrò non essere un democratico; ma non sono uno snob. Intellettualmente sono uno snob, e ammetterete che ne ho buon motivo. Socialmente non sono uno snob. Non c’è affatto questione di migliori in questa faccenda. Il direttore non è migliore dell’esecutore, né l’esecutore migliore del direttore. Entrambi sono egualmente necessari ed egualmente onorevoli. Ma se chiedete all’esecutore di dirigere, egli rifiuterà con la motivazione che non è il suo mestiere; e viceversa.

Il signor Chesterton dice di non vedere perché i funzionari statali, sotto un sistema che riconosce la nazionalizzazione della terra, non dovrebbero agire come agivano i vecchi proprietari terrieri. Io direi, in primo luogo, che non ne avranno il potere. Un funzionario dello Stato fa ciò che gli è ordinato di fare e ciò per cui è pagato, proprio come fa l’agente di un proprietario terriero; e non vi è maggior pericolo che il funzionario si faccia proprietario terriero di quanto ve ne sia ora che l’agente si faccia tale.

Quanto all’istinto del possesso — e lo si trova largamente in campagna — non lo si trova nelle città. La gente è contenta di vivere in case che non possiede: quando le possiede, spesso le trova un gran fastidio. Ma non dovete concludere che, poiché un minatore rifiuterebbe di dirigere una miniera, un contadino rifiuterà di dirigere la sua fattoria. Il contadino è egli stesso un direttore.

Come funziona questo meraviglioso sistema della proprietà contadina? Vi rendete conto che deve essere frazionato ogni giorno? La ragione è che, quando un uomo che possiede una fattoria ha una famiglia, ciascun figlio, alla morte del contadino, ha diritto a una parte uguale della terra. Costoro scoprono che questa disposizione è del tutto impossibile, e devono prendere qualche altra disposizione, e alcuni dei figli devono andarsene nelle città a lavorare. È impensabile che tutti possano rimanere sulla terra: non potete frazionare la terra e dare a ciascuno un pezzetto di proprietà.

I have stolen two minutes from Mr. Chesterton, and I apologise.

MR. CHESTERTON: I am sure Mr. Shaw is very welcome to as many minutes as I can offer him, or anything else, for his kindness in entertaining us this evening. It is rather late now and there is not much time left for me. He has been rather slow in discovering what Distributism is and what the whole question is about. If this were the beginning of the discussion I could do over our system completely. I could tell him exactly what we think about property in towns. It is absurd to say it does not exist.

In rural ownership different problems have to be faced. We are not cutting a thing up into mathematical squares. We are trying to deal with human beings, creatures quite outside the purview of Mr. Shaw and his political philosophy. We know town people are a little different from country people; business of one kind is different from business of another kind; difficulties arise about family, and all the rest of it. We show man’s irrepressible desire to own property and because some landlords have been cruel, it is no use talking of abolishing, denying, and destroying property, saying no one shall have any property at all. It is characteristic of his school, of his age. The morality he represents is above all the morality of negations. Just as it says you must not drink wine at all as the only solution to a few people drinking too much: just as it would say you must not touch meat or smoke tobacco at all. Let us always remember, therefore, that when Mr. Shaw says he can persuade all men to give up the sentiment of private property, it is in exactly the same hopeful spirit that he says he will get all of you to give up meat, tobacco, beer, and a vast number of other things. He will not do anything of the sort and I suspect he himself suspects by this time that he will not do it. It is quite false to say you must have a centralised machinery, even in towns. It is quite false to say that all forces must be used, as they are in monopolies, from the centre. It is absurd to say that because the wind is a central thing you cannot separate windmills. How am I to explain all that in five minutes? I could go through a vast number of fallacies into which he has fallen. He said, ironically, he would like to see me go down a mine. I have no difficulty in imagining myself sinking in such a fashion in any geological deposit. I really should like to see him doing work on a farm, because he would find out about five hundred pieces of nonsense he has been speaking to be the nonsense they are.

It is absolutely fallacious to suggest that there is some sort of difficulty in peasantries whereby they are bound to disappear. The answer to that is that they have not disappeared. It is part of the very case against peasantry, among those who do not like them, that they are antiquated, covered with hoary superstition. Why have they remained through all these centuries, if they must immediately break up and become impossible? There is an answer to all that and I am quite prepared to give it at some greater length than five minutes. But at no time did I say that we must make the whole community a community of agricultural peasants. It is absurd. What I said was that a desire for property which is universal, everywhere, does appear in a perfect and working example in the ownership of land. It only remains for me to say one thing. Mr. Shaw said, in reference to the State owning the means of production, that men and women are the only means of production. I quite accept the parallel of the phrase. His proposition is that the government, the officials of the State, should own the men and women: in other words that the men and women should be slaves.

MR. BELLOC: I was told when I accepted this onerous office that I was to sum up. I shall do nothing of the sort. In a very few years from now this debate will be antiquated. I will now recite you a poem:

“Our civilization Is built upon coal. Let us chant in rotation Our civilization That lump of damnation Without any soul, Our civilization Is built upon coal.

“In a very few years, It will float upon oil. Then give three hearty cheers, In a very few years We shall mop up our tears And have done with our toil. In a very few years It will float upon oil.”

In I do not know how many years—five, ten, twenty—this debate will be as antiquated as crinolines are. I am surprised that neither of the two speakers pointed out that one of three things is going to happen. One of three things: not one of two. It is always one of three things. This industrial civilization which, thank God, oppresses only the small part of the world in which we are most inextricably bound up, will break down and therefore end from its monstrous wickedness, folly, ineptitude, leading to a restoration of sane, ordinary human affairs, complicated but based as a whole upon the freedom of the citizens. Or it will break down and lead to nothing but a desert. Or it will lead the mass of men to become contented slaves, with a few rich men controlling them. Take your choice. You will all be dead before any of the three things comes off. One of the three things is going to happen, or a mixture of two, or possibly a mixture of the three combined.

Ho rubato due minuti al signor Chesterton, e me ne scuso.

IL SIGNOR CHESTERTON: Sono certo che il signor Shaw è più che benvenuto a quanti minuti io possa offrirgli, o a qualunque altra cosa, per la sua cortesia nell’intrattenerci questa sera. È piuttosto tardi ormai e non mi resta molto tempo. Egli è stato piuttosto lento a scoprire che cosa sia il Distributismo e di che cosa tratti l’intera questione. Se questo fosse l’inizio della discussione, potrei esporre daccapo per intero il nostro sistema. Potrei dirgli esattamente ciò che pensiamo della proprietà nelle città. È assurdo dire che essa non esiste.

Nella proprietà rurale si devono affrontare problemi diversi. Non stiamo tagliando una cosa in quadrati matematici. Stiamo cercando di trattare con esseri umani, creature del tutto al di fuori dell’orizzonte del signor Shaw e della sua filosofia politica. Sappiamo che la gente di città è un po’ diversa da quella di campagna; un tipo di affari è diverso da un altro tipo di affari; sorgono difficoltà riguardo alla famiglia, e via dicendo. Noi mostriamo l’irreprimibile desiderio dell’uomo di possedere proprietà, e poiché alcuni proprietari terrieri sono stati crudeli, non serve a nulla parlare di abolire, negare e distruggere la proprietà, dicendo che nessuno dovrà avere alcuna proprietà. È caratteristico della sua scuola, della sua epoca. La morale che egli rappresenta è soprattutto la morale delle negazioni. Proprio come dice che non si deve bere vino affatto come unica soluzione al fatto che poche persone ne bevano troppo: proprio come direbbe che non si deve toccare affatto la carne né fumare affatto il tabacco. Ricordiamo dunque sempre che, quando il signor Shaw dice di poter persuadere tutti gli uomini a rinunciare al sentimento della proprietà privata, lo fa nello stesso spirito ottimista con cui dice che indurrà tutti voi a rinunciare a carne, tabacco, birra e a un’enorme quantità di altre cose. Non farà nulla del genere, e sospetto che egli stesso sospetti a questo momento che non lo farà. È del tutto falso dire che si debba avere un macchinario centralizzato, persino nelle città. È del tutto falso dire che tutte le forze debbano essere usate, come lo sono nei monopoli, dal centro. È assurdo dire che, poiché il vento è una cosa centrale, non si possano separare i mulini a vento. Come faccio a spiegare tutto ciò in cinque minuti? Potrei passare in rassegna un’enorme quantità di fallacie in cui è caduto. Ha detto, ironicamente, che gli piacerebbe vedermi scendere in una miniera. Non ho alcuna difficoltà a immaginarmi mentre sprofondo in tal modo in un qualsiasi deposito geologico. Vorrei davvero vederlo lavorare in una fattoria, perché scoprirebbe che circa cinquecento sciocchezze che ha detto sono le sciocchezze che sono.

È del tutto fallace suggerire che vi sia una qualche sorta di difficoltà nelle popolazioni contadine per cui esse siano destinate a scomparire. La risposta a ciò è che non sono scomparse. Fa parte proprio dell’accusa contro il ceto contadino, tra coloro che non lo amano, che esso sia antiquato, ricoperto di canuta superstizione. Perché è rimasto attraverso tutti questi secoli, se deve immediatamente sfaldarsi e diventare impossibile? Vi è una risposta a tutto ciò, e sono pronto a darla a maggior lunghezza di cinque minuti. Ma in nessun momento ho detto che dobbiamo fare dell’intera comunità una comunità di contadini agricoltori. È assurdo. Ciò che ho detto è che un desiderio di proprietà, che è universale, dappertutto, appare sì in un esempio perfetto e funzionante nella proprietà della terra. Non mi resta che dire una cosa. Il signor Shaw ha detto, a proposito dello Stato che possiede i mezzi di produzione, che gli uomini e le donne sono gli unici mezzi di produzione. Accetto senz’altro il parallelo della frase. La sua proposizione è che il governo, i funzionari dello Stato, dovrebbero possedere gli uomini e le donne: in altre parole, che gli uomini e le donne dovrebbero essere schiavi.

IL SIGNOR BELLOC: Quando accettai questo oneroso incarico, mi fu detto che avrei dovuto tirare le somme. Non farò nulla del genere. Fra pochissimi anni, a partire da ora, questo dibattito sarà antiquato. Ora vi reciterò una poesia:

«La nostra civiltà è fondata sul carbone. Cantiamo a turno la nostra civiltà, quel blocco di dannazione senza alcuna anima, la nostra civiltà è fondata sul carbone.

«Fra pochissimi anni, galleggerà sul petrolio. Allora lanciate tre calorosi evviva, fra pochissimi anni asciugheremo le nostre lacrime e la finiremo con la nostra fatica. Fra pochissimi anni galleggerà sul petrolio.»

Fra non so quanti anni — cinque, dieci, venti — questo dibattito sarà antiquato quanto lo sono le crinoline. Mi sorprende che nessuno dei due oratori abbia fatto notare che una di tre cose sta per accadere. Una di tre cose: non una di due. È sempre una di tre cose. Questa civiltà industriale, che, grazie a Dio, opprime soltanto la piccola parte del mondo in cui siamo più inestricabilmente coinvolti, crollerà e dunque avrà fine per la sua mostruosa malvagità, follia, inettitudine, portando a una restaurazione di sane, ordinarie faccende umane, complicate ma fondate nel loro insieme sulla libertà dei cittadini. Oppure crollerà e non condurrà a nient’altro che a un deserto. Oppure condurrà la massa degli uomini a diventare schiavi contenti, con pochi uomini ricchi a controllarli. Scegliete voi. Sarete tutti morti prima che una delle tre cose si avveri. Una delle tre cose sta per accadere, o una mescolanza di due, o forse una mescolanza delle tre combinate.