I. The Burial of the Dead

I. The Burial of the Dead
    April is the cruellest month, breeding
Lilacs out of the dead land, mixing
Memory and desire, stirring
Dull roots with spring rain.
Winter kept us warm, covering
Earth in forgetful snow, feeding
A little life with dried tubers.
Summer surprised us, coming over the Starnbergersee
With a shower of rain; we stopped in the colonnade,
10 And went on in sunlight, into the Hofgarten,

And drank coffee, and talked for an hour.
Bin gar keine Russin, stamm’ aus Litauen, echt deutsch.
And when we were children, staying at the archduke’s,
My cousin’s, he took me out on a sled.
And I was frightened. He said, Marie,
Marie, hold on tight. And down we went.
In the mountains, there you feel free.
I read, much of the night, and go south in the winter.
    What are the roots that clutch, what branches grow
20 Out of this stony rubbish? Son of man,

You cannot say, or guess, for you know only
A heap of broken images, where the sun beats,
And the dead tree gives no shelter, the cricket no relief,
And the dry stone no sound of water. Only
There is shadow under this red rock,
(Come in under the shadow of this red rock),
And I will show you something different from either
Your shadow at morning striding behind you
Or your shadow at evening rising to meet you;
30 I will show you fear in a handful of dust.

Frisch weht der Wind
Der Heimat zu
Mein Irisch Kind
Wo weilest du?
‘You gave me hyacinths first a year ago;
‘They called me the hyacinth girl.’
— Yet when we came back, late, from the hyacinth garden,
Your arms full, and your hair wet, I could not
Speak, and my eyes failed, I was neither
40 Living nor dead, and I knew nothing,

Looking into the heart of light, the silence.
Oed’ und leer das Meer.

    Madame Sosostris, famous clairvoyante,
Had a bad cold, nevertheless
Is known to be the wisest woman in Europe,
With a wicked pack of cards. Here, said she,
Is your card, the drowned Phoenician Sailor,
(Those are pearls that were his eyes. Look!)
Here is Belladonna, the Lady of the Rocks,
50 The lady of situations.

Here is the man with three staves, and here the Wheel,
And here is the one-eyed merchant, and this card,
Which is blank, is something he carries on his back,
Which I am forbidden to see. I do not find
The Hanged Man. Fear death by water.
I see crowds of people, walking round in a ring.
Thank you. If you see dear Mrs. Equitone,
Tell her I bring the horoscope myself:
One must be so careful these days.
60    Unreal City,

Under the brown fog of a winter dawn,
A crowd flowed over London Bridge, so many,
I had not thought death had undone so many.
Sighs, short and infrequent, were exhaled,
And each man fixed his eyes before his feet.
Flowed up the hill and down King William Street,
To where Saint Mary Woolnoth kept the hours
With a dead sound on the final stroke of nine.
There I saw one I knew, and stopped him, crying: ‘Stetson!
70 ‘You who were with me in the ships at Mylae!
‘That corpse you planted last year in your garden,
‘Has it begun to sprout? Will it bloom this year?
‘Or has the sudden frost disturbed its bed?
‘O keep the Dog far hence, that’s friend to men,
‘Or with his nails he’ll dig it up again!
‘You! hypocrite lecteur! — mon semblable, — mon frère!’

II. A Game of Chess
    The Chair she sat in, like a burnished throne,
Glowed on the marble, where the glass
Held up by standards wrought with fruited vines
80 From which a golden Cupidon peeped out

(Another hid his eyes behind his wing)
Doubled the flames of sevenbranched candelabra
Reflecting light upon the table as
The glitter of her jewels rose to meet it,
From satin cases poured in rich profusion.
In vials of ivory and coloured glass
Unstoppered, lurked her strange synthetic perfumes,
Unguent, powdered, or liquid — troubled, confused
And drowned the sense in odours; stirred by the air
90 That freshened from the window, these ascended

In fattening the prolonged candle-flames,
Flung their smoke into the laquearia,
Stirring the pattern on the coffered ceiling.
Huge sea-wood fed with copper
Burned green and orange, framed by the coloured stone,
In which sad light a carvèd dolphin swam.
Above the antique mantel was displayed
As though a window gave upon the sylvan scene
The change of Philomel, by the barbarous king
100 So rudely forced; yet there the nightingale

Filled all the desert with inviolable voice
And still she cried, and still the world pursues,
‘Jug Jug’ to dirty ears.
And other withered stumps of time
Were told upon the walls; staring forms
Leaned out, leaning, hushing the room enclosed.
Footsteps shuffled on the stair.
Under the firelight, under the brush, her hair
Spread out in fiery points
110 Glowed into words, then would be savagely still.

    ‘My nerves are bad tonight. Yes, bad. Stay with me.
    Speak to me. Why do you never speak? Speak.
        What are you thinking of? What thinking? What?
    I never know what you are thinking. Think.’
    I think we are in rats’ alley
Where the dead men lost their bones.
    ‘What is that noise?’
                                The wind under the door.
‘What is that noise now? What is the wind doing?’
120                                Nothing again nothing.

                                                                                    ‘Do
‘You know nothing? Do you see nothing? Do you remember
Nothing?’
       I remember
Those are pearls that were his eyes.
‘Are you alive, or not? Is there nothing in your head?’
                                                                                    But
O O O O that Shakespeherian Rag —
It’s so elegant
130 So intelligent

‘What shall I do now? What shall I do?
I shall rush out as I am, and walk the street
With my hair down, so. What shall we do tomorrow?
What shall we ever do?’
                                                  The hot water at ten.
And if it rains, a closed car at four.
And we shall play a game of chess,
Pressing lidless eyes and waiting for a knock upon the door.
    When Lil’s husband got demobbed, I said —
140 I didn’t mince my words, I said to her myself,

HURRY UP PLEASE ITS TIME
Now Albert’s coming back, make yourself a bit smart.
He’ll want to know what you done with that money he gave you
To get yourself some teeth. He did, I was there.
You have them all out, Lil, and get a nice set,
He said, I swear, I can’t bear to look at you.
And no more can’t I, I said, and think of poor Albert,
He’s been in the army four years, he wants a good time,
And if you don’t give it him, there’s others will, I said.
150 Oh is there, she said. Something o’ that, I said.

Then I’ll know who to thank, she said, and give me a straight look.
HURRY UP PLEASE ITS TIME
If you don’t like it you can get on with it, I said.
Others can pick and choose if you can’t.
But if Albert makes off, it won’t be for lack of telling.
You ought to be ashamed, I said, to look so antique.
(And her only thirty-one.)
I can’t help it, she said, pulling a long face,
It’s them pills I took, to bring it off, she said.
160 (She’s had five already, and nearly died of young George.)

The chemist said it would be all right, but I’ve never been the same.
You are a proper fool, I said.

Well, if Albert won’t leave you alone, there it is, I said,
What you get married for if you don’t want children?
HURRY UP PLEASE ITS TIME
Well, that Sunday Albert was home, they had a hot gammon,
And they asked me in to dinner, to get the beauty of it hot —
HURRY UP PLEASE ITS TIME
HURRY UP PLEASE ITS TIME
170 Goonight Bill. Goonight Lou. Goonight May. Goonight.

Ta ta. Goonight. Goonight.
Good night, ladies, good night, sweet ladies, good night, good night.

II. A Game of Chess

II. A Game of Chess
    The Chair she sat in, like a burnished throne,
Glowed on the marble, where the glass
Held up by standards wrought with fruited vines
80 From which a golden Cupidon peeped out

(Another hid his eyes behind his wing)
Doubled the flames of sevenbranched candelabra
Reflecting light upon the table as
The glitter of her jewels rose to meet it,
From satin cases poured in rich profusion.
In vials of ivory and coloured glass
Unstoppered, lurked her strange synthetic perfumes,
Unguent, powdered, or liquid — troubled, confused
And drowned the sense in odours; stirred by the air
90 That freshened from the window, these ascended

In fattening the prolonged candle-flames,
Flung their smoke into the laquearia,
Stirring the pattern on the coffered ceiling.
Huge sea-wood fed with copper
Burned green and orange, framed by the coloured stone,
In which sad light a carvèd dolphin swam.
Above the antique mantel was displayed
As though a window gave upon the sylvan scene
The change of Philomel, by the barbarous king
100 So rudely forced; yet there the nightingale

Filled all the desert with inviolable voice
And still she cried, and still the world pursues,
‘Jug Jug’ to dirty ears.
And other withered stumps of time
Were told upon the walls; staring forms
Leaned out, leaning, hushing the room enclosed.
Footsteps shuffled on the stair.
Under the firelight, under the brush, her hair
Spread out in fiery points
110 Glowed into words, then would be savagely still.

    ‘My nerves are bad tonight. Yes, bad. Stay with me.
    Speak to me. Why do you never speak? Speak.
        What are you thinking of? What thinking? What?
    I never know what you are thinking. Think.’
    I think we are in rats’ alley
Where the dead men lost their bones.
    ‘What is that noise?’
                                The wind under the door.
‘What is that noise now? What is the wind doing?’
120                                Nothing again nothing.

                                                                                    ‘Do
‘You know nothing? Do you see nothing? Do you remember
Nothing?’
       I remember
Those are pearls that were his eyes.
‘Are you alive, or not? Is there nothing in your head?’
                                                                                    But
O O O O that Shakespeherian Rag —
It’s so elegant
130 So intelligent

‘What shall I do now? What shall I do?
I shall rush out as I am, and walk the street
With my hair down, so. What shall we do tomorrow?
What shall we ever do?’
                                                  The hot water at ten.
And if it rains, a closed car at four.
And we shall play a game of chess,
Pressing lidless eyes and waiting for a knock upon the door.
    When Lil’s husband got demobbed, I said —
140 I didn’t mince my words, I said to her myself,

HURRY UP PLEASE ITS TIME
Now Albert’s coming back, make yourself a bit smart.
He’ll want to know what you done with that money he gave you
To get yourself some teeth. He did, I was there.
You have them all out, Lil, and get a nice set,
He said, I swear, I can’t bear to look at you.
And no more can’t I, I said, and think of poor Albert,
He’s been in the army four years, he wants a good time,
And if you don’t give it him, there’s others will, I said.
150 Oh is there, she said. Something o’ that, I said.

Then I’ll know who to thank, she said, and give me a straight look.
HURRY UP PLEASE ITS TIME
If you don’t like it you can get on with it, I said.
Others can pick and choose if you can’t.
But if Albert makes off, it won’t be for lack of telling.
You ought to be ashamed, I said, to look so antique.
(And her only thirty-one.)
I can’t help it, she said, pulling a long face,
It’s them pills I took, to bring it off, she said.
160 (She’s had five already, and nearly died of young George.)

The chemist said it would be all right, but I’ve never been the same.
You are a proper fool, I said.

Well, if Albert won’t leave you alone, there it is, I said,
What you get married for if you don’t want children?
HURRY UP PLEASE ITS TIME
Well, that Sunday Albert was home, they had a hot gammon,
And they asked me in to dinner, to get the beauty of it hot —
HURRY UP PLEASE ITS TIME
HURRY UP PLEASE ITS TIME
170 Goonight Bill. Goonight Lou. Goonight May. Goonight.

Ta ta. Goonight. Goonight.
Good night, ladies, good night, sweet ladies, good night, good night.

III. The Fire Sermon
    The river’s tent is broken; the last ringers of leaf
Clutch and sink into the wet bank. The wind
Crosses the brown land, unheard. The nymphs are departed.
Sweet Thames, run softly, till I end my song.
The river bears no empty bottles, sandwich papers,
Silk handkerchiefs, cardboard boxes, cigarette ends
Or other testimony of summer nights. The nymphs are departed.
180 And their friends, the loitering heirs of City directors;

Departed, have left no addresses.
By the waters of Leman I sat down and wept …
Sweet Thames, run softly till I end my song,
Sweet Thames, run softly, for I speak not loud or long.
But at my back in a cold blast I hear
The rattle of the bones, and chuckle spread from ear to ear.
A rat crept softly through the vegetation
Dragging its slimy belly on the bank
While I was fishing in the dull canal
190 On a winter evening round behind the gashouse

Musing upon the king my brother’s wreck
And on the king my father’s death before him.
White bodies naked on the low damp ground
And bones cast in a little low dry garret,
Rattled by the rat’s foot only, year to year.
But at my back from time to time I hear
The sound of horns and motors, which shall bring
Sweeney to Mrs. Porter in the spring.
O the moon shone bright on Mrs. Porter
200 And on her daughter

They wash their feet in soda water
Et O ces voix d’enfants, chantant dans la coupole!
Twit twit twit
Jug jug jug jug jug jug
So rudely forc’d.
Tereu
    Unreal City
Under the brown fog of a winter noon
Mr. Eugenides, the Smyrna merchant
210 Unshaven, with a pocket full of currants

C.i.f. London: documents at sight,
Asked me in demotic French
To luncheon at the Cannon Street Hotel
Followed by a weekend at the Metropole.
    At the violet hour, when the eyes and back
Turn upward from the desk, when the human engine waits
Like a taxi throbbing waiting,
I Tiresias, though blind, throbbing between two lives,
Old man with wrinkled female breasts, can see
220 At the violet hour, the evening hour that strives

Homeward, and brings the sailor home from sea,
The typist home at teatime, clears her breakfast, lights
Her stove, and lays out food in tins.
Out of the window perilously spread
Her drying combinations touched by the sun’s last rays,
On the divan are piled (at night her bed)
Stockings, slippers, camisoles, and stays.
I Tiresias, old man with wrinkled dugs
Perceived the scene, and foretold the rest —
230 I too awaited the expected guest.

He, the young man carbuncular, arrives,
A small house agent’s clerk, with one bold stare,
One of the low on whom assurance sits
As a silk hat on a Bradford millionaire.
The time is now propitious, as he guesses,
The meal is ended, she is bored and tired,
Endeavours to engage her in caresses
Which still are unreproved, if undesired.
Flushed and decided, he assaults at once;
240 Exploring hands encounter no defence;

His vanity requires no response,
And makes a welcome of indifference.
(And I Tiresias have foresuffered all
Enacted on this same divan or bed;
I who have sat by Thebes below the wall
And walked among the lowest of the dead.)
Bestows one final patronising kiss,
And gropes his way, finding the stairs unlit …
    She turns and looks a moment in the glass,
250 Hardly aware of her departed lover;

Her brain allows one half-formed thought to pass:
Well now that’s done: and I’m glad it’s over.’
When lovely woman stoops to folly and
Paces about her room again, alone,
She smooths her hair with automatic hand,
And puts a record on the gramophone.
    ‘This music crept by me upon the waters’
And along the Strand, up Queen Victoria Street.
O City city, I can sometimes hear
260 Beside a public bar in Lower Thames Street,

The pleasant whining of a mandoline
And a clatter and a chatter from within
Where fishmen lounge at noon: where the walls
Of Magnus Martyr hold
Inexplicable splendour of Ionian white and gold.
                    The river sweats
                    Oil and tar
                    The barges drift
                    With the turning tide
270                    Red sails

                    Wide
                    To leeward, swing on the heavy spar.
                    The barges wash
                    Drifting logs
                    Down Greenwich reach
                    Past the Isle of Dogs.
                                         Weialala leia
                                         Wallala leialala
                    Elizabeth and Leicester
280                    Beating oars

                    The stern was formed
                    A gilded shell
                    Red and gold
                    The brisk swell
                    Rippled both shores
                    Southwest wind
                    Carried down stream
                    The peal of bells
                    White towers
290                                         Weialala leia

                                         Wallala leialala
                    ‘Trams and dusty trees.
                    Highbury bore me. Richmond and Kew
                    Undid me. By Richmond I raised my knees
                    Supine on the floor of a narrow canoe.’
                    ‘My feet are at Moorgate, and my heart
                    Under my feet. After the event
                    He wept. He promised “a new start.”
                    I made no comment. What should I resent?’
300                    ‘On Margate Sands.

                    I can connect
                    Nothing with nothing.
                    The broken fingernails of dirty hands.
                    My people humble people who expect
                    Nothing.’
                                la la
                    To Carthage then I came
                    Burning burning burning burning
                    O Lord Thou pluckest me out
310                    O Lord Thou pluckest

                    burning

III. The Fire Sermon

III. The Fire Sermon
    The river’s tent is broken; the last ringers of leaf
Clutch and sink into the wet bank. The wind
Crosses the brown land, unheard. The nymphs are departed.
Sweet Thames, run softly, till I end my song.
The river bears no empty bottles, sandwich papers,
Silk handkerchiefs, cardboard boxes, cigarette ends
Or other testimony of summer nights. The nymphs are departed.
180 And their friends, the loitering heirs of City directors;

Departed, have left no addresses.
By the waters of Leman I sat down and wept …
Sweet Thames, run softly till I end my song,
Sweet Thames, run softly, for I speak not loud or long.
But at my back in a cold blast I hear
The rattle of the bones, and chuckle spread from ear to ear.
A rat crept softly through the vegetation
Dragging its slimy belly on the bank
While I was fishing in the dull canal
190 On a winter evening round behind the gashouse

Musing upon the king my brother’s wreck
And on the king my father’s death before him.
White bodies naked on the low damp ground
And bones cast in a little low dry garret,
Rattled by the rat’s foot only, year to year.
But at my back from time to time I hear
The sound of horns and motors, which shall bring
Sweeney to Mrs. Porter in the spring.
O the moon shone bright on Mrs. Porter
200 And on her daughter

They wash their feet in soda water
Et O ces voix d’enfants, chantant dans la coupole!
Twit twit twit
Jug jug jug jug jug jug
So rudely forc’d.
Tereu
    Unreal City
Under the brown fog of a winter noon
Mr. Eugenides, the Smyrna merchant
210 Unshaven, with a pocket full of currants

C.i.f. London: documents at sight,
Asked me in demotic French
To luncheon at the Cannon Street Hotel
Followed by a weekend at the Metropole.
    At the violet hour, when the eyes and back
Turn upward from the desk, when the human engine waits
Like a taxi throbbing waiting,
I Tiresias, though blind, throbbing between two lives,
Old man with wrinkled female breasts, can see
220 At the violet hour, the evening hour that strives

Homeward, and brings the sailor home from sea,
The typist home at teatime, clears her breakfast, lights
Her stove, and lays out food in tins.
Out of the window perilously spread
Her drying combinations touched by the sun’s last rays,
On the divan are piled (at night her bed)
Stockings, slippers, camisoles, and stays.
I Tiresias, old man with wrinkled dugs
Perceived the scene, and foretold the rest —
230 I too awaited the expected guest.

He, the young man carbuncular, arrives,
A small house agent’s clerk, with one bold stare,
One of the low on whom assurance sits
As a silk hat on a Bradford millionaire.
The time is now propitious, as he guesses,
The meal is ended, she is bored and tired,
Endeavours to engage her in caresses
Which still are unreproved, if undesired.
Flushed and decided, he assaults at once;
240 Exploring hands encounter no defence;

His vanity requires no response,
And makes a welcome of indifference.
(And I Tiresias have foresuffered all
Enacted on this same divan or bed;
I who have sat by Thebes below the wall
And walked among the lowest of the dead.)
Bestows one final patronising kiss,
And gropes his way, finding the stairs unlit …
    She turns and looks a moment in the glass,
250 Hardly aware of her departed lover;

Her brain allows one half-formed thought to pass:
Well now that’s done: and I’m glad it’s over.’
When lovely woman stoops to folly and
Paces about her room again, alone,
She smooths her hair with automatic hand,
And puts a record on the gramophone.
    ‘This music crept by me upon the waters’
And along the Strand, up Queen Victoria Street.
O City city, I can sometimes hear
260 Beside a public bar in Lower Thames Street,

The pleasant whining of a mandoline
And a clatter and a chatter from within
Where fishmen lounge at noon: where the walls
Of Magnus Martyr hold
Inexplicable splendour of Ionian white and gold.
                    The river sweats
                    Oil and tar
                    The barges drift
                    With the turning tide
270                    Red sails

                    Wide
                    To leeward, swing on the heavy spar.
                    The barges wash
                    Drifting logs
                    Down Greenwich reach
                    Past the Isle of Dogs.
                                         Weialala leia
                                         Wallala leialala
                    Elizabeth and Leicester
280                    Beating oars

                    The stern was formed
                    A gilded shell
                    Red and gold
                    The brisk swell
                    Rippled both shores
                    Southwest wind
                    Carried down stream
                    The peal of bells
                    White towers
290                                         Weialala leia

                                         Wallala leialala
                    ‘Trams and dusty trees.
                    Highbury bore me. Richmond and Kew
                    Undid me. By Richmond I raised my knees
                    Supine on the floor of a narrow canoe.’
                    ‘My feet are at Moorgate, and my heart
                    Under my feet. After the event
                    He wept. He promised “a new start.”
                    I made no comment. What should I resent?’
300                    ‘On Margate Sands.

                    I can connect
                    Nothing with nothing.
                    The broken fingernails of dirty hands.
                    My people humble people who expect
                    Nothing.’
                                la la
                    To Carthage then I came
                    Burning burning burning burning
                    O Lord Thou pluckest me out
310                    O Lord Thou pluckest

                    burning

IV. Death by Water
Phlebas the Phoenician, a fortnight dead,
Forgot the cry of gulls, and the deep sea swell
And the profit and loss.
                                               A current under sea
Picked his bones in whispers. As he rose and fell
He passed the stages of his age and youth
Entering the whirlpool.
                                               Gentile or Jew
320 O you who turn the wheel and look to windward,

Consider Phlebas, who was once handsome and tall as you.

IV. Death by Water

IV. Death by Water
Phlebas the Phoenician, a fortnight dead,
Forgot the cry of gulls, and the deep sea swell
And the profit and loss.
                                               A current under sea
Picked his bones in whispers. As he rose and fell
He passed the stages of his age and youth
Entering the whirlpool.
                                               Gentile or Jew
320 O you who turn the wheel and look to windward,

Consider Phlebas, who was once handsome and tall as you.

V. What the Thunder said
    After the torchlight red on sweaty faces
After the frosty silence in the gardens
After the agony in stony places
The shouting and the crying
Prison and palace and reverberation
Of thunder of spring over distant mountains
He who was living is now dead
We who were living are now dying
330 With a little patience

    Here is no water but only rock
Rock and no water and the sandy road
The road winding above among the mountains
Which are mountains of rock without water
If there were water we should stop and drink
Amongst the rock one cannot stop or think
Sweat is dry and feet are in the sand
If there were only water amongst the rock
Dead mountain mouth of carious teeth that cannot spit
340 Here one can neither stand nor lie nor sit

There is not even silence in the mountains
But dry sterile thunder without rain
There is not even solitude in the mountains
But red sullen faces sneer and snarl
From doors of mudcracked houses
                                                 If there were water
    And no rock
    If there were rock
    And also water
350    And water

    A spring
    A pool among the rock
    If there were the sound of water only
    Not the cicada
    And dry grass singing
    But sound of water over a rock
    Where the hermit-thrush sings in the pine trees
    Drip drop drip drop drop drop drop
    But there is no water
360    Who is the third who walks always beside you?

When I count, there are only you and I together
But when I look ahead up the white road
There is always another one walking beside you
Gliding wrapt in a brown mantle, hooded
I do not know whether a man or a woman
— But who is that on the other side of you?
    What is that sound high in the air
Murmur of maternal lamentation
Who are those hooded hordes swarming
370 Over endless plains, stumbling in cracked earth

Ringed by the flat horizon only
What is the city over the mountains
Cracks and reforms and bursts in the violet air
Falling towers
Jerusalem Athens Alexandria
Vienna London
Unreal
    A woman drew her long black hair out tight
And fiddled whisper music on those strings
380 And bats with baby faces in the violet light

Whistled, and beat their wings
And crawled head downward down a blackened wall
And upside down in air were towers
Tolling reminiscent bells, that kept the hours
And voices singing out of empty cisterns and exhausted wells.
    In this decayed hole among the mountains
In the faint moonlight, the grass is singing
Over the tumbled graves, about the chapel
There is the empty chapel, only the wind’s home.
390 It has no windows, and the door swings,

Dry bones can harm no one.
Only a cock stood on the rooftree
Co co rico co co rico
In a flash of lightning. Then a damp gust
Bringing rain
    Ganga was sunken, and the limp leaves
Waited for rain, while the black clouds
Gathered far distant, over Himavant.
The jungle crouched, humped in silence.
400 Then spoke the thunder

DA
Datta: what have we given?

My friend, blood shaking my heart
The awful daring of a moment’s surrender
Which an age of prudence can never retract
By this, and this only, we have existed
Which is not to be found in our obituaries
Or in memories draped by the beneficent spider
Or under seals broken by the lean solicitor
410 In our empty rooms

DA
Dayadhvam: I have heard the key

Turn in the door once and turn once only
We think of the key, each in his prison
Thinking of the key, each confirms a prison
Only at nightfall, aethereal rumours
Revive for a moment a broken Coriolanus
DA
Damyata: The boat responded

420 Gaily, to the hand expert with sail and oar

The sea was calm, your heart would have responded
Gaily, when invited, beating obedient
To controlling hands
                                               I sat upon the shore
Fishing, with the arid plain behind me
Shall I at least set my lands in order?
London Bridge is falling down falling down falling down
Poi s’ascose nel foco che gli affina
Quando fiam uti chelidon — O swallow swallow

430 Le Prince d’Aquitaine à la tour abolie

These fragments I have shored against my ruins
Why then Ile fit you. Hieronymo’s mad againe.
Datta. Dayadhvam. Damyata.
                    Shantih shantih shantih

V. What the Thunder Said

V. What the Thunder said
    After the torchlight red on sweaty faces
After the frosty silence in the gardens
After the agony in stony places
The shouting and the crying
Prison and palace and reverberation
Of thunder of spring over distant mountains
He who was living is now dead
We who were living are now dying
330 With a little patience

    Here is no water but only rock
Rock and no water and the sandy road
The road winding above among the mountains
Which are mountains of rock without water
If there were water we should stop and drink
Amongst the rock one cannot stop or think
Sweat is dry and feet are in the sand
If there were only water amongst the rock
Dead mountain mouth of carious teeth that cannot spit
340 Here one can neither stand nor lie nor sit

There is not even silence in the mountains
But dry sterile thunder without rain
There is not even solitude in the mountains
But red sullen faces sneer and snarl
From doors of mudcracked houses
                                                 If there were water
    And no rock
    If there were rock
    And also water
350    And water

    A spring
    A pool among the rock
    If there were the sound of water only
    Not the cicada
    And dry grass singing
    But sound of water over a rock
    Where the hermit-thrush sings in the pine trees
    Drip drop drip drop drop drop drop
    But there is no water
360    Who is the third who walks always beside you?

When I count, there are only you and I together
But when I look ahead up the white road
There is always another one walking beside you
Gliding wrapt in a brown mantle, hooded
I do not know whether a man or a woman
— But who is that on the other side of you?
    What is that sound high in the air
Murmur of maternal lamentation
Who are those hooded hordes swarming
370 Over endless plains, stumbling in cracked earth

Ringed by the flat horizon only
What is the city over the mountains
Cracks and reforms and bursts in the violet air
Falling towers
Jerusalem Athens Alexandria
Vienna London
Unreal
    A woman drew her long black hair out tight
And fiddled whisper music on those strings
380 And bats with baby faces in the violet light

Whistled, and beat their wings
And crawled head downward down a blackened wall
And upside down in air were towers
Tolling reminiscent bells, that kept the hours
And voices singing out of empty cisterns and exhausted wells.
    In this decayed hole among the mountains
In the faint moonlight, the grass is singing
Over the tumbled graves, about the chapel
There is the empty chapel, only the wind’s home.
390 It has no windows, and the door swings,

Dry bones can harm no one.
Only a cock stood on the rooftree
Co co rico co co rico
In a flash of lightning. Then a damp gust
Bringing rain
    Ganga was sunken, and the limp leaves
Waited for rain, while the black clouds
Gathered far distant, over Himavant.
The jungle crouched, humped in silence.
400 Then spoke the thunder

DA
Datta: what have we given?

My friend, blood shaking my heart
The awful daring of a moment’s surrender
Which an age of prudence can never retract
By this, and this only, we have existed
Which is not to be found in our obituaries
Or in memories draped by the beneficent spider
Or under seals broken by the lean solicitor
410 In our empty rooms

DA
Dayadhvam: I have heard the key

Turn in the door once and turn once only
We think of the key, each in his prison
Thinking of the key, each confirms a prison
Only at nightfall, aethereal rumours
Revive for a moment a broken Coriolanus
DA
Damyata: The boat responded

420 Gaily, to the hand expert with sail and oar

The sea was calm, your heart would have responded
Gaily, when invited, beating obedient
To controlling hands
                                               I sat upon the shore
Fishing, with the arid plain behind me
Shall I at least set my lands in order?
London Bridge is falling down falling down falling down
Poi s’ascose nel foco che gli affina
Quando fiam uti chelidon — O swallow swallow

430 Le Prince d’Aquitaine à la tour abolie

These fragments I have shored against my ruins
Why then Ile fit you. Hieronymo’s mad againe.
Datta. Dayadhvam. Damyata.
                    Shantih shantih shantih

Notes on the Waste Land
Not only the title, but the plan and a good deal of the incidental symbolism of the poem were suggested by Miss Jessie L. Weston’s book on the Grail legend: From Ritual to Romance (Cambridge). Indeed, so deeply am I indebted. Miss Weston’s book will elucidate the difficulties of the poem much better than my notes can do; and I recommend it (apart from the great interest of the book itself) to any who think such elucidation of the poem worth the trouble. To another work of anthropology I am indebted in general, one which has influenced our generation profoundly; I mean The Golden Bough; I have used especially the two volumes Adonis, Attis, Osiris. Anyone who is acquainted with these works will immediately recognise in the poem certain references to vegetation ceremonies.

I. THE BURIAL OF THE DEAD
Line 20. Cf. Ezekiel II, i.
23. Cf. Ecclesiastes XII, v. 31. V. Tristan und Isolde, I, verses 5–8. 42. Id. III, verse 24. 46. I am not familiar with the exact constitution of the Tarot pack of cards, from which I have obviously departed to suit my own convenience. The Hanged Man, a member of the traditional pack, fits my purpose in two ways: because he is associated in my mind with the Hanged God of Frazer, and because I associate him with the hooded figure in the passage of the disciples of Emmaus in Part V. The Phoenician Sailor and the Merchant appear later; also the ‘crowds of people’, and Death by Water is executed in Part IV. The Man with Three Staves (an authentic member of the Tarot pack) I associate, quite arbitrarily, with the Fisher King himself.

  1. Cf. Baudelaire: ‘Fourmillante cité, cité pleine de rêves,
    ‘Où le spectre en plein jour raccroche le passant.’
  2. Cf. Inferno III, 55–57:                                                             si lunga tratta
                             di gente, ch’io non avrei mai creduto
                             che morte tanta n’avesse disfatta.
  3. Cf. Inferno IV, 25–27:                          Quivi, secondo che per ascoltare,
                             non avea pianto ma’ che di sospiri
                             che l’aura eterna facevan tremare.
  4. A phenomenon which I have often noticed.
  5. Cf. the Dirge in Wesbster’s White Devil.
  6. V. Baudelaire, Preface to Fleurs du Mal.

II. A GAME OF CHESS
77. Cf. Antony and Cleopatra, II, ii, l. 190.

  1. Laquearia. V. Aeneid, I, 726:

      dependent lychni laquearibus aureis
      incensi, et noctem flammis funalia vincunt.
98. Sylvan scene. V. Milton, Paradise Lost, IV, 140.

  1. V. Ovid, Metamorphoses, VI, Philomela.

  2. Cf. Part III, l. 204.

  3. Cf. Part III, l. 195.

  4. Cf. Webster: ‘Is the wind in that door still?’

  5. Cf. Part I, l. 37, 48.

  6. Cf. the game of chess in Middleton’s Women beware Women. III. THE FIRE SERMON

  7. V. Spenser, Prothalamion.

  8. Cf. The Tempest, I, ii.

  9. Cf. Marvell, To His Coy Mistress.

  10. Cf. Day, Parliament of Bees:                ‘When of the sudden, listening, you shall hear,
                   ‘A noise of horns and hunting, which shall bring
                   ‘Actaeon to Diana in the spring,
                   ‘Where all shall see her naked skin …’

  11. I do not know the origin of the ballad from which these lines are taken: it was reported to me from Sydney, Australia.

  12. V. Verlaine, Parsifal.

  13. The currants were quoted at a price ‘cost insurance and freight to London’; and the Bill of Lading, etc., were to be handed to the buyer upon payment of the sight draft.

  14. Tiresias, although a mere spectator and not indeed a ‘character’, is yet the most important personage in the poem, uniting all the rest. Just as the one-eyed merchant, seller of currants, melts into the Phoenician Sailor, and the latter is not wholly distinct from Ferdinand Prince of Naples, so all the women are one woman, and the two sexes meet in Tiresias. What Tiresias sees, in fact, is the substance of the poem. The whole passage from Ovid is of great anthropological interest:

… Cum Iunone iocos et ‘maior vestra profecto est
Quam quae contingit maribus’, dixisse, ‘voluptas.’
Illa negat; placuit quae sit sententia docti
Quaerere Tiresiae; Venus huic erat utraque nota.
Nam duo magnorum viridi coeuntia silva
Corpora serpentum baculi violaverat ictu
Deque viro factus, mirabile, femina septem
Egerat autumnos; octavo rursus eosdem
Vidit et ‘est vestrae si tanta potentia plagae’,
Dixit ‘ut auctoris sortem in contraria mutet,
Nunc quoque vos feriam!’ percussis anguibus isdem
Forma prior rediit genetivaque venit imago.
Arbiter hic igitur sumptus de lite iocosa
Dicta Iovis firmat; gravius Saturnia iusto
Nec pro materia fertur doluisse suique
Iudicis aeterna damnavit lumina nocte,
At pater omnipotens (neque enim licet inrita cuiquam
Facta dei fecisse deo) pro lumine adempto
Scire futura dedit poenamque levavit honore.
221. This may not appear as exact as Sappho’s lines, but I had in mind the ‘longshore’ or ‘dory’ fisherman, who returns at nightfall.

  1. V. Goldsmith, the song in The Vicar of Wakefield.

  2. V. The Tempest, as above.

  3. The interior of St. Magnus Martyr is to my mind one of the finest among Wren’s interiors. See The Proposed Demolition of Nineteen City Churches: (P. S. King & Son, Ltd.).

  4. The Song of the (three) Thames-daughters begins here. From line 292 to 306 inclusive they speak in turn. V. Götterdämmerung, III, i: the Rhine-daughters.

  5. V. Froude, Elizabeth, Vol. I, ch. iv, letter of De Quadra to Philip of Spain:

‘In the afternoon we were in a barge, watching the games on the river. (The Queen) was alone with Lord Robert and myself on the poop, when they began to talk nonsense, and went so far that Lord Robert at last said, as I was on the spot there was no reason why they should not be married if the queen pleased.’

  1. Cf. Purgatorio, V. 133:

                        ‘Ricorditi di me, che son la Pia;
                        ‘Siena mi fé, disfecemi Maremma.’
307. V. St. Augustine’s Confessions: ‘to Carthage then I came, where a cauldron of unholy loves sang all about mine ears.’

  1. The complete text of the Buddha’s Fire Sermon (which corresponds in importance to the Sermon on the Mount) from which these words are taken, will be found translated in the late Henry Clarke Warren’s Buddhism in Translation (Harvard Oriental Series). Mr. Warren was one of the great pioneers of Buddhist studies in the Occident.

  2. From St. Augustine’s Confessions again. The collocation of these two representatives of eastern and western asceticism, as the culmination of this part of the poem, is not an accident.

V. WHAT THE THUNDER SAID
In the first part of Part V three themes are employed: the journey to Emmaus, the approach to the Chapel Perilous (see Miss Weston’s book) and the present decay of eastern Europe.

  1. This is Turdus aonalaschkae pallasii, the hermit-thrush which I have heard in Quebec Province. Chapman says (Handbook of Birds of Eastern North America) ‘it is most at home in secluded woodland and thickety retreats…. Its notes are not remarkable for variety or volume, but in purity and sweetness of tone and exquisite modulation they are unequalled.’ Its ‘water-dripping song’ is justly celebrated.

  2. The following lines were stimulated by the account of one of the Antarctic expeditions (I forget which, but I think one of Shackleton’s): it was related that the party of explorers, at the extremity of their strength, had the constant delusion that there was one more member than could actually be counted.

366–76. Cf. Hermann Hesse, Blick ins Chaos: ‘Schon ist halb Europa, schon ist zumindest der halbe Osten Europas auf dem Wege zum Chaos, fährt betrunken im heiligen Wahn am Abgrund entlang und singt dazu, singt betrunken und hymnisch wie Dmitri Karamasoff sang. Ueber diese Lieder lacht der Bürger beleidigt, der Heilige und Seher hört sie mit Tränen.’
401. ‘Datta, dayadhvam, damyata’ (Give, sympathise, control). The fable of the meaning of the Thunder is found in the Brihadaranyaka — Upanishad, 5, 1. A translation is found in Deussen’s Sechzig Upanishads des Veda, p. 489.

  1. Cf. Webster, The White Devil, V, vi:

‘… they’ll remarry
Ere the worm pierce your winding-sheet, ere the spider
Make a thin curtain for your epitaphs.’
411. Cf. Inferno, XXXIII, 46:

                        ‘ed io senti chiavar l’uscio di sotto
                        all’ orribile torre.’
Also F. H. Bradley, Appearance and Reality, p. 306. ‘My external sensations are no less private to my self than are my thoughts or my feelings. In either case my experience falls within my own circle, a circle closed on the outside; and, with all its elements alike, every sphere is opaque to the others which surround it…. In brief, regarded as an existence which appears in a soul, the whole world for each is peculiar and private to that soul.’

  1. V. Weston: From Ritual to Romance; chapter on the Fisher King.

  2. V. Purgatorio, XXVI, 148.

                          ‘“Ara vos prec per aquella valor
                           “que vos guida al som de l’escalina,
                           “sovenha vos a temps de ma dolor.”
                            Poi s’ascose nel foco che li affina.’
428. V. Pervigilium Veneris. Cf. Philomela in Parts II and III.

  1. V. Gerard de Nerval, Sonnet El Desdichado.
  2. V. Kyd’s Spanish Tragedy.
  3. Shantih. Repeated as here, a formal ending to an Upanishad. ‘The Peace which passeth understanding’ is our equivalent to this word.

I. La sepoltura dei morti
    Aprile è il più crudele dei mesi, genera
Lillà dalla terra morta, mescola
Memoria e desiderio, smuove
Le radici sopite con pioggia di primavera.
L’inverno ci tenne caldi, coprendo
La terra d’immemore neve, nutrendo
Un poco di vita con tuberi secchi.
L’estate ci sorprese, giungendo sullo Starnbergersee
Con uno scroscio di pioggia; ci fermammo sotto il colonnato,
E proseguimmo nel sole, dentro l’Hofgarten,

E bevemmo caffè, e parlammo per un’ora.
Bin gar keine Russin, stamm’ aus Litauen, echt deutsch.
E quando eravamo bambini, ospiti dall’arciduca,
Mio cugino, mi portò fuori su una slitta.
E io avevo paura. Disse, Marie,
Marie, tieniti forte. E giù andammo.
Sulle montagne, là ci si sente liberi.
Leggo, gran parte della notte, e d’inverno vado a sud.
    Quali radici s’aggrappano, quali rami crescono
Da questa petrosa spazzatura? Figlio dell’uomo,

Tu non puoi dire, né indovinare, ché conosci soltanto
Un cumulo d’immagini spezzate, dove batte il sole,
E l’albero morto non dà riparo, il grillo nessun sollievo,
E la pietra secca nessun suono d’acqua. Soltanto
C’è ombra sotto questa rossa roccia,
(Vieni all’ombra di questa rossa roccia),
E io ti mostrerò qualcosa di diverso tanto dalla
Tua ombra che al mattino ti incalza alle spalle
Quanto dalla tua ombra che a sera si leva a incontrarti;
Ti mostrerò la paura in una manciata di polvere.

Frisch weht der Wind
Der Heimat zu
Mein Irisch Kind
Wo weilest du?
‘Mi desti giacinti la prima volta un anno fa;
‘Mi chiamavano la ragazza dei giacinti.’
— Eppure quando tornammo, tardi, dal giardino dei giacinti,
Le tue braccia colme, e i capelli bagnati, io non potevo
Parlare, e mi vennero meno gli occhi, non ero né
Vivo né morto, e non sapevo nulla,

Guardando nel cuore della luce, il silenzio.
Oed’ und leer das Meer.

    Madame Sosostris, celebre chiaroveggente,
Aveva un brutto raffreddore, ciò nondimeno
È nota come la donna più saggia d’Europa,
Con un malefico mazzo di carte. Ecco, disse,
La tua carta, il Marinaio Fenicio annegato,
(Quelle perle furono i suoi occhi. Guarda!)
Ecco Belladonna, la Signora delle Rocce,
La signora delle situazioni.

Ecco l’uomo con tre bastoni, ed ecco la Ruota,
Ed ecco il mercante con un occhio solo, e questa carta,
Che è bianca, è qualcosa che egli porta sul dorso,
Che a me è vietato vedere. Non trovo
L’Impiccato. Temi la morte per acqua.
Vedo folle di gente, che cammina in cerchio.
Grazie. Se vede la cara signora Equitone,
Le dica che l’oroscopo lo porto io stessa:
Di questi tempi bisogna essere così prudenti.
    Città irreale,

Sotto la bruna nebbia di un’invernale alba,
Una folla fluiva sul ponte di Londra, così tanti,
Non avrei creduto che la morte ne avesse disfatti così tanti.
Sospiri, brevi e radi, si esalavano,
E ciascuno teneva gli occhi fissi davanti ai piedi.
Fluivano su per la collina e giù per King William Street,
Fin dove Saint Mary Woolnoth scandiva le ore
Con un suono spento all’ultimo rintocco delle nove.
Là vidi uno che conoscevo, e lo fermai, gridando: ‘Stetson!
‘Tu che eri con me sulle navi a Milazzo!
‘Quel cadavere che l’anno scorso piantasti nel tuo giardino,
‘Ha cominciato a germogliare? Fiorirà quest’anno?
‘O l’improvviso gelo ne ha turbato l’aiuola?
‘Oh tieni lontano di qui il Cane, che è amico degli uomini,
‘O con le unghie tornerà a dissotterrarlo!
‘You! hypocrite lecteur! — mon semblable, — mon frère!’

II. Una partita a scacchi
    La Sedia su cui sedeva, come un trono brunito,
Splendeva sul marmo, dove lo specchio
Retto da sostegni lavorati a viti fruttate
Da cui faceva capolino un Cupido d’oro

(Un altro nascondeva gli occhi dietro l’ala)
Raddoppiava le fiamme del candelabro a sette braccia
Riflettendo luce sulla tavola mentre
Il luccichio dei suoi gioielli saliva a incontrarla,
Versati da astucci di raso in ricca profusione.
In fiale d’avorio e di vetro colorato
Stappate, si annidavano i suoi strani profumi sintetici,
Unguento, polvere o liquido — turbavano, confondevano
E annegavano il senso negli odori; mossi dall’aria
Che rinfrescava dalla finestra, questi salivano

A ingrassare le prolungate fiamme delle candele,
Gettavano il loro fumo nei laquearia,
Agitando il disegno sul soffitto a cassettoni.
Enorme legname di mare nutrito di rame
Ardeva verde e arancio, incorniciato dalla pietra colorata,
In quella triste luce nuotava un delfino scolpito.
Sopra l’antica mensola del camino era esposto
Come se una finestra desse sulla scena silvana
Il mutamento di Filomela, dal barbaro re
Così brutalmente violata; eppure là l’usignolo

Riempiva tutto il deserto di voce inviolabile
E ancora ella gridava, e ancora il mondo insegue,
‘Giug Giug’ a orecchie sporche.
E altri aridi monconi di tempo
Erano narrati sulle pareti; forme fisse
Si sporgevano, sporgendosi, zittendo la stanza chiusa.
Passi strascicarono sulle scale.
Alla luce del fuoco, sotto la spazzola, i suoi capelli
Si spandevano in punte di fuoco
Ardevano in parole, poi sarebbero stati selvaggiamente immobili.

    ‘Ho i nervi a pezzi stanotte. Sì, a pezzi. Resta con me.
    Parlami. Perché non parli mai? Parla.
        A cosa pensi? Che pensi? Che?
    Non so mai cosa pensi. Pensa.’
    Penso che siamo nel vicolo dei topi
Dove i morti perdettero le ossa.
    ‘Cos’è quel rumore?’
                                Il vento sotto la porta.
‘E ora cos’è quel rumore? Cosa fa il vento?’
                                Nulla ancora nulla.

                                                                                    ‘Non
‘Sai nulla? Non vedi nulla? Non ricordi
Nulla?’
       Ricordo
Quelle perle furono i suoi occhi.
‘Sei vivo, o no? Non hai nulla in testa?’
                                                                                    Ma
O O O O quel Rag Shakespeeriano —
È così elegante
Così intelligente

‘Che farò ora? Che farò?
Correrò fuori così come sono, e camminerò per la strada
Coi capelli sciolti, così. Che faremo domani?
Che faremo mai?’
                                                  L’acqua calda alle dieci.
E se piove, un’auto chiusa alle quattro.
E giocheremo una partita a scacchi,
Premendo occhi senza palpebre e aspettando un bussare alla porta.
    Quando il marito di Lil fu congedato, dissi —
Non le mandai a dire, gliel’ho detto io stessa,

FATE PRESTO PER FAVORE È ORA
Ora Albert torna, fatti un po’ carina.
Vorrà sapere che ne hai fatto di quei soldi che t’ha dato
Per farti i denti. È vero, c’ero io.
Fatteli togliere tutti, Lil, e mettitene una bella fila,
Disse, giuro, non ti so più guardare.
E manco io, dissi, e pensa al povero Albert,
È stato nell’esercito quattro anni, vuole godersi un po’ di tempo,
E se non glielo dai tu, ci sono altre che lo faranno, dissi.
Ah sì, disse. Qualcosa del genere, dissi.

Allora saprò chi ringraziare, disse, e mi guardò dritto in faccia.
FATE PRESTO PER FAVORE È ORA
Se non ti va, arrangiati, dissi.
Altre possono scegliere, se tu non puoi.
Ma se Albert se ne va, non sarà per non essere stata avvertita.
Dovresti vergognarti, dissi, a sembrare così anticaglia.
(E lei ha solo trentun anni.)
Non ci posso far niente, disse, facendo il muso lungo,
Son quelle pillole che ho preso, per mandarlo via, disse.
(Ne ha già avuti cinque, e per il piccolo George c’è quasi rimasta.)

Il farmacista disse che sarebbe andato tutto bene, ma non sono più stata la stessa.
Sei proprio una sciocca, dissi.

Beh, se Albert non ti lascia sola, è così, dissi,
Per cosa ti sei sposata se non vuoi figli?
FATE PRESTO PER FAVORE È ORA
Beh, quella domenica Albert era a casa, avevano un prosciutto caldo,
E mi invitarono a cena, per godermene la bellezza calda —
FATE PRESTO PER FAVORE È ORA
FATE PRESTO PER FAVORE È ORA
Bonanotte Bill. Bonanotte Lou. Bonanotte May. Bonanotte.

Ta ta. Bonanotte. Bonanotte.
Buona notte, signore, buona notte, dolci signore, buona notte, buona notte.

III. Il sermone del fuoco
    La tenda del fiume è rotta; le ultime dita di foglia
S’aggrappano e affondano nella riva bagnata. Il vento
Attraversa la terra bruna, inudito. Le ninfe sono partite.
Dolce Tamigi, scorri piano, finché non finisca il mio canto.
Il fiume non porta bottiglie vuote, carte da panini,
Fazzoletti di seta, scatole di cartone, mozziconi di sigaretta
O altra testimonianza di notti d’estate. Le ninfe sono partite.
E i loro amici, gli oziosi eredi dei direttori della City;

Partiti, non hanno lasciato indirizzi.
Presso le acque del Lemano mi sedetti e piansi …
Dolce Tamigi, scorri piano finché non finisca il mio canto,
Dolce Tamigi, scorri piano, ché non parlo forte né a lungo.
Ma alle mie spalle in una fredda raffica odo
Lo sferragliare delle ossa, e un ghigno steso da orecchio a orecchio.
Un ratto strisciò piano tra la vegetazione
Trascinando il ventre viscido sulla riva
Mentre pescavo nel canale opaco
In una sera d’inverno dietro il gasometro

Meditando sul naufragio del re mio fratello
E sul re mio padre, morto prima di lui.
Bianchi corpi nudi sul basso suolo umido
E ossa gettate in un piccolo basso solaio asciutto,
Scosse solo dalla zampa del ratto, anno dopo anno.
Ma alle mie spalle di tempo in tempo odo
Il suono di clacson e motori, che porteranno
Sweeney dalla signora Porter in primavera.
Oh la luna splendeva chiara sulla signora Porter
E su sua figlia

Si lavano i piedi in acqua di seltz
Et O ces voix d’enfants, chantant dans la coupole!
Twit twit twit
Giug giug giug giug giug giug
Così brutalmente violata.
Tereu
    Città irreale
Sotto la bruna nebbia di un invernale mezzogiorno
Il signor Eugenides, il mercante di Smirne
Non rasato, con una tasca piena d’uva passa

C.i.f. Londra: documenti a vista,
Mi invitò in francese demotico
A colazione al Cannon Street Hotel
Seguita da un fine settimana al Metropole.
    All’ora viola, quando gli occhi e la schiena
Si levano dalla scrivania, quando il motore umano attende
Come un taxi che palpita in attesa,
Io Tiresia, benché cieco, palpitando fra due vite,
Vecchio con grinzose mammelle femminili, posso vedere
All’ora viola, l’ora della sera che si sforza

Verso casa, e riporta il marinaio a casa dal mare,
La dattilografa a casa all’ora del tè, sparecchia la colazione, accende
La stufa, e dispone cibo in scatola.
Fuori dalla finestra pericolosamente stese
Le sue combinazioni ad asciugare toccate dagli ultimi raggi del sole,
Sul divano stanno ammucchiati (di notte il suo letto)
Calze, pantofole, camiciole e busti.
Io Tiresia, vecchio dalle poppe grinzose
Colsi la scena, e predissi il resto —
Anch’io attendevo l’ospite atteso.

Egli, il giovanotto foruncoloso, arriva,
Impiegato di un piccolo agente di case, con uno sguardo sfrontato,
Uno degli infimi su cui la sicurezza sta
Come un cilindro di seta su un milionario di Bradford.
Il momento è ora propizio, come indovina,
Il pasto è finito, lei è annoiata e stanca,
Si adopera a impegnarla in carezze
Che pure non sono rimproverate, se non desiderate.
Acceso e deciso, assale all’istante;
Mani esploranti non incontrano difesa;

La sua vanità non richiede risposta,
E fa dell’indifferenza un benvenuto.
(E io Tiresia ho presofferto tutto
Ciò che si recita su questo stesso divano o letto;
Io che sedetti a Tebe sotto le mura
E camminai fra i più infimi dei morti.)
Elargisce un ultimo bacio condiscendente,
E va a tentoni, trovando le scale non illuminate …
    Lei si volta e si guarda un momento allo specchio,
Appena consapevole dell’amante partito;

Il suo cervello lascia passare un pensiero mezzo formato:
Beh ora è fatta: e sono contenta che sia finita.’
Quando amabile donna cede alla follia e
Torna a misurare la sua stanza, sola,
Si liscia i capelli con mano automatica,
E mette un disco sul grammofono.
    ‘Questa musica mi strisciò accanto sulle acque’
E lungo lo Strand, su per Queen Victoria Street.
O City città, talvolta posso udire
Accanto a un bar in Lower Thames Street,

Il gradevole gemito di un mandolino
E un acciottolio e un chiacchiericcio da dentro
Dove i pescivendoli oziano a mezzogiorno: dove le mura
Di Magnus Martyr custodiscono
Inesplicabile splendore di bianco e oro ionico.
                    Il fiume suda
                    Olio e catrame
                    Le chiatte vanno alla deriva
                    Con la marea che gira
                    Vele rosse

                    Ampie
                    Sottovento, girano sul pesante pennone.
                    Le chiatte lavano
                    Tronchi alla deriva
                    Giù per il tratto di Greenwich
                    Oltre l’Isle of Dogs.
                                         Weialala leia
                                         Wallala leialala
                    Elisabetta e Leicester
                    Remi battenti

                    La poppa era formata
                    Una conchiglia dorata
                    Rossa e oro
                    L’onda vivace
                    Increspava entrambe le rive
                    Vento di libeccio
                    Portava a valle
                    Lo scampanio delle campane
                    Bianche torri
                                         Weialala leia

                                         Wallala leialala
                    ‘Tram e alberi polverosi.
                    Highbury mi generò. Richmond e Kew
                    Mi disfecero. A Richmond alzai le ginocchia
                    Supina sul fondo di una stretta canoa.’
                    ‘I miei piedi sono a Moorgate, e il mio cuore
                    Sotto i miei piedi. Dopo il fatto
                    Egli pianse. Promise “un nuovo inizio.”
                    Non feci commenti. Di che dovrei risentirmi?’
                    ‘Sulle sabbie di Margate.

                    Posso collegare
                    Nulla con nulla.
                    Le unghie spezzate di mani sporche.
                    La mia gente gente umile che non si aspetta
                    Nulla.’
                                la la
                    A Cartagine allora venni
                    Bruciando bruciando bruciando bruciando
                    O Signore Tu mi strappi fuori
                    O Signore Tu strappi

                    bruciando

IV. Morte per acqua
Phlebas il Fenicio, morto da quindici giorni,
Dimenticò il grido dei gabbiani, e l’onda lunga del mare profondo
E il profitto e la perdita.
                                               Una corrente sottomarina
Ne spolpò le ossa a bisbigli. Mentre saliva e ricadeva
Ripassò le tappe della sua età e giovinezza
Entrando nel gorgo.
                                               Gentile o Giudeo
O tu che giri la ruota e guardi al vento,

Considera Phlebas, che un tempo fu bello e alto come te.

V. Ciò che disse il tuono
    Dopo la luce rossa delle torce su volti sudati
Dopo il gelido silenzio nei giardini
Dopo l’agonia in luoghi di pietra
Le grida e il pianto
Prigione e palazzo e riverbero
Di tuono di primavera su montagne lontane
Colui che era vivo ora è morto
Noi che eravamo vivi ora stiamo morendo
Con un poco di pazienza

    Qui non c’è acqua ma soltanto roccia
Roccia e niente acqua e la strada sabbiosa
La strada che serpeggia lassù fra le montagne
Che sono montagne di roccia senza acqua
Se ci fosse acqua ci fermeremmo a bere
Fra la roccia non ci si può fermare né pensare
Il sudore è secco e i piedi sono nella sabbia
Se solo ci fosse acqua fra la roccia
Morta bocca di montagna di denti cariati che non sa sputare
Qui non ci si può reggere né coricare né sedere

Non c’è nemmeno silenzio fra le montagne
Ma tuono secco sterile senza pioggia
Non c’è nemmeno solitudine fra le montagne
Ma rossi volti imbronciati sogghignano e ringhiano
Da porte di case di fango screpolato
                                                 Se ci fosse acqua
    E non roccia
    Se ci fosse roccia
    E anche acqua
    E acqua

    Una sorgente
    Una pozza fra la roccia
    Se ci fosse soltanto il suono dell’acqua
    Non la cicala
    E l’erba secca che canta
    Ma suono d’acqua sopra una roccia
    Dove il tordo eremita canta fra i pini
    Plic ploc plic ploc ploc ploc ploc
    Ma non c’è acqua
   Chi è il terzo che cammina sempre al tuo fianco?

Quando conto, ci siamo solo io e te insieme
Ma quando guardo avanti su per la bianca strada
C’è sempre un altro che cammina al tuo fianco
Scivolando avvolto in un mantello bruno, incappucciato
Non so se sia un uomo o una donna
— Ma chi è quello dall’altro tuo lato?
    Che suono è quello alto nell’aria
Mormorio di materno lamento
Chi sono quelle orde incappucciate che brulicano
Su pianure infinite, inciampando nella terra screpolata

Cerchiate soltanto dal piatto orizzonte
Qual è la città oltre le montagne
Si spacca e si riforma e scoppia nell’aria viola
Torri che cadono
Gerusalemme Atene Alessandria
Vienna Londra
Irreali
    Una donna si tese lunghi i neri capelli
E su quelle corde suonò una musica di bisbigli
E pipistrelli con facce di bambino nella luce viola

Fischiavano, e battevano le ali
E strisciavano a testa in giù giù per un muro annerito
E capovolte nell’aria stavano torri
Che rintoccavano campane memori, e scandivano le ore
E voci che cantavano da cisterne vuote e pozzi esausti.
    In questo buco decaduto fra le montagne
Nel fioco chiaro di luna, l’erba canta
Sulle tombe rovesciate, intorno alla cappella
C’è la cappella vuota, solo del vento la casa.
Non ha finestre, e la porta sbatte,

Ossa secche non possono nuocere a nessuno.
Solo un gallo stava sul colmo del tetto
Co co rico co co rico
In un lampo di folgore. Poi una raffica umida
Che portava pioggia
    Ganga era in secca, e le molli foglie
Attendevano la pioggia, mentre le nere nubi
Si raccoglievano lontane, sopra l’Himavant.
La giungla stava acquattata, ingobbita nel silenzio.
Poi parlò il tuono

DA
Datta: che cosa abbiamo dato?

Amico mio, sangue che scuote il mio cuore
L’orribile audacia d’una resa d’un momento
Che un’età di prudenza non potrà mai ritrattare
Per questo, e solo per questo, siamo esistiti
Che non si troverà nei nostri necrologi
Né in memorie drappeggiate dal ragno benefico
Né sotto sigilli spezzati dal magro notaio
Nelle nostre stanze vuote

DA
Dayadhvam: ho udito la chiave

Girare nella porta una volta e una volta soltanto
Pensiamo alla chiave, ciascuno nella sua prigione
Pensando alla chiave, ciascuno conferma una prigione
Solo al calar della notte, eteree dicerie
Ravvivano per un momento un Coriolano infranto
DA
Damyata: la barca rispose

Lietamente, alla mano esperta di vela e di remo

Il mare era calmo, il tuo cuore avrebbe risposto
Lietamente, se invitato, battendo obbediente
A mani che governano
                                               Sedevo sulla riva
A pescare, con l’arida pianura alle spalle
Metterò almeno in ordine le mie terre?
Il ponte di Londra sta cadendo giù cadendo giù cadendo giù
Poi s’ascose nel foco che gli affina
Quando fiam uti chelidon — O rondine rondine

Le Prince d’Aquitaine à la tour abolie

Questi frammenti ho puntellato contro le mie rovine
Ebbene, allora vi accontenterò. Ieronimo è pazzo di nuovo.
Datta. Dayadhvam. Damyata.
                    Shantih shantih shantih

Note alla terra desolata
Non solo il titolo, ma anche l’impianto e buona parte del simbolismo incidentale del poema mi furono suggeriti dal libro di Miss Jessie L. Weston sulla leggenda del Graal: From Ritual to Romance (Cambridge). Davvero, tanto profondo è il mio debito. Il libro di Miss Weston chiarirà le difficoltà del poema assai meglio di quanto possano fare le mie note; e lo raccomando (a prescindere dal grande interesse del libro in sé) a chiunque ritenga che tale chiarimento del poema valga la pena. A un’altra opera di antropologia sono debitore in generale, opera che ha influenzato profondamente la nostra generazione; intendo The Golden Bough; mi sono servito soprattutto dei due volumi Adonis, Attis, Osiris. Chiunque conosca queste opere riconoscerà subito nel poema certi riferimenti a cerimonie della vegetazione.

I. LA SEPOLTURA DEI MORTI
Verso 20. Cfr. Ezechiele II, i.
23. Cfr. Ecclesiaste XII, v.
31. V. Tristan und Isolde, I, versi 5–8.
42. Id. III, verso 24.
46. Non conosco l’esatta composizione del mazzo dei Tarocchi, dalla quale mi sono evidentemente allontanato per mia comodità. L’Impiccato, membro del mazzo tradizionale, fa al caso mio in due modi: perché nella mia mente è associato al Dio Impiccato di Frazer, e perché lo associo alla figura incappucciata nel passo dei discepoli di Emmaus nella Parte V. Il Marinaio Fenicio e il Mercante compaiono più avanti; e così le ‘folle di gente’, e la Morte per acqua si compie nella Parte IV. L’Uomo con Tre Bastoni (autentico membro del mazzo dei Tarocchi) lo associo, del tutto arbitrariamente, allo stesso Re Pescatore.

  1. Cfr. Baudelaire:
    ‘Fourmillante cité, cité pleine de rêves,
    ‘Où le spectre en plein jour raccroche le passant.’
  2. Cfr. Inferno III, 55–57:
                                                                si lunga tratta
                             di gente, ch’io non avrei mai creduto
                             che morte tanta n’avesse disfatta.
  3. Cfr. Inferno IV, 25–27:
                             Quivi, secondo che per ascoltare,
                             non avea pianto ma’ che di sospiri
                             che l’aura eterna facevan tremare.
  4. Fenomeno che ho spesso notato.
  5. Cfr. il Canto funebre nel White Devil di Webster.
  6. V. Baudelaire, Prefazione a Fleurs du Mal.

II. UNA PARTITA A SCACCHI
77. Cfr. Antonio e Cleopatra, II, ii, v. 190.

  1. Laquearia. V. Eneide, I, 726:

      dependent lychni laquearibus aureis
      incensi, et noctem flammis funalia vincunt.
98. Scena silvana. V. Milton, Paradiso perduto, IV, 140.

  1. V. Ovidio, Metamorfosi, VI, Filomela.

  2. Cfr. Parte III, v. 204.

  3. Cfr. Parte III, v. 195.

  4. Cfr. Webster: ‘Il vento è ancora in quella porta?’

  5. Cfr. Parte I, vv. 37, 48.

  6. Cfr. la partita a scacchi in Women beware Women di Middleton.
    III. IL SERMONE DEL FUOCO

  7. V. Spenser, Prothalamion.

  8. Cfr. La tempesta, I, ii.

  9. Cfr. Marvell, To His Coy Mistress.

  10. Cfr. Day, Parliament of Bees:
                   ‘Quando d’un tratto, in ascolto, udrai,
                   ‘Un rumore di corni e di caccia, che porterà
                   ‘Atteone da Diana in primavera,
                   ‘Dove tutti vedranno la sua pelle nuda …’

  11. Non conosco l’origine della ballata da cui questi versi sono tratti: mi fu riferita da Sydney, in Australia.

  12. V. Verlaine, Parsifal.

  13. L’uva passa era quotata a un prezzo ‘costo assicurazione e nolo fino a Londra’; e la polizza di carico, ecc., dovevano essere consegnate all’acquirente contro pagamento della tratta a vista.

  14. Tiresia, benché mero spettatore e non propriamente un ‘personaggio’, è tuttavia la figura più importante del poema, poiché unisce tutte le altre. Come il mercante con un occhio solo, venditore d’uva passa, si dissolve nel Marinaio Fenicio, e questi non è del tutto distinto da Ferdinando Principe di Napoli, così tutte le donne sono una donna sola, e i due sessi s’incontrano in Tiresia. Ciò che Tiresia vede è, in effetti, la sostanza del poema. L’intero passo di Ovidio è di grande interesse antropologico:

… Cum Iunone iocos et ‘maior vestra profecto est
Quam quae contingit maribus’, dixisse, ‘voluptas.’
Illa negat; placuit quae sit sententia docti
Quaerere Tiresiae; Venus huic erat utraque nota.
Nam duo magnorum viridi coeuntia silva
Corpora serpentum baculi violaverat ictu
Deque viro factus, mirabile, femina septem
Egerat autumnos; octavo rursus eosdem
Vidit et ‘est vestrae si tanta potentia plagae’,
Dixit ‘ut auctoris sortem in contraria mutet,
Nunc quoque vos feriam!’ percussis anguibus isdem
Forma prior rediit genetivaque venit imago.
Arbiter hic igitur sumptus de lite iocosa
Dicta Iovis firmat; gravius Saturnia iusto
Nec pro materia fertur doluisse suique
Iudicis aeterna damnavit lumina nocte,
At pater omnipotens (neque enim licet inrita cuiquam
Facta dei fecisse deo) pro lumine adempto
Scire futura dedit poenamque levavit honore.
221. Questo può non apparire esatto quanto i versi di Saffo, ma avevo in mente il pescatore ‘longshore’ o ‘dory’, che rientra al calar della notte.

  1. V. Goldsmith, la canzone in The Vicar of Wakefield.

  2. V. La tempesta, come sopra.

  3. L’interno di St. Magnus Martyr è a mio giudizio uno dei più belli fra gli interni di Wren. Si veda The Proposed Demolition of Nineteen City Churches: (P. S. King & Son, Ltd.).

  4. Il Canto delle (tre) figlie del Tamigi comincia qui. Dal verso 292 al 306 incluso esse parlano a turno. V. Götterdämmerung, III, i: le figlie del Reno.

  5. V. Froude, Elizabeth, Vol. I, cap. iv, lettera di De Quadra a Filippo di Spagna:

‘Nel pomeriggio eravamo su una chiatta, a guardare i giochi sul fiume. (La Regina) era sola con Lord Robert e con me a poppa, quando cominciarono a dire sciocchezze, e andarono tanto oltre che Lord Robert alla fine disse che, trovandomi io presente, non c’era ragione perché non si sposassero se alla regina fosse piaciuto.’

  1. Cfr. Purgatorio, V. 133:

                        ‘Ricorditi di me, che son la Pia;
                        ‘Siena mi fé, disfecemi Maremma.’
307. V. le Confessioni di sant’Agostino: ‘a Cartagine allora venni, dove un calderone di amori empi cantava tutt’intorno alle mie orecchie.’

  1. Il testo completo del Sermone del Fuoco del Buddha (che per importanza corrisponde al Discorso della Montagna), da cui queste parole sono tratte, si troverà tradotto in Buddhism in Translation del compianto Henry Clarke Warren (Harvard Oriental Series). Il signor Warren fu uno dei grandi pionieri degli studi buddhisti in Occidente.

  2. Ancora dalle Confessioni di sant’Agostino. L’accostamento di questi due rappresentanti dell’ascetismo orientale e occidentale, come culmine di questa parte del poema, non è casuale.

V. CIÒ CHE DISSE IL TUONO
Nella prima parte della Parte V sono impiegati tre temi: il viaggio a Emmaus, l’accostarsi alla Cappella Perigliosa (si veda il libro di Miss Weston) e l’attuale decadenza dell’Europa orientale.

  1. È il Turdus aonalaschkae pallasii, il tordo eremita che ho udito nella Provincia del Quebec. Chapman dice (Handbook of Birds of Eastern North America) che ‘è più a casa sua in boschi appartati e in rifugi di macchia…. Le sue note non sono notevoli per varietà o volume, ma per purezza e dolcezza di tono e per squisita modulazione non hanno pari.’ Il suo ‘acqua-stillante canto’ è giustamente celebre.

  2. I versi seguenti furono suggeriti dal racconto di una delle spedizioni antartiche (non ricordo quale, ma credo una di Shackleton): si narrava che il gruppo degli esploratori, allo stremo delle forze, avesse la costante illusione che vi fosse un membro in più di quanti se ne potessero effettivamente contare.

366–76. Cfr. Hermann Hesse, Blick ins Chaos: ‘Schon ist halb Europa, schon ist zumindest der halbe Osten Europas auf dem Wege zum Chaos, fährt betrunken im heiligen Wahn am Abgrund entlang und singt dazu, singt betrunken und hymnisch wie Dmitri Karamasoff sang. Ueber diese Lieder lacht der Bürger beleidigt, der Heilige und Seher hört sie mit Tränen.’
401. ‘Datta, dayadhvam, damyata’ (Dai, compatisci, domina). La favola del significato del Tuono si trova nella Brihadaranyaka — Upanishad, 5, 1. Una traduzione si trova in Sechzig Upanishads des Veda di Deussen, p. 489.

  1. Cfr. Webster, The White Devil, V, vi:

‘… si risposeranno
Prima che il verme trafigga il tuo sudario, prima che il ragno
Tenda un sottile velo sui tuoi epitaffi.’
411. Cfr. Inferno, XXXIII, 46:

                        ‘ed io senti chiavar l’uscio di sotto
                        all’ orribile torre.’
Inoltre F. H. Bradley, Appearance and Reality, p. 306. ‘Le mie sensazioni esterne non sono meno private al mio io di quanto lo siano i miei pensieri o i miei sentimenti. In entrambi i casi la mia esperienza cade entro il mio proprio cerchio, un cerchio chiuso all’esterno; e, con tutti i suoi elementi ugualmente, ogni sfera è opaca alle altre che la circondano…. In breve, considerato come un’esistenza che appare in un’anima, il mondo intero è per ciascuno peculiare e privato a quell’anima.’

  1. V. Weston: From Ritual to Romance; capitolo sul Re Pescatore.

  2. V. Purgatorio, XXVI, 148.

                          ‘“Ara vos prec per aquella valor
                           “que vos guida al som de l’escalina,
                           “sovenha vos a temps de ma dolor.”
                            Poi s’ascose nel foco che li affina.’
428. V. Pervigilium Veneris. Cfr. Filomela nelle Parti II e III.

  1. V. Gérard de Nerval, Sonetto El Desdichado.
  2. V. la Spanish Tragedy di Kyd.
  3. Shantih. Ripetuto come qui, è la chiusa formale di una Upanishad. ‘La Pace che sopravanza ogni intelletto’ è il nostro equivalente di questa parola.

I. The Burial of the Dead
    April is the cruellest month, breeding
Lilacs out of the dead land, mixing
Memory and desire, stirring
Dull roots with spring rain.
Winter kept us warm, covering
Earth in forgetful snow, feeding
A little life with dried tubers.
Summer surprised us, coming over the Starnbergersee
With a shower of rain; we stopped in the colonnade,
10 And went on in sunlight, into the Hofgarten,

And drank coffee, and talked for an hour.
Bin gar keine Russin, stamm’ aus Litauen, echt deutsch.
And when we were children, staying at the archduke’s,
My cousin’s, he took me out on a sled.
And I was frightened. He said, Marie,
Marie, hold on tight. And down we went.
In the mountains, there you feel free.
I read, much of the night, and go south in the winter.
    What are the roots that clutch, what branches grow
20 Out of this stony rubbish? Son of man,

You cannot say, or guess, for you know only
A heap of broken images, where the sun beats,
And the dead tree gives no shelter, the cricket no relief,
And the dry stone no sound of water. Only
There is shadow under this red rock,
(Come in under the shadow of this red rock),
And I will show you something different from either
Your shadow at morning striding behind you
Or your shadow at evening rising to meet you;
30 I will show you fear in a handful of dust.

Frisch weht der Wind
Der Heimat zu
Mein Irisch Kind
Wo weilest du?
‘You gave me hyacinths first a year ago;
‘They called me the hyacinth girl.’
— Yet when we came back, late, from the hyacinth garden,
Your arms full, and your hair wet, I could not
Speak, and my eyes failed, I was neither
40 Living nor dead, and I knew nothing,

Looking into the heart of light, the silence.
Oed’ und leer das Meer.

    Madame Sosostris, famous clairvoyante,
Had a bad cold, nevertheless
Is known to be the wisest woman in Europe,
With a wicked pack of cards. Here, said she,
Is your card, the drowned Phoenician Sailor,
(Those are pearls that were his eyes. Look!)
Here is Belladonna, the Lady of the Rocks,
50 The lady of situations.

Here is the man with three staves, and here the Wheel,
And here is the one-eyed merchant, and this card,
Which is blank, is something he carries on his back,
Which I am forbidden to see. I do not find
The Hanged Man. Fear death by water.
I see crowds of people, walking round in a ring.
Thank you. If you see dear Mrs. Equitone,
Tell her I bring the horoscope myself:
One must be so careful these days.
60    Unreal City,

Under the brown fog of a winter dawn,
A crowd flowed over London Bridge, so many,
I had not thought death had undone so many.
Sighs, short and infrequent, were exhaled,
And each man fixed his eyes before his feet.
Flowed up the hill and down King William Street,
To where Saint Mary Woolnoth kept the hours
With a dead sound on the final stroke of nine.
There I saw one I knew, and stopped him, crying: ‘Stetson!
70 ‘You who were with me in the ships at Mylae!
‘That corpse you planted last year in your garden,
‘Has it begun to sprout? Will it bloom this year?
‘Or has the sudden frost disturbed its bed?
‘O keep the Dog far hence, that’s friend to men,
‘Or with his nails he’ll dig it up again!
‘You! hypocrite lecteur! — mon semblable, — mon frère!’

II. A Game of Chess
    The Chair she sat in, like a burnished throne,
Glowed on the marble, where the glass
Held up by standards wrought with fruited vines
80 From which a golden Cupidon peeped out

(Another hid his eyes behind his wing)
Doubled the flames of sevenbranched candelabra
Reflecting light upon the table as
The glitter of her jewels rose to meet it,
From satin cases poured in rich profusion.
In vials of ivory and coloured glass
Unstoppered, lurked her strange synthetic perfumes,
Unguent, powdered, or liquid — troubled, confused
And drowned the sense in odours; stirred by the air
90 That freshened from the window, these ascended

In fattening the prolonged candle-flames,
Flung their smoke into the laquearia,
Stirring the pattern on the coffered ceiling.
Huge sea-wood fed with copper
Burned green and orange, framed by the coloured stone,
In which sad light a carvèd dolphin swam.
Above the antique mantel was displayed
As though a window gave upon the sylvan scene
The change of Philomel, by the barbarous king
100 So rudely forced; yet there the nightingale

Filled all the desert with inviolable voice
And still she cried, and still the world pursues,
‘Jug Jug’ to dirty ears.
And other withered stumps of time
Were told upon the walls; staring forms
Leaned out, leaning, hushing the room enclosed.
Footsteps shuffled on the stair.
Under the firelight, under the brush, her hair
Spread out in fiery points
110 Glowed into words, then would be savagely still.

    ‘My nerves are bad tonight. Yes, bad. Stay with me.
    Speak to me. Why do you never speak? Speak.
        What are you thinking of? What thinking? What?
    I never know what you are thinking. Think.’
    I think we are in rats’ alley
Where the dead men lost their bones.
    ‘What is that noise?’
                                The wind under the door.
‘What is that noise now? What is the wind doing?’
120                                Nothing again nothing.

                                                                                    ‘Do
‘You know nothing? Do you see nothing? Do you remember
Nothing?’
       I remember
Those are pearls that were his eyes.
‘Are you alive, or not? Is there nothing in your head?’
                                                                                    But
O O O O that Shakespeherian Rag —
It’s so elegant
130 So intelligent

‘What shall I do now? What shall I do?
I shall rush out as I am, and walk the street
With my hair down, so. What shall we do tomorrow?
What shall we ever do?’
                                                  The hot water at ten.
And if it rains, a closed car at four.
And we shall play a game of chess,
Pressing lidless eyes and waiting for a knock upon the door.
    When Lil’s husband got demobbed, I said —
140 I didn’t mince my words, I said to her myself,

HURRY UP PLEASE ITS TIME
Now Albert’s coming back, make yourself a bit smart.
He’ll want to know what you done with that money he gave you
To get yourself some teeth. He did, I was there.
You have them all out, Lil, and get a nice set,
He said, I swear, I can’t bear to look at you.
And no more can’t I, I said, and think of poor Albert,
He’s been in the army four years, he wants a good time,
And if you don’t give it him, there’s others will, I said.
150 Oh is there, she said. Something o’ that, I said.

Then I’ll know who to thank, she said, and give me a straight look.
HURRY UP PLEASE ITS TIME
If you don’t like it you can get on with it, I said.
Others can pick and choose if you can’t.
But if Albert makes off, it won’t be for lack of telling.
You ought to be ashamed, I said, to look so antique.
(And her only thirty-one.)
I can’t help it, she said, pulling a long face,
It’s them pills I took, to bring it off, she said.
160 (She’s had five already, and nearly died of young George.)

The chemist said it would be all right, but I’ve never been the same.
You are a proper fool, I said.

Well, if Albert won’t leave you alone, there it is, I said,
What you get married for if you don’t want children?
HURRY UP PLEASE ITS TIME
Well, that Sunday Albert was home, they had a hot gammon,
And they asked me in to dinner, to get the beauty of it hot —
HURRY UP PLEASE ITS TIME
HURRY UP PLEASE ITS TIME
170 Goonight Bill. Goonight Lou. Goonight May. Goonight.

Ta ta. Goonight. Goonight.
Good night, ladies, good night, sweet ladies, good night, good night.

I. La sepoltura dei morti
    Aprile è il più crudele dei mesi, genera
Lillà dalla terra morta, mescola
Memoria e desiderio, smuove
Le radici sopite con pioggia di primavera.
L’inverno ci tenne caldi, coprendo
La terra d’immemore neve, nutrendo
Un poco di vita con tuberi secchi.
L’estate ci sorprese, giungendo sullo Starnbergersee
Con uno scroscio di pioggia; ci fermammo sotto il colonnato,
E proseguimmo nel sole, dentro l’Hofgarten,

E bevemmo caffè, e parlammo per un’ora.
Bin gar keine Russin, stamm’ aus Litauen, echt deutsch.
E quando eravamo bambini, ospiti dall’arciduca,
Mio cugino, mi portò fuori su una slitta.
E io avevo paura. Disse, Marie,
Marie, tieniti forte. E giù andammo.
Sulle montagne, là ci si sente liberi.
Leggo, gran parte della notte, e d’inverno vado a sud.
    Quali radici s’aggrappano, quali rami crescono
Da questa petrosa spazzatura? Figlio dell’uomo,

Tu non puoi dire, né indovinare, ché conosci soltanto
Un cumulo d’immagini spezzate, dove batte il sole,
E l’albero morto non dà riparo, il grillo nessun sollievo,
E la pietra secca nessun suono d’acqua. Soltanto
C’è ombra sotto questa rossa roccia,
(Vieni all’ombra di questa rossa roccia),
E io ti mostrerò qualcosa di diverso tanto dalla
Tua ombra che al mattino ti incalza alle spalle
Quanto dalla tua ombra che a sera si leva a incontrarti;
Ti mostrerò la paura in una manciata di polvere.

Frisch weht der Wind
Der Heimat zu
Mein Irisch Kind
Wo weilest du?
‘Mi desti giacinti la prima volta un anno fa;
‘Mi chiamavano la ragazza dei giacinti.’
— Eppure quando tornammo, tardi, dal giardino dei giacinti,
Le tue braccia colme, e i capelli bagnati, io non potevo
Parlare, e mi vennero meno gli occhi, non ero né
Vivo né morto, e non sapevo nulla,

Guardando nel cuore della luce, il silenzio.
Oed’ und leer das Meer.

    Madame Sosostris, celebre chiaroveggente,
Aveva un brutto raffreddore, ciò nondimeno
È nota come la donna più saggia d’Europa,
Con un malefico mazzo di carte. Ecco, disse,
La tua carta, il Marinaio Fenicio annegato,
(Quelle perle furono i suoi occhi. Guarda!)
Ecco Belladonna, la Signora delle Rocce,
La signora delle situazioni.

Ecco l’uomo con tre bastoni, ed ecco la Ruota,
Ed ecco il mercante con un occhio solo, e questa carta,
Che è bianca, è qualcosa che egli porta sul dorso,
Che a me è vietato vedere. Non trovo
L’Impiccato. Temi la morte per acqua.
Vedo folle di gente, che cammina in cerchio.
Grazie. Se vede la cara signora Equitone,
Le dica che l’oroscopo lo porto io stessa:
Di questi tempi bisogna essere così prudenti.
    Città irreale,

Sotto la bruna nebbia di un’invernale alba,
Una folla fluiva sul ponte di Londra, così tanti,
Non avrei creduto che la morte ne avesse disfatti così tanti.
Sospiri, brevi e radi, si esalavano,
E ciascuno teneva gli occhi fissi davanti ai piedi.
Fluivano su per la collina e giù per King William Street,
Fin dove Saint Mary Woolnoth scandiva le ore
Con un suono spento all’ultimo rintocco delle nove.
Là vidi uno che conoscevo, e lo fermai, gridando: ‘Stetson!
‘Tu che eri con me sulle navi a Milazzo!
‘Quel cadavere che l’anno scorso piantasti nel tuo giardino,
‘Ha cominciato a germogliare? Fiorirà quest’anno?
‘O l’improvviso gelo ne ha turbato l’aiuola?
‘Oh tieni lontano di qui il Cane, che è amico degli uomini,
‘O con le unghie tornerà a dissotterrarlo!
‘You! hypocrite lecteur! — mon semblable, — mon frère!’

II. A Game of Chess
    The Chair she sat in, like a burnished throne,
Glowed on the marble, where the glass
Held up by standards wrought with fruited vines
80 From which a golden Cupidon peeped out

(Another hid his eyes behind his wing)
Doubled the flames of sevenbranched candelabra
Reflecting light upon the table as
The glitter of her jewels rose to meet it,
From satin cases poured in rich profusion.
In vials of ivory and coloured glass
Unstoppered, lurked her strange synthetic perfumes,
Unguent, powdered, or liquid — troubled, confused
And drowned the sense in odours; stirred by the air
90 That freshened from the window, these ascended

In fattening the prolonged candle-flames,
Flung their smoke into the laquearia,
Stirring the pattern on the coffered ceiling.
Huge sea-wood fed with copper
Burned green and orange, framed by the coloured stone,
In which sad light a carvèd dolphin swam.
Above the antique mantel was displayed
As though a window gave upon the sylvan scene
The change of Philomel, by the barbarous king
100 So rudely forced; yet there the nightingale

Filled all the desert with inviolable voice
And still she cried, and still the world pursues,
‘Jug Jug’ to dirty ears.
And other withered stumps of time
Were told upon the walls; staring forms
Leaned out, leaning, hushing the room enclosed.
Footsteps shuffled on the stair.
Under the firelight, under the brush, her hair
Spread out in fiery points
110 Glowed into words, then would be savagely still.

    ‘My nerves are bad tonight. Yes, bad. Stay with me.
    Speak to me. Why do you never speak? Speak.
        What are you thinking of? What thinking? What?
    I never know what you are thinking. Think.’
    I think we are in rats’ alley
Where the dead men lost their bones.
    ‘What is that noise?’
                                The wind under the door.
‘What is that noise now? What is the wind doing?’
120                                Nothing again nothing.

                                                                                    ‘Do
‘You know nothing? Do you see nothing? Do you remember
Nothing?’
       I remember
Those are pearls that were his eyes.
‘Are you alive, or not? Is there nothing in your head?’
                                                                                    But
O O O O that Shakespeherian Rag —
It’s so elegant
130 So intelligent

‘What shall I do now? What shall I do?
I shall rush out as I am, and walk the street
With my hair down, so. What shall we do tomorrow?
What shall we ever do?’
                                                  The hot water at ten.
And if it rains, a closed car at four.
And we shall play a game of chess,
Pressing lidless eyes and waiting for a knock upon the door.
    When Lil’s husband got demobbed, I said —
140 I didn’t mince my words, I said to her myself,

HURRY UP PLEASE ITS TIME
Now Albert’s coming back, make yourself a bit smart.
He’ll want to know what you done with that money he gave you
To get yourself some teeth. He did, I was there.
You have them all out, Lil, and get a nice set,
He said, I swear, I can’t bear to look at you.
And no more can’t I, I said, and think of poor Albert,
He’s been in the army four years, he wants a good time,
And if you don’t give it him, there’s others will, I said.
150 Oh is there, she said. Something o’ that, I said.

Then I’ll know who to thank, she said, and give me a straight look.
HURRY UP PLEASE ITS TIME
If you don’t like it you can get on with it, I said.
Others can pick and choose if you can’t.
But if Albert makes off, it won’t be for lack of telling.
You ought to be ashamed, I said, to look so antique.
(And her only thirty-one.)
I can’t help it, she said, pulling a long face,
It’s them pills I took, to bring it off, she said.
160 (She’s had five already, and nearly died of young George.)

The chemist said it would be all right, but I’ve never been the same.
You are a proper fool, I said.

Well, if Albert won’t leave you alone, there it is, I said,
What you get married for if you don’t want children?
HURRY UP PLEASE ITS TIME
Well, that Sunday Albert was home, they had a hot gammon,
And they asked me in to dinner, to get the beauty of it hot —
HURRY UP PLEASE ITS TIME
HURRY UP PLEASE ITS TIME
170 Goonight Bill. Goonight Lou. Goonight May. Goonight.

Ta ta. Goonight. Goonight.
Good night, ladies, good night, sweet ladies, good night, good night.

III. The Fire Sermon
    The river’s tent is broken; the last ringers of leaf
Clutch and sink into the wet bank. The wind
Crosses the brown land, unheard. The nymphs are departed.
Sweet Thames, run softly, till I end my song.
The river bears no empty bottles, sandwich papers,
Silk handkerchiefs, cardboard boxes, cigarette ends
Or other testimony of summer nights. The nymphs are departed.
180 And their friends, the loitering heirs of City directors;

Departed, have left no addresses.
By the waters of Leman I sat down and wept …
Sweet Thames, run softly till I end my song,
Sweet Thames, run softly, for I speak not loud or long.
But at my back in a cold blast I hear
The rattle of the bones, and chuckle spread from ear to ear.
A rat crept softly through the vegetation
Dragging its slimy belly on the bank
While I was fishing in the dull canal
190 On a winter evening round behind the gashouse

Musing upon the king my brother’s wreck
And on the king my father’s death before him.
White bodies naked on the low damp ground
And bones cast in a little low dry garret,
Rattled by the rat’s foot only, year to year.
But at my back from time to time I hear
The sound of horns and motors, which shall bring
Sweeney to Mrs. Porter in the spring.
O the moon shone bright on Mrs. Porter
200 And on her daughter

They wash their feet in soda water
Et O ces voix d’enfants, chantant dans la coupole!
Twit twit twit
Jug jug jug jug jug jug
So rudely forc’d.
Tereu
    Unreal City
Under the brown fog of a winter noon
Mr. Eugenides, the Smyrna merchant
210 Unshaven, with a pocket full of currants

C.i.f. London: documents at sight,
Asked me in demotic French
To luncheon at the Cannon Street Hotel
Followed by a weekend at the Metropole.
    At the violet hour, when the eyes and back
Turn upward from the desk, when the human engine waits
Like a taxi throbbing waiting,
I Tiresias, though blind, throbbing between two lives,
Old man with wrinkled female breasts, can see
220 At the violet hour, the evening hour that strives

Homeward, and brings the sailor home from sea,
The typist home at teatime, clears her breakfast, lights
Her stove, and lays out food in tins.
Out of the window perilously spread
Her drying combinations touched by the sun’s last rays,
On the divan are piled (at night her bed)
Stockings, slippers, camisoles, and stays.
I Tiresias, old man with wrinkled dugs
Perceived the scene, and foretold the rest —
230 I too awaited the expected guest.

He, the young man carbuncular, arrives,
A small house agent’s clerk, with one bold stare,
One of the low on whom assurance sits
As a silk hat on a Bradford millionaire.
The time is now propitious, as he guesses,
The meal is ended, she is bored and tired,
Endeavours to engage her in caresses
Which still are unreproved, if undesired.
Flushed and decided, he assaults at once;
240 Exploring hands encounter no defence;

His vanity requires no response,
And makes a welcome of indifference.
(And I Tiresias have foresuffered all
Enacted on this same divan or bed;
I who have sat by Thebes below the wall
And walked among the lowest of the dead.)
Bestows one final patronising kiss,
And gropes his way, finding the stairs unlit …
    She turns and looks a moment in the glass,
250 Hardly aware of her departed lover;

Her brain allows one half-formed thought to pass:
Well now that’s done: and I’m glad it’s over.’
When lovely woman stoops to folly and
Paces about her room again, alone,
She smooths her hair with automatic hand,
And puts a record on the gramophone.
    ‘This music crept by me upon the waters’
And along the Strand, up Queen Victoria Street.
O City city, I can sometimes hear
260 Beside a public bar in Lower Thames Street,

The pleasant whining of a mandoline
And a clatter and a chatter from within
Where fishmen lounge at noon: where the walls
Of Magnus Martyr hold
Inexplicable splendour of Ionian white and gold.
                    The river sweats
                    Oil and tar
                    The barges drift
                    With the turning tide
270                    Red sails

                    Wide
                    To leeward, swing on the heavy spar.
                    The barges wash
                    Drifting logs
                    Down Greenwich reach
                    Past the Isle of Dogs.
                                         Weialala leia
                                         Wallala leialala
                    Elizabeth and Leicester
280                    Beating oars

                    The stern was formed
                    A gilded shell
                    Red and gold
                    The brisk swell
                    Rippled both shores
                    Southwest wind
                    Carried down stream
                    The peal of bells
                    White towers
290                                         Weialala leia

                                         Wallala leialala
                    ‘Trams and dusty trees.
                    Highbury bore me. Richmond and Kew
                    Undid me. By Richmond I raised my knees
                    Supine on the floor of a narrow canoe.’
                    ‘My feet are at Moorgate, and my heart
                    Under my feet. After the event
                    He wept. He promised “a new start.”
                    I made no comment. What should I resent?’
300                    ‘On Margate Sands.

                    I can connect
                    Nothing with nothing.
                    The broken fingernails of dirty hands.
                    My people humble people who expect
                    Nothing.’
                                la la
                    To Carthage then I came
                    Burning burning burning burning
                    O Lord Thou pluckest me out
310                    O Lord Thou pluckest

                    burning

II. Una partita a scacchi
    La Sedia su cui sedeva, come un trono brunito,
Splendeva sul marmo, dove lo specchio
Retto da sostegni lavorati a viti fruttate
Da cui faceva capolino un Cupido d’oro

(Un altro nascondeva gli occhi dietro l’ala)
Raddoppiava le fiamme del candelabro a sette braccia
Riflettendo luce sulla tavola mentre
Il luccichio dei suoi gioielli saliva a incontrarla,
Versati da astucci di raso in ricca profusione.
In fiale d’avorio e di vetro colorato
Stappate, si annidavano i suoi strani profumi sintetici,
Unguento, polvere o liquido — turbavano, confondevano
E annegavano il senso negli odori; mossi dall’aria
Che rinfrescava dalla finestra, questi salivano

A ingrassare le prolungate fiamme delle candele,
Gettavano il loro fumo nei laquearia,
Agitando il disegno sul soffitto a cassettoni.
Enorme legname di mare nutrito di rame
Ardeva verde e arancio, incorniciato dalla pietra colorata,
In quella triste luce nuotava un delfino scolpito.
Sopra l’antica mensola del camino era esposto
Come se una finestra desse sulla scena silvana
Il mutamento di Filomela, dal barbaro re
Così brutalmente violata; eppure là l’usignolo

Riempiva tutto il deserto di voce inviolabile
E ancora ella gridava, e ancora il mondo insegue,
‘Giug Giug’ a orecchie sporche.
E altri aridi monconi di tempo
Erano narrati sulle pareti; forme fisse
Si sporgevano, sporgendosi, zittendo la stanza chiusa.
Passi strascicarono sulle scale.
Alla luce del fuoco, sotto la spazzola, i suoi capelli
Si spandevano in punte di fuoco
Ardevano in parole, poi sarebbero stati selvaggiamente immobili.

    ‘Ho i nervi a pezzi stanotte. Sì, a pezzi. Resta con me.
    Parlami. Perché non parli mai? Parla.
        A cosa pensi? Che pensi? Che?
    Non so mai cosa pensi. Pensa.’
    Penso che siamo nel vicolo dei topi
Dove i morti perdettero le ossa.
    ‘Cos’è quel rumore?’
                                Il vento sotto la porta.
‘E ora cos’è quel rumore? Cosa fa il vento?’
                                Nulla ancora nulla.

                                                                                    ‘Non
‘Sai nulla? Non vedi nulla? Non ricordi
Nulla?’
       Ricordo
Quelle perle furono i suoi occhi.
‘Sei vivo, o no? Non hai nulla in testa?’
                                                                                    Ma
O O O O quel Rag Shakespeeriano —
È così elegante
Così intelligente

‘Che farò ora? Che farò?
Correrò fuori così come sono, e camminerò per la strada
Coi capelli sciolti, così. Che faremo domani?
Che faremo mai?’
                                                  L’acqua calda alle dieci.
E se piove, un’auto chiusa alle quattro.
E giocheremo una partita a scacchi,
Premendo occhi senza palpebre e aspettando un bussare alla porta.
    Quando il marito di Lil fu congedato, dissi —
Non le mandai a dire, gliel’ho detto io stessa,

FATE PRESTO PER FAVORE È ORA
Ora Albert torna, fatti un po’ carina.
Vorrà sapere che ne hai fatto di quei soldi che t’ha dato
Per farti i denti. È vero, c’ero io.
Fatteli togliere tutti, Lil, e mettitene una bella fila,
Disse, giuro, non ti so più guardare.
E manco io, dissi, e pensa al povero Albert,
È stato nell’esercito quattro anni, vuole godersi un po’ di tempo,
E se non glielo dai tu, ci sono altre che lo faranno, dissi.
Ah sì, disse. Qualcosa del genere, dissi.

Allora saprò chi ringraziare, disse, e mi guardò dritto in faccia.
FATE PRESTO PER FAVORE È ORA
Se non ti va, arrangiati, dissi.
Altre possono scegliere, se tu non puoi.
Ma se Albert se ne va, non sarà per non essere stata avvertita.
Dovresti vergognarti, dissi, a sembrare così anticaglia.
(E lei ha solo trentun anni.)
Non ci posso far niente, disse, facendo il muso lungo,
Son quelle pillole che ho preso, per mandarlo via, disse.
(Ne ha già avuti cinque, e per il piccolo George c’è quasi rimasta.)

Il farmacista disse che sarebbe andato tutto bene, ma non sono più stata la stessa.
Sei proprio una sciocca, dissi.

Beh, se Albert non ti lascia sola, è così, dissi,
Per cosa ti sei sposata se non vuoi figli?
FATE PRESTO PER FAVORE È ORA
Beh, quella domenica Albert era a casa, avevano un prosciutto caldo,
E mi invitarono a cena, per godermene la bellezza calda —
FATE PRESTO PER FAVORE È ORA
FATE PRESTO PER FAVORE È ORA
Bonanotte Bill. Bonanotte Lou. Bonanotte May. Bonanotte.

Ta ta. Bonanotte. Bonanotte.
Buona notte, signore, buona notte, dolci signore, buona notte, buona notte.

III. The Fire Sermon
    The river’s tent is broken; the last ringers of leaf
Clutch and sink into the wet bank. The wind
Crosses the brown land, unheard. The nymphs are departed.
Sweet Thames, run softly, till I end my song.
The river bears no empty bottles, sandwich papers,
Silk handkerchiefs, cardboard boxes, cigarette ends
Or other testimony of summer nights. The nymphs are departed.
180 And their friends, the loitering heirs of City directors;

Departed, have left no addresses.
By the waters of Leman I sat down and wept …
Sweet Thames, run softly till I end my song,
Sweet Thames, run softly, for I speak not loud or long.
But at my back in a cold blast I hear
The rattle of the bones, and chuckle spread from ear to ear.
A rat crept softly through the vegetation
Dragging its slimy belly on the bank
While I was fishing in the dull canal
190 On a winter evening round behind the gashouse

Musing upon the king my brother’s wreck
And on the king my father’s death before him.
White bodies naked on the low damp ground
And bones cast in a little low dry garret,
Rattled by the rat’s foot only, year to year.
But at my back from time to time I hear
The sound of horns and motors, which shall bring
Sweeney to Mrs. Porter in the spring.
O the moon shone bright on Mrs. Porter
200 And on her daughter

They wash their feet in soda water
Et O ces voix d’enfants, chantant dans la coupole!
Twit twit twit
Jug jug jug jug jug jug
So rudely forc’d.
Tereu
    Unreal City
Under the brown fog of a winter noon
Mr. Eugenides, the Smyrna merchant
210 Unshaven, with a pocket full of currants

C.i.f. London: documents at sight,
Asked me in demotic French
To luncheon at the Cannon Street Hotel
Followed by a weekend at the Metropole.
    At the violet hour, when the eyes and back
Turn upward from the desk, when the human engine waits
Like a taxi throbbing waiting,
I Tiresias, though blind, throbbing between two lives,
Old man with wrinkled female breasts, can see
220 At the violet hour, the evening hour that strives

Homeward, and brings the sailor home from sea,
The typist home at teatime, clears her breakfast, lights
Her stove, and lays out food in tins.
Out of the window perilously spread
Her drying combinations touched by the sun’s last rays,
On the divan are piled (at night her bed)
Stockings, slippers, camisoles, and stays.
I Tiresias, old man with wrinkled dugs
Perceived the scene, and foretold the rest —
230 I too awaited the expected guest.

He, the young man carbuncular, arrives,
A small house agent’s clerk, with one bold stare,
One of the low on whom assurance sits
As a silk hat on a Bradford millionaire.
The time is now propitious, as he guesses,
The meal is ended, she is bored and tired,
Endeavours to engage her in caresses
Which still are unreproved, if undesired.
Flushed and decided, he assaults at once;
240 Exploring hands encounter no defence;

His vanity requires no response,
And makes a welcome of indifference.
(And I Tiresias have foresuffered all
Enacted on this same divan or bed;
I who have sat by Thebes below the wall
And walked among the lowest of the dead.)
Bestows one final patronising kiss,
And gropes his way, finding the stairs unlit …
    She turns and looks a moment in the glass,
250 Hardly aware of her departed lover;

Her brain allows one half-formed thought to pass:
Well now that’s done: and I’m glad it’s over.’
When lovely woman stoops to folly and
Paces about her room again, alone,
She smooths her hair with automatic hand,
And puts a record on the gramophone.
    ‘This music crept by me upon the waters’
And along the Strand, up Queen Victoria Street.
O City city, I can sometimes hear
260 Beside a public bar in Lower Thames Street,

The pleasant whining of a mandoline
And a clatter and a chatter from within
Where fishmen lounge at noon: where the walls
Of Magnus Martyr hold
Inexplicable splendour of Ionian white and gold.
                    The river sweats
                    Oil and tar
                    The barges drift
                    With the turning tide
270                    Red sails

                    Wide
                    To leeward, swing on the heavy spar.
                    The barges wash
                    Drifting logs
                    Down Greenwich reach
                    Past the Isle of Dogs.
                                         Weialala leia
                                         Wallala leialala
                    Elizabeth and Leicester
280                    Beating oars

                    The stern was formed
                    A gilded shell
                    Red and gold
                    The brisk swell
                    Rippled both shores
                    Southwest wind
                    Carried down stream
                    The peal of bells
                    White towers
290                                         Weialala leia

                                         Wallala leialala
                    ‘Trams and dusty trees.
                    Highbury bore me. Richmond and Kew
                    Undid me. By Richmond I raised my knees
                    Supine on the floor of a narrow canoe.’
                    ‘My feet are at Moorgate, and my heart
                    Under my feet. After the event
                    He wept. He promised “a new start.”
                    I made no comment. What should I resent?’
300                    ‘On Margate Sands.

                    I can connect
                    Nothing with nothing.
                    The broken fingernails of dirty hands.
                    My people humble people who expect
                    Nothing.’
                                la la
                    To Carthage then I came
                    Burning burning burning burning
                    O Lord Thou pluckest me out
310                    O Lord Thou pluckest

                    burning

IV. Death by Water
Phlebas the Phoenician, a fortnight dead,
Forgot the cry of gulls, and the deep sea swell
And the profit and loss.
                                               A current under sea
Picked his bones in whispers. As he rose and fell
He passed the stages of his age and youth
Entering the whirlpool.
                                               Gentile or Jew
320 O you who turn the wheel and look to windward,

Consider Phlebas, who was once handsome and tall as you.

III. Il sermone del fuoco
    La tenda del fiume è rotta; le ultime dita di foglia
S’aggrappano e affondano nella riva bagnata. Il vento
Attraversa la terra bruna, inudito. Le ninfe sono partite.
Dolce Tamigi, scorri piano, finché non finisca il mio canto.
Il fiume non porta bottiglie vuote, carte da panini,
Fazzoletti di seta, scatole di cartone, mozziconi di sigaretta
O altra testimonianza di notti d’estate. Le ninfe sono partite.
E i loro amici, gli oziosi eredi dei direttori della City;

Partiti, non hanno lasciato indirizzi.
Presso le acque del Lemano mi sedetti e piansi …
Dolce Tamigi, scorri piano finché non finisca il mio canto,
Dolce Tamigi, scorri piano, ché non parlo forte né a lungo.
Ma alle mie spalle in una fredda raffica odo
Lo sferragliare delle ossa, e un ghigno steso da orecchio a orecchio.
Un ratto strisciò piano tra la vegetazione
Trascinando il ventre viscido sulla riva
Mentre pescavo nel canale opaco
In una sera d’inverno dietro il gasometro

Meditando sul naufragio del re mio fratello
E sul re mio padre, morto prima di lui.
Bianchi corpi nudi sul basso suolo umido
E ossa gettate in un piccolo basso solaio asciutto,
Scosse solo dalla zampa del ratto, anno dopo anno.
Ma alle mie spalle di tempo in tempo odo
Il suono di clacson e motori, che porteranno
Sweeney dalla signora Porter in primavera.
Oh la luna splendeva chiara sulla signora Porter
E su sua figlia

Si lavano i piedi in acqua di seltz
Et O ces voix d’enfants, chantant dans la coupole!
Twit twit twit
Giug giug giug giug giug giug
Così brutalmente violata.
Tereu
    Città irreale
Sotto la bruna nebbia di un invernale mezzogiorno
Il signor Eugenides, il mercante di Smirne
Non rasato, con una tasca piena d’uva passa

C.i.f. Londra: documenti a vista,
Mi invitò in francese demotico
A colazione al Cannon Street Hotel
Seguita da un fine settimana al Metropole.
    All’ora viola, quando gli occhi e la schiena
Si levano dalla scrivania, quando il motore umano attende
Come un taxi che palpita in attesa,
Io Tiresia, benché cieco, palpitando fra due vite,
Vecchio con grinzose mammelle femminili, posso vedere
All’ora viola, l’ora della sera che si sforza

Verso casa, e riporta il marinaio a casa dal mare,
La dattilografa a casa all’ora del tè, sparecchia la colazione, accende
La stufa, e dispone cibo in scatola.
Fuori dalla finestra pericolosamente stese
Le sue combinazioni ad asciugare toccate dagli ultimi raggi del sole,
Sul divano stanno ammucchiati (di notte il suo letto)
Calze, pantofole, camiciole e busti.
Io Tiresia, vecchio dalle poppe grinzose
Colsi la scena, e predissi il resto —
Anch’io attendevo l’ospite atteso.

Egli, il giovanotto foruncoloso, arriva,
Impiegato di un piccolo agente di case, con uno sguardo sfrontato,
Uno degli infimi su cui la sicurezza sta
Come un cilindro di seta su un milionario di Bradford.
Il momento è ora propizio, come indovina,
Il pasto è finito, lei è annoiata e stanca,
Si adopera a impegnarla in carezze
Che pure non sono rimproverate, se non desiderate.
Acceso e deciso, assale all’istante;
Mani esploranti non incontrano difesa;

La sua vanità non richiede risposta,
E fa dell’indifferenza un benvenuto.
(E io Tiresia ho presofferto tutto
Ciò che si recita su questo stesso divano o letto;
Io che sedetti a Tebe sotto le mura
E camminai fra i più infimi dei morti.)
Elargisce un ultimo bacio condiscendente,
E va a tentoni, trovando le scale non illuminate …
    Lei si volta e si guarda un momento allo specchio,
Appena consapevole dell’amante partito;

Il suo cervello lascia passare un pensiero mezzo formato:
Beh ora è fatta: e sono contenta che sia finita.’
Quando amabile donna cede alla follia e
Torna a misurare la sua stanza, sola,
Si liscia i capelli con mano automatica,
E mette un disco sul grammofono.
    ‘Questa musica mi strisciò accanto sulle acque’
E lungo lo Strand, su per Queen Victoria Street.
O City città, talvolta posso udire
Accanto a un bar in Lower Thames Street,

Il gradevole gemito di un mandolino
E un acciottolio e un chiacchiericcio da dentro
Dove i pescivendoli oziano a mezzogiorno: dove le mura
Di Magnus Martyr custodiscono
Inesplicabile splendore di bianco e oro ionico.
                    Il fiume suda
                    Olio e catrame
                    Le chiatte vanno alla deriva
                    Con la marea che gira
                    Vele rosse

                    Ampie
                    Sottovento, girano sul pesante pennone.
                    Le chiatte lavano
                    Tronchi alla deriva
                    Giù per il tratto di Greenwich
                    Oltre l’Isle of Dogs.
                                         Weialala leia
                                         Wallala leialala
                    Elisabetta e Leicester
                    Remi battenti

                    La poppa era formata
                    Una conchiglia dorata
                    Rossa e oro
                    L’onda vivace
                    Increspava entrambe le rive
                    Vento di libeccio
                    Portava a valle
                    Lo scampanio delle campane
                    Bianche torri
                                         Weialala leia

                                         Wallala leialala
                    ‘Tram e alberi polverosi.
                    Highbury mi generò. Richmond e Kew
                    Mi disfecero. A Richmond alzai le ginocchia
                    Supina sul fondo di una stretta canoa.’
                    ‘I miei piedi sono a Moorgate, e il mio cuore
                    Sotto i miei piedi. Dopo il fatto
                    Egli pianse. Promise “un nuovo inizio.”
                    Non feci commenti. Di che dovrei risentirmi?’
                    ‘Sulle sabbie di Margate.

                    Posso collegare
                    Nulla con nulla.
                    Le unghie spezzate di mani sporche.
                    La mia gente gente umile che non si aspetta
                    Nulla.’
                                la la
                    A Cartagine allora venni
                    Bruciando bruciando bruciando bruciando
                    O Signore Tu mi strappi fuori
                    O Signore Tu strappi

                    bruciando

IV. Death by Water
Phlebas the Phoenician, a fortnight dead,
Forgot the cry of gulls, and the deep sea swell
And the profit and loss.
                                               A current under sea
Picked his bones in whispers. As he rose and fell
He passed the stages of his age and youth
Entering the whirlpool.
                                               Gentile or Jew
320 O you who turn the wheel and look to windward,

Consider Phlebas, who was once handsome and tall as you.

V. What the Thunder said
    After the torchlight red on sweaty faces
After the frosty silence in the gardens
After the agony in stony places
The shouting and the crying
Prison and palace and reverberation
Of thunder of spring over distant mountains
He who was living is now dead
We who were living are now dying
330 With a little patience

    Here is no water but only rock
Rock and no water and the sandy road
The road winding above among the mountains
Which are mountains of rock without water
If there were water we should stop and drink
Amongst the rock one cannot stop or think
Sweat is dry and feet are in the sand
If there were only water amongst the rock
Dead mountain mouth of carious teeth that cannot spit
340 Here one can neither stand nor lie nor sit

There is not even silence in the mountains
But dry sterile thunder without rain
There is not even solitude in the mountains
But red sullen faces sneer and snarl
From doors of mudcracked houses
                                                 If there were water
    And no rock
    If there were rock
    And also water
350    And water

    A spring
    A pool among the rock
    If there were the sound of water only
    Not the cicada
    And dry grass singing
    But sound of water over a rock
    Where the hermit-thrush sings in the pine trees
    Drip drop drip drop drop drop drop
    But there is no water
360    Who is the third who walks always beside you?

When I count, there are only you and I together
But when I look ahead up the white road
There is always another one walking beside you
Gliding wrapt in a brown mantle, hooded
I do not know whether a man or a woman
— But who is that on the other side of you?
    What is that sound high in the air
Murmur of maternal lamentation
Who are those hooded hordes swarming
370 Over endless plains, stumbling in cracked earth

Ringed by the flat horizon only
What is the city over the mountains
Cracks and reforms and bursts in the violet air
Falling towers
Jerusalem Athens Alexandria
Vienna London
Unreal
    A woman drew her long black hair out tight
And fiddled whisper music on those strings
380 And bats with baby faces in the violet light

Whistled, and beat their wings
And crawled head downward down a blackened wall
And upside down in air were towers
Tolling reminiscent bells, that kept the hours
And voices singing out of empty cisterns and exhausted wells.
    In this decayed hole among the mountains
In the faint moonlight, the grass is singing
Over the tumbled graves, about the chapel
There is the empty chapel, only the wind’s home.
390 It has no windows, and the door swings,

Dry bones can harm no one.
Only a cock stood on the rooftree
Co co rico co co rico
In a flash of lightning. Then a damp gust
Bringing rain
    Ganga was sunken, and the limp leaves
Waited for rain, while the black clouds
Gathered far distant, over Himavant.
The jungle crouched, humped in silence.
400 Then spoke the thunder

DA
Datta: what have we given?

My friend, blood shaking my heart
The awful daring of a moment’s surrender
Which an age of prudence can never retract
By this, and this only, we have existed
Which is not to be found in our obituaries
Or in memories draped by the beneficent spider
Or under seals broken by the lean solicitor
410 In our empty rooms

DA
Dayadhvam: I have heard the key

Turn in the door once and turn once only
We think of the key, each in his prison
Thinking of the key, each confirms a prison
Only at nightfall, aethereal rumours
Revive for a moment a broken Coriolanus
DA
Damyata: The boat responded

420 Gaily, to the hand expert with sail and oar

The sea was calm, your heart would have responded
Gaily, when invited, beating obedient
To controlling hands
                                               I sat upon the shore
Fishing, with the arid plain behind me
Shall I at least set my lands in order?
London Bridge is falling down falling down falling down
Poi s’ascose nel foco che gli affina
Quando fiam uti chelidon — O swallow swallow

430 Le Prince d’Aquitaine à la tour abolie

These fragments I have shored against my ruins
Why then Ile fit you. Hieronymo’s mad againe.
Datta. Dayadhvam. Damyata.
                    Shantih shantih shantih

IV. Morte per acqua
Phlebas il Fenicio, morto da quindici giorni,
Dimenticò il grido dei gabbiani, e l’onda lunga del mare profondo
E il profitto e la perdita.
                                               Una corrente sottomarina
Ne spolpò le ossa a bisbigli. Mentre saliva e ricadeva
Ripassò le tappe della sua età e giovinezza
Entrando nel gorgo.
                                               Gentile o Giudeo
O tu che giri la ruota e guardi al vento,

Considera Phlebas, che un tempo fu bello e alto come te.

V. What the Thunder said
    After the torchlight red on sweaty faces
After the frosty silence in the gardens
After the agony in stony places
The shouting and the crying
Prison and palace and reverberation
Of thunder of spring over distant mountains
He who was living is now dead
We who were living are now dying
330 With a little patience

    Here is no water but only rock
Rock and no water and the sandy road
The road winding above among the mountains
Which are mountains of rock without water
If there were water we should stop and drink
Amongst the rock one cannot stop or think
Sweat is dry and feet are in the sand
If there were only water amongst the rock
Dead mountain mouth of carious teeth that cannot spit
340 Here one can neither stand nor lie nor sit

There is not even silence in the mountains
But dry sterile thunder without rain
There is not even solitude in the mountains
But red sullen faces sneer and snarl
From doors of mudcracked houses
                                                 If there were water
    And no rock
    If there were rock
    And also water
350    And water

    A spring
    A pool among the rock
    If there were the sound of water only
    Not the cicada
    And dry grass singing
    But sound of water over a rock
    Where the hermit-thrush sings in the pine trees
    Drip drop drip drop drop drop drop
    But there is no water
360    Who is the third who walks always beside you?

When I count, there are only you and I together
But when I look ahead up the white road
There is always another one walking beside you
Gliding wrapt in a brown mantle, hooded
I do not know whether a man or a woman
— But who is that on the other side of you?
    What is that sound high in the air
Murmur of maternal lamentation
Who are those hooded hordes swarming
370 Over endless plains, stumbling in cracked earth

Ringed by the flat horizon only
What is the city over the mountains
Cracks and reforms and bursts in the violet air
Falling towers
Jerusalem Athens Alexandria
Vienna London
Unreal
    A woman drew her long black hair out tight
And fiddled whisper music on those strings
380 And bats with baby faces in the violet light

Whistled, and beat their wings
And crawled head downward down a blackened wall
And upside down in air were towers
Tolling reminiscent bells, that kept the hours
And voices singing out of empty cisterns and exhausted wells.
    In this decayed hole among the mountains
In the faint moonlight, the grass is singing
Over the tumbled graves, about the chapel
There is the empty chapel, only the wind’s home.
390 It has no windows, and the door swings,

Dry bones can harm no one.
Only a cock stood on the rooftree
Co co rico co co rico
In a flash of lightning. Then a damp gust
Bringing rain
    Ganga was sunken, and the limp leaves
Waited for rain, while the black clouds
Gathered far distant, over Himavant.
The jungle crouched, humped in silence.
400 Then spoke the thunder

DA
Datta: what have we given?

My friend, blood shaking my heart
The awful daring of a moment’s surrender
Which an age of prudence can never retract
By this, and this only, we have existed
Which is not to be found in our obituaries
Or in memories draped by the beneficent spider
Or under seals broken by the lean solicitor
410 In our empty rooms

DA
Dayadhvam: I have heard the key

Turn in the door once and turn once only
We think of the key, each in his prison
Thinking of the key, each confirms a prison
Only at nightfall, aethereal rumours
Revive for a moment a broken Coriolanus
DA
Damyata: The boat responded

420 Gaily, to the hand expert with sail and oar

The sea was calm, your heart would have responded
Gaily, when invited, beating obedient
To controlling hands
                                               I sat upon the shore
Fishing, with the arid plain behind me
Shall I at least set my lands in order?
London Bridge is falling down falling down falling down
Poi s’ascose nel foco che gli affina
Quando fiam uti chelidon — O swallow swallow

430 Le Prince d’Aquitaine à la tour abolie

These fragments I have shored against my ruins
Why then Ile fit you. Hieronymo’s mad againe.
Datta. Dayadhvam. Damyata.
                    Shantih shantih shantih

Notes on the Waste Land
Not only the title, but the plan and a good deal of the incidental symbolism of the poem were suggested by Miss Jessie L. Weston’s book on the Grail legend: From Ritual to Romance (Cambridge). Indeed, so deeply am I indebted. Miss Weston’s book will elucidate the difficulties of the poem much better than my notes can do; and I recommend it (apart from the great interest of the book itself) to any who think such elucidation of the poem worth the trouble. To another work of anthropology I am indebted in general, one which has influenced our generation profoundly; I mean The Golden Bough; I have used especially the two volumes Adonis, Attis, Osiris. Anyone who is acquainted with these works will immediately recognise in the poem certain references to vegetation ceremonies.

I. THE BURIAL OF THE DEAD
Line 20. Cf. Ezekiel II, i.
23. Cf. Ecclesiastes XII, v. 31. V. Tristan und Isolde, I, verses 5–8. 42. Id. III, verse 24. 46. I am not familiar with the exact constitution of the Tarot pack of cards, from which I have obviously departed to suit my own convenience. The Hanged Man, a member of the traditional pack, fits my purpose in two ways: because he is associated in my mind with the Hanged God of Frazer, and because I associate him with the hooded figure in the passage of the disciples of Emmaus in Part V. The Phoenician Sailor and the Merchant appear later; also the ‘crowds of people’, and Death by Water is executed in Part IV. The Man with Three Staves (an authentic member of the Tarot pack) I associate, quite arbitrarily, with the Fisher King himself.

  1. Cf. Baudelaire: ‘Fourmillante cité, cité pleine de rêves,
    ‘Où le spectre en plein jour raccroche le passant.’
  2. Cf. Inferno III, 55–57:                                                             si lunga tratta
                             di gente, ch’io non avrei mai creduto
                             che morte tanta n’avesse disfatta.
  3. Cf. Inferno IV, 25–27:                          Quivi, secondo che per ascoltare,
                             non avea pianto ma’ che di sospiri
                             che l’aura eterna facevan tremare.
  4. A phenomenon which I have often noticed.
  5. Cf. the Dirge in Wesbster’s White Devil.
  6. V. Baudelaire, Preface to Fleurs du Mal.

II. A GAME OF CHESS
77. Cf. Antony and Cleopatra, II, ii, l. 190.

  1. Laquearia. V. Aeneid, I, 726:

      dependent lychni laquearibus aureis
      incensi, et noctem flammis funalia vincunt.
98. Sylvan scene. V. Milton, Paradise Lost, IV, 140.

  1. V. Ovid, Metamorphoses, VI, Philomela.

  2. Cf. Part III, l. 204.

  3. Cf. Part III, l. 195.

  4. Cf. Webster: ‘Is the wind in that door still?’

  5. Cf. Part I, l. 37, 48.

  6. Cf. the game of chess in Middleton’s Women beware Women. III. THE FIRE SERMON

  7. V. Spenser, Prothalamion.

  8. Cf. The Tempest, I, ii.

  9. Cf. Marvell, To His Coy Mistress.

  10. Cf. Day, Parliament of Bees:                ‘When of the sudden, listening, you shall hear,
                   ‘A noise of horns and hunting, which shall bring
                   ‘Actaeon to Diana in the spring,
                   ‘Where all shall see her naked skin …’

  11. I do not know the origin of the ballad from which these lines are taken: it was reported to me from Sydney, Australia.

  12. V. Verlaine, Parsifal.

  13. The currants were quoted at a price ‘cost insurance and freight to London’; and the Bill of Lading, etc., were to be handed to the buyer upon payment of the sight draft.

  14. Tiresias, although a mere spectator and not indeed a ‘character’, is yet the most important personage in the poem, uniting all the rest. Just as the one-eyed merchant, seller of currants, melts into the Phoenician Sailor, and the latter is not wholly distinct from Ferdinand Prince of Naples, so all the women are one woman, and the two sexes meet in Tiresias. What Tiresias sees, in fact, is the substance of the poem. The whole passage from Ovid is of great anthropological interest:

… Cum Iunone iocos et ‘maior vestra profecto est
Quam quae contingit maribus’, dixisse, ‘voluptas.’
Illa negat; placuit quae sit sententia docti
Quaerere Tiresiae; Venus huic erat utraque nota.
Nam duo magnorum viridi coeuntia silva
Corpora serpentum baculi violaverat ictu
Deque viro factus, mirabile, femina septem
Egerat autumnos; octavo rursus eosdem
Vidit et ‘est vestrae si tanta potentia plagae’,
Dixit ‘ut auctoris sortem in contraria mutet,
Nunc quoque vos feriam!’ percussis anguibus isdem
Forma prior rediit genetivaque venit imago.
Arbiter hic igitur sumptus de lite iocosa
Dicta Iovis firmat; gravius Saturnia iusto
Nec pro materia fertur doluisse suique
Iudicis aeterna damnavit lumina nocte,
At pater omnipotens (neque enim licet inrita cuiquam
Facta dei fecisse deo) pro lumine adempto
Scire futura dedit poenamque levavit honore.
221. This may not appear as exact as Sappho’s lines, but I had in mind the ‘longshore’ or ‘dory’ fisherman, who returns at nightfall.

  1. V. Goldsmith, the song in The Vicar of Wakefield.

  2. V. The Tempest, as above.

  3. The interior of St. Magnus Martyr is to my mind one of the finest among Wren’s interiors. See The Proposed Demolition of Nineteen City Churches: (P. S. King & Son, Ltd.).

  4. The Song of the (three) Thames-daughters begins here. From line 292 to 306 inclusive they speak in turn. V. Götterdämmerung, III, i: the Rhine-daughters.

  5. V. Froude, Elizabeth, Vol. I, ch. iv, letter of De Quadra to Philip of Spain:

‘In the afternoon we were in a barge, watching the games on the river. (The Queen) was alone with Lord Robert and myself on the poop, when they began to talk nonsense, and went so far that Lord Robert at last said, as I was on the spot there was no reason why they should not be married if the queen pleased.’

  1. Cf. Purgatorio, V. 133:

                        ‘Ricorditi di me, che son la Pia;
                        ‘Siena mi fé, disfecemi Maremma.’
307. V. St. Augustine’s Confessions: ‘to Carthage then I came, where a cauldron of unholy loves sang all about mine ears.’

  1. The complete text of the Buddha’s Fire Sermon (which corresponds in importance to the Sermon on the Mount) from which these words are taken, will be found translated in the late Henry Clarke Warren’s Buddhism in Translation (Harvard Oriental Series). Mr. Warren was one of the great pioneers of Buddhist studies in the Occident.

  2. From St. Augustine’s Confessions again. The collocation of these two representatives of eastern and western asceticism, as the culmination of this part of the poem, is not an accident.

V. WHAT THE THUNDER SAID
In the first part of Part V three themes are employed: the journey to Emmaus, the approach to the Chapel Perilous (see Miss Weston’s book) and the present decay of eastern Europe.

  1. This is Turdus aonalaschkae pallasii, the hermit-thrush which I have heard in Quebec Province. Chapman says (Handbook of Birds of Eastern North America) ‘it is most at home in secluded woodland and thickety retreats…. Its notes are not remarkable for variety or volume, but in purity and sweetness of tone and exquisite modulation they are unequalled.’ Its ‘water-dripping song’ is justly celebrated.

  2. The following lines were stimulated by the account of one of the Antarctic expeditions (I forget which, but I think one of Shackleton’s): it was related that the party of explorers, at the extremity of their strength, had the constant delusion that there was one more member than could actually be counted.

366–76. Cf. Hermann Hesse, Blick ins Chaos: ‘Schon ist halb Europa, schon ist zumindest der halbe Osten Europas auf dem Wege zum Chaos, fährt betrunken im heiligen Wahn am Abgrund entlang und singt dazu, singt betrunken und hymnisch wie Dmitri Karamasoff sang. Ueber diese Lieder lacht der Bürger beleidigt, der Heilige und Seher hört sie mit Tränen.’
401. ‘Datta, dayadhvam, damyata’ (Give, sympathise, control). The fable of the meaning of the Thunder is found in the Brihadaranyaka — Upanishad, 5, 1. A translation is found in Deussen’s Sechzig Upanishads des Veda, p. 489.

  1. Cf. Webster, The White Devil, V, vi:

‘… they’ll remarry
Ere the worm pierce your winding-sheet, ere the spider
Make a thin curtain for your epitaphs.’
411. Cf. Inferno, XXXIII, 46:

                        ‘ed io senti chiavar l’uscio di sotto
                        all’ orribile torre.’
Also F. H. Bradley, Appearance and Reality, p. 306. ‘My external sensations are no less private to my self than are my thoughts or my feelings. In either case my experience falls within my own circle, a circle closed on the outside; and, with all its elements alike, every sphere is opaque to the others which surround it…. In brief, regarded as an existence which appears in a soul, the whole world for each is peculiar and private to that soul.’

  1. V. Weston: From Ritual to Romance; chapter on the Fisher King.

  2. V. Purgatorio, XXVI, 148.

                          ‘“Ara vos prec per aquella valor
                           “que vos guida al som de l’escalina,
                           “sovenha vos a temps de ma dolor.”
                            Poi s’ascose nel foco che li affina.’
428. V. Pervigilium Veneris. Cf. Philomela in Parts II and III.

  1. V. Gerard de Nerval, Sonnet El Desdichado.
  2. V. Kyd’s Spanish Tragedy.
  3. Shantih. Repeated as here, a formal ending to an Upanishad. ‘The Peace which passeth understanding’ is our equivalent to this word.

V. Ciò che disse il tuono
    Dopo la luce rossa delle torce su volti sudati
Dopo il gelido silenzio nei giardini
Dopo l’agonia in luoghi di pietra
Le grida e il pianto
Prigione e palazzo e riverbero
Di tuono di primavera su montagne lontane
Colui che era vivo ora è morto
Noi che eravamo vivi ora stiamo morendo
Con un poco di pazienza

    Qui non c’è acqua ma soltanto roccia
Roccia e niente acqua e la strada sabbiosa
La strada che serpeggia lassù fra le montagne
Che sono montagne di roccia senza acqua
Se ci fosse acqua ci fermeremmo a bere
Fra la roccia non ci si può fermare né pensare
Il sudore è secco e i piedi sono nella sabbia
Se solo ci fosse acqua fra la roccia
Morta bocca di montagna di denti cariati che non sa sputare
Qui non ci si può reggere né coricare né sedere

Non c’è nemmeno silenzio fra le montagne
Ma tuono secco sterile senza pioggia
Non c’è nemmeno solitudine fra le montagne
Ma rossi volti imbronciati sogghignano e ringhiano
Da porte di case di fango screpolato
                                                 Se ci fosse acqua
    E non roccia
    Se ci fosse roccia
    E anche acqua
    E acqua

    Una sorgente
    Una pozza fra la roccia
    Se ci fosse soltanto il suono dell’acqua
    Non la cicala
    E l’erba secca che canta
    Ma suono d’acqua sopra una roccia
    Dove il tordo eremita canta fra i pini
    Plic ploc plic ploc ploc ploc ploc
    Ma non c’è acqua
   Chi è il terzo che cammina sempre al tuo fianco?

Quando conto, ci siamo solo io e te insieme
Ma quando guardo avanti su per la bianca strada
C’è sempre un altro che cammina al tuo fianco
Scivolando avvolto in un mantello bruno, incappucciato
Non so se sia un uomo o una donna
— Ma chi è quello dall’altro tuo lato?
    Che suono è quello alto nell’aria
Mormorio di materno lamento
Chi sono quelle orde incappucciate che brulicano
Su pianure infinite, inciampando nella terra screpolata

Cerchiate soltanto dal piatto orizzonte
Qual è la città oltre le montagne
Si spacca e si riforma e scoppia nell’aria viola
Torri che cadono
Gerusalemme Atene Alessandria
Vienna Londra
Irreali
    Una donna si tese lunghi i neri capelli
E su quelle corde suonò una musica di bisbigli
E pipistrelli con facce di bambino nella luce viola

Fischiavano, e battevano le ali
E strisciavano a testa in giù giù per un muro annerito
E capovolte nell’aria stavano torri
Che rintoccavano campane memori, e scandivano le ore
E voci che cantavano da cisterne vuote e pozzi esausti.
    In questo buco decaduto fra le montagne
Nel fioco chiaro di luna, l’erba canta
Sulle tombe rovesciate, intorno alla cappella
C’è la cappella vuota, solo del vento la casa.
Non ha finestre, e la porta sbatte,

Ossa secche non possono nuocere a nessuno.
Solo un gallo stava sul colmo del tetto
Co co rico co co rico
In un lampo di folgore. Poi una raffica umida
Che portava pioggia
    Ganga era in secca, e le molli foglie
Attendevano la pioggia, mentre le nere nubi
Si raccoglievano lontane, sopra l’Himavant.
La giungla stava acquattata, ingobbita nel silenzio.
Poi parlò il tuono

DA
Datta: che cosa abbiamo dato?

Amico mio, sangue che scuote il mio cuore
L’orribile audacia d’una resa d’un momento
Che un’età di prudenza non potrà mai ritrattare
Per questo, e solo per questo, siamo esistiti
Che non si troverà nei nostri necrologi
Né in memorie drappeggiate dal ragno benefico
Né sotto sigilli spezzati dal magro notaio
Nelle nostre stanze vuote

DA
Dayadhvam: ho udito la chiave

Girare nella porta una volta e una volta soltanto
Pensiamo alla chiave, ciascuno nella sua prigione
Pensando alla chiave, ciascuno conferma una prigione
Solo al calar della notte, eteree dicerie
Ravvivano per un momento un Coriolano infranto
DA
Damyata: la barca rispose

Lietamente, alla mano esperta di vela e di remo

Il mare era calmo, il tuo cuore avrebbe risposto
Lietamente, se invitato, battendo obbediente
A mani che governano
                                               Sedevo sulla riva
A pescare, con l’arida pianura alle spalle
Metterò almeno in ordine le mie terre?
Il ponte di Londra sta cadendo giù cadendo giù cadendo giù
Poi s’ascose nel foco che gli affina
Quando fiam uti chelidon — O rondine rondine

Le Prince d’Aquitaine à la tour abolie

Questi frammenti ho puntellato contro le mie rovine
Ebbene, allora vi accontenterò. Ieronimo è pazzo di nuovo.
Datta. Dayadhvam. Damyata.
                    Shantih shantih shantih

Notes on the Waste Land
Not only the title, but the plan and a good deal of the incidental symbolism of the poem were suggested by Miss Jessie L. Weston’s book on the Grail legend: From Ritual to Romance (Cambridge). Indeed, so deeply am I indebted. Miss Weston’s book will elucidate the difficulties of the poem much better than my notes can do; and I recommend it (apart from the great interest of the book itself) to any who think such elucidation of the poem worth the trouble. To another work of anthropology I am indebted in general, one which has influenced our generation profoundly; I mean The Golden Bough; I have used especially the two volumes Adonis, Attis, Osiris. Anyone who is acquainted with these works will immediately recognise in the poem certain references to vegetation ceremonies.

I. THE BURIAL OF THE DEAD
Line 20. Cf. Ezekiel II, i.
23. Cf. Ecclesiastes XII, v. 31. V. Tristan und Isolde, I, verses 5–8. 42. Id. III, verse 24. 46. I am not familiar with the exact constitution of the Tarot pack of cards, from which I have obviously departed to suit my own convenience. The Hanged Man, a member of the traditional pack, fits my purpose in two ways: because he is associated in my mind with the Hanged God of Frazer, and because I associate him with the hooded figure in the passage of the disciples of Emmaus in Part V. The Phoenician Sailor and the Merchant appear later; also the ‘crowds of people’, and Death by Water is executed in Part IV. The Man with Three Staves (an authentic member of the Tarot pack) I associate, quite arbitrarily, with the Fisher King himself.

  1. Cf. Baudelaire: ‘Fourmillante cité, cité pleine de rêves,
    ‘Où le spectre en plein jour raccroche le passant.’
  2. Cf. Inferno III, 55–57:                                                             si lunga tratta
                             di gente, ch’io non avrei mai creduto
                             che morte tanta n’avesse disfatta.
  3. Cf. Inferno IV, 25–27:                          Quivi, secondo che per ascoltare,
                             non avea pianto ma’ che di sospiri
                             che l’aura eterna facevan tremare.
  4. A phenomenon which I have often noticed.
  5. Cf. the Dirge in Webster’s White Devil.
  6. V. Baudelaire, Preface to Fleurs du Mal.

II. A GAME OF CHESS
77. Cf. Antony and Cleopatra, II, ii, l. 190.

  1. Laquearia. V. Aeneid, I, 726:

      dependent lychni laquearibus aureis
      incensi, et noctem flammis funalia vincunt.
98. Sylvan scene. V. Milton, Paradise Lost, IV, 140.

  1. V. Ovid, Metamorphoses, VI, Philomela.

  2. Cf. Part III, l. 204.

  3. Cf. Part III, l. 195.

  4. Cf. Webster: ‘Is the wind in that door still?’

  5. Cf. Part I, l. 37, 48.

  6. Cf. the game of chess in Middleton’s Women beware Women. III. THE FIRE SERMON

  7. V. Spenser, Prothalamion.

  8. Cf. The Tempest, I, ii.

  9. Cf. Marvell, To His Coy Mistress.

  10. Cf. Day, Parliament of Bees:                ‘When of the sudden, listening, you shall hear,
                   ‘A noise of horns and hunting, which shall bring
                   ‘Actaeon to Diana in the spring,
                   ‘Where all shall see her naked skin …’

  11. I do not know the origin of the ballad from which these lines are taken: it was reported to me from Sydney, Australia.

  12. V. Verlaine, Parsifal.

  13. The currants were quoted at a price ‘cost insurance and freight to London’; and the Bill of Lading, etc., were to be handed to the buyer upon payment of the sight draft.

  14. Tiresias, although a mere spectator and not indeed a ‘character’, is yet the most important personage in the poem, uniting all the rest. Just as the one-eyed merchant, seller of currants, melts into the Phoenician Sailor, and the latter is not wholly distinct from Ferdinand Prince of Naples, so all the women are one woman, and the two sexes meet in Tiresias. What Tiresias sees, in fact, is the substance of the poem. The whole passage from Ovid is of great anthropological interest:

… Cum Iunone iocos et ‘maior vestra profecto est
Quam quae contingit maribus’, dixisse, ‘voluptas.’
Illa negat; placuit quae sit sententia docti
Quaerere Tiresiae; Venus huic erat utraque nota.
Nam duo magnorum viridi coeuntia silva
Corpora serpentum baculi violaverat ictu
Deque viro factus, mirabile, femina septem
Egerat autumnos; octavo rursus eosdem
Vidit et ‘est vestrae si tanta potentia plagae’,
Dixit ‘ut auctoris sortem in contraria mutet,
Nunc quoque vos feriam!’ percussis anguibus isdem
Forma prior rediit genetivaque venit imago.
Arbiter hic igitur sumptus de lite iocosa
Dicta Iovis firmat; gravius Saturnia iusto
Nec pro materia fertur doluisse suique
Iudicis aeterna damnavit lumina nocte,
At pater omnipotens (neque enim licet inrita cuiquam
Facta dei fecisse deo) pro lumine adempto
Scire futura dedit poenamque levavit honore.
221. This may not appear as exact as Sappho’s lines, but I had in mind the ‘longshore’ or ‘dory’ fisherman, who returns at nightfall.

  1. V. Goldsmith, the song in The Vicar of Wakefield.

  2. V. The Tempest, as above.

  3. The interior of St. Magnus Martyr is to my mind one of the finest among Wren’s interiors. See The Proposed Demolition of Nineteen City Churches: (P. S. King & Son, Ltd.).

  4. The Song of the (three) Thames-daughters begins here. From line 292 to 306 inclusive they speak in turn. V. Götterdämmerung, III, i: the Rhine-daughters.

  5. V. Froude, Elizabeth, Vol. I, ch. iv, letter of De Quadra to Philip of Spain:

‘In the afternoon we were in a barge, watching the games on the river. (The Queen) was alone with Lord Robert and myself on the poop, when they began to talk nonsense, and went so far that Lord Robert at last said, as I was on the spot there was no reason why they should not be married if the queen pleased.’

  1. Cf. Purgatorio, V. 133:

                        ‘Ricorditi di me, che son la Pia;
                        ‘Siena mi fé, disfecemi Maremma.’
307. V. St. Augustine’s Confessions: ‘to Carthage then I came, where a cauldron of unholy loves sang all about mine ears.’

  1. The complete text of the Buddha’s Fire Sermon (which corresponds in importance to the Sermon on the Mount) from which these words are taken, will be found translated in the late Henry Clarke Warren’s Buddhism in Translation (Harvard Oriental Series). Mr. Warren was one of the great pioneers of Buddhist studies in the Occident.

  2. From St. Augustine’s Confessions again. The collocation of these two representatives of eastern and western asceticism, as the culmination of this part of the poem, is not an accident.

V. WHAT THE THUNDER SAID
In the first part of Part V three themes are employed: the journey to Emmaus, the approach to the Chapel Perilous (see Miss Weston’s book) and the present decay of eastern Europe.

  1. This is Turdus aonalaschkae pallasii, the hermit-thrush which I have heard in Quebec Province. Chapman says (Handbook of Birds of Eastern North America) ‘it is most at home in secluded woodland and thickety retreats…. Its notes are not remarkable for variety or volume, but in purity and sweetness of tone and exquisite modulation they are unequalled.’ Its ‘water-dripping song’ is justly celebrated.

  2. The following lines were stimulated by the account of one of the Antarctic expeditions (I forget which, but I think one of Shackleton’s): it was related that the party of explorers, at the extremity of their strength, had the constant delusion that there was one more member than could actually be counted.

366–76. Cf. Hermann Hesse, Blick ins Chaos: ‘Schon ist halb Europa, schon ist zumindest der halbe Osten Europas auf dem Wege zum Chaos, fährt betrunken im heiligen Wahn am Abgrund entlang und singt dazu, singt betrunken und hymnisch wie Dmitri Karamasoff sang. Ueber diese Lieder lacht der Bürger beleidigt, der Heilige und Seher hört sie mit Tränen.’
401. ‘Datta, dayadhvam, damyata’ (Give, sympathise, control). The fable of the meaning of the Thunder is found in the Brihadaranyaka — Upanishad, 5, 1. A translation is found in Deussen’s Sechzig Upanishads des Veda, p. 489.

  1. Cf. Webster, The White Devil, V, vi:

‘… they’ll remarry
Ere the worm pierce your winding-sheet, ere the spider
Make a thin curtain for your epitaphs.’
411. Cf. Inferno, XXXIII, 46:

                        ‘ed io senti chiavar l’uscio di sotto
                        all’ orribile torre.’
Also F. H. Bradley, Appearance and Reality, p. 306. ‘My external sensations are no less private to my self than are my thoughts or my feelings. In either case my experience falls within my own circle, a circle closed on the outside; and, with all its elements alike, every sphere is opaque to the others which surround it…. In brief, regarded as an existence which appears in a soul, the whole world for each is peculiar and private to that soul.’

  1. V. Weston: From Ritual to Romance; chapter on the Fisher King.

  2. V. Purgatorio, XXVI, 148.

                          ‘“Ara vos prec per aquella valor
                           “que vos guida al som de l’escalina,
                           “sovenha vos a temps de ma dolor.”
                            Poi s’ascose nel foco che li affina.’
428. V. Pervigilium Veneris. Cf. Philomela in Parts II and III.

  1. V. Gerard de Nerval, Sonnet El Desdichado.
  2. V. Kyd’s Spanish Tragedy.
  3. Shantih. Repeated as here, a formal ending to an Upanishad. ‘The Peace which passeth understanding’ is our equivalent to this word.

Note alla terra desolata
Non solo il titolo, ma anche l’impianto e buona parte del simbolismo incidentale del poema mi furono suggeriti dal libro di Miss Jessie L. Weston sulla leggenda del Graal: From Ritual to Romance (Cambridge). Davvero, tanto profondo è il mio debito. Il libro di Miss Weston chiarirà le difficoltà del poema assai meglio di quanto possano fare le mie note; e lo raccomando (a prescindere dal grande interesse del libro in sé) a chiunque ritenga che tale chiarimento del poema valga la pena. A un’altra opera di antropologia sono debitore in generale, opera che ha influenzato profondamente la nostra generazione; intendo The Golden Bough; mi sono servito soprattutto dei due volumi Adonis, Attis, Osiris. Chiunque conosca queste opere riconoscerà subito nel poema certi riferimenti a cerimonie della vegetazione.

I. LA SEPOLTURA DEI MORTI
Verso 20. Cfr. Ezechiele II, i.
23. Cfr. Ecclesiaste XII, v.
31. V. Tristan und Isolde, I, versi 5–8.
42. Id. III, verso 24.
46. Non conosco l’esatta composizione del mazzo dei Tarocchi, dalla quale mi sono evidentemente allontanato per mia comodità. L’Impiccato, membro del mazzo tradizionale, fa al caso mio in due modi: perché nella mia mente è associato al Dio Impiccato di Frazer, e perché lo associo alla figura incappucciata nel passo dei discepoli di Emmaus nella Parte V. Il Marinaio Fenicio e il Mercante compaiono più avanti; e così le ‘folle di gente’, e la Morte per acqua si compie nella Parte IV. L’Uomo con Tre Bastoni (autentico membro del mazzo dei Tarocchi) lo associo, del tutto arbitrariamente, allo stesso Re Pescatore.

  1. Cfr. Baudelaire:
    ‘Fourmillante cité, cité pleine de rêves,
    ‘Où le spectre en plein jour raccroche le passant.’
  2. Cfr. Inferno III, 55–57:
                                                                si lunga tratta
                             di gente, ch’io non avrei mai creduto
                             che morte tanta n’avesse disfatta.
  3. Cfr. Inferno IV, 25–27:
                             Quivi, secondo che per ascoltare,
                             non avea pianto ma’ che di sospiri
                             che l’aura eterna facevan tremare.
  4. Fenomeno che ho spesso notato.
  5. Cfr. il Canto funebre nel White Devil di Webster.
  6. V. Baudelaire, Prefazione a Fleurs du Mal.

II. UNA PARTITA A SCACCHI
77. Cfr. Antonio e Cleopatra, II, ii, v. 190.

  1. Laquearia. V. Eneide, I, 726:

      dependent lychni laquearibus aureis
      incensi, et noctem flammis funalia vincunt.
98. Scena silvana. V. Milton, Paradiso perduto, IV, 140.

  1. V. Ovidio, Metamorfosi, VI, Filomela.

  2. Cfr. Parte III, v. 204.

  3. Cfr. Parte III, v. 195.

  4. Cfr. Webster: ‘Il vento è ancora in quella porta?’

  5. Cfr. Parte I, vv. 37, 48.

  6. Cfr. la partita a scacchi in Women beware Women di Middleton.
    III. IL SERMONE DEL FUOCO

  7. V. Spenser, Prothalamion.

  8. Cfr. La tempesta, I, ii.

  9. Cfr. Marvell, To His Coy Mistress.

  10. Cfr. Day, Parliament of Bees:
                   ‘Quando d’un tratto, in ascolto, udrai,
                   ‘Un rumore di corni e di caccia, che porterà
                   ‘Atteone da Diana in primavera,
                   ‘Dove tutti vedranno la sua pelle nuda …’

  11. Non conosco l’origine della ballata da cui questi versi sono tratti: mi fu riferita da Sydney, in Australia.

  12. V. Verlaine, Parsifal.

  13. L’uva passa era quotata a un prezzo ‘costo assicurazione e nolo fino a Londra’; e la polizza di carico, ecc., dovevano essere consegnate all’acquirente contro pagamento della tratta a vista.

  14. Tiresia, benché mero spettatore e non propriamente un ‘personaggio’, è tuttavia la figura più importante del poema, poiché unisce tutte le altre. Come il mercante con un occhio solo, venditore d’uva passa, si dissolve nel Marinaio Fenicio, e questi non è del tutto distinto da Ferdinando Principe di Napoli, così tutte le donne sono una donna sola, e i due sessi s’incontrano in Tiresia. Ciò che Tiresia vede è, in effetti, la sostanza del poema. L’intero passo di Ovidio è di grande interesse antropologico:

… Cum Iunone iocos et ‘maior vestra profecto est
Quam quae contingit maribus’, dixisse, ‘voluptas.’
Illa negat; placuit quae sit sententia docti
Quaerere Tiresiae; Venus huic erat utraque nota.
Nam duo magnorum viridi coeuntia silva
Corpora serpentum baculi violaverat ictu
Deque viro factus, mirabile, femina septem
Egerat autumnos; octavo rursus eosdem
Vidit et ‘est vestrae si tanta potentia plagae’,
Dixit ‘ut auctoris sortem in contraria mutet,
Nunc quoque vos feriam!’ percussis anguibus isdem
Forma prior rediit genetivaque venit imago.
Arbiter hic igitur sumptus de lite iocosa
Dicta Iovis firmat; gravius Saturnia iusto
Nec pro materia fertur doluisse suique
Iudicis aeterna damnavit lumina nocte,
At pater omnipotens (neque enim licet inrita cuiquam
Facta dei fecisse deo) pro lumine adempto
Scire futura dedit poenamque levavit honore.
221. Questo può non apparire esatto quanto i versi di Saffo, ma avevo in mente il pescatore ‘longshore’ o ‘dory’, che rientra al calar della notte.

  1. V. Goldsmith, la canzone in The Vicar of Wakefield.

  2. V. La tempesta, come sopra.

  3. L’interno di St. Magnus Martyr è a mio giudizio uno dei più belli fra gli interni di Wren. Si veda The Proposed Demolition of Nineteen City Churches: (P. S. King & Son, Ltd.).

  4. Il Canto delle (tre) figlie del Tamigi comincia qui. Dal verso 292 al 306 incluso esse parlano a turno. V. Götterdämmerung, III, i: le figlie del Reno.

  5. V. Froude, Elizabeth, Vol. I, cap. iv, lettera di De Quadra a Filippo di Spagna:

‘Nel pomeriggio eravamo su una chiatta, a guardare i giochi sul fiume. (La Regina) era sola con Lord Robert e con me a poppa, quando cominciarono a dire sciocchezze, e andarono tanto oltre che Lord Robert alla fine disse che, trovandomi io presente, non c’era ragione perché non si sposassero se alla regina fosse piaciuto.’

  1. Cfr. Purgatorio, V. 133:

                        ‘Ricorditi di me, che son la Pia;
                        ‘Siena mi fé, disfecemi Maremma.’
307. V. le Confessioni di sant’Agostino: ‘a Cartagine allora venni, dove un calderone di amori empi cantava tutt’intorno alle mie orecchie.’

  1. Il testo completo del Sermone del Fuoco del Buddha (che per importanza corrisponde al Discorso della Montagna), da cui queste parole sono tratte, si troverà tradotto in Buddhism in Translation del compianto Henry Clarke Warren (Harvard Oriental Series). Il signor Warren fu uno dei grandi pionieri degli studi buddhisti in Occidente.

  2. Ancora dalle Confessioni di sant’Agostino. L’accostamento di questi due rappresentanti dell’ascetismo orientale e occidentale, come culmine di questa parte del poema, non è casuale.

V. CIÒ CHE DISSE IL TUONO
Nella prima parte della Parte V sono impiegati tre temi: il viaggio a Emmaus, l’accostarsi alla Cappella Perigliosa (si veda il libro di Miss Weston) e l’attuale decadenza dell’Europa orientale.

  1. È il Turdus aonalaschkae pallasii, il tordo eremita che ho udito nella Provincia del Quebec. Chapman dice (Handbook of Birds of Eastern North America) che ‘è più a casa sua in boschi appartati e in rifugi di macchia…. Le sue note non sono notevoli per varietà o volume, ma per purezza e dolcezza di tono e per squisita modulazione non hanno pari.’ Il suo ‘acqua-stillante canto’ è giustamente celebre.

  2. I versi seguenti furono suggeriti dal racconto di una delle spedizioni antartiche (non ricordo quale, ma credo una di Shackleton): si narrava che il gruppo degli esploratori, allo stremo delle forze, avesse la costante illusione che vi fosse un membro in più di quanti se ne potessero effettivamente contare.

366–76. Cfr. Hermann Hesse, Blick ins Chaos: ‘Schon ist halb Europa, schon ist zumindest der halbe Osten Europas auf dem Wege zum Chaos, fährt betrunken im heiligen Wahn am Abgrund entlang und singt dazu, singt betrunken und hymnisch wie Dmitri Karamasoff sang. Ueber diese Lieder lacht der Bürger beleidigt, der Heilige und Seher hört sie mit Tränen.’
401. ‘Datta, dayadhvam, damyata’ (Dai, compatisci, domina). La favola del significato del Tuono si trova nella Brihadaranyaka — Upanishad, 5, 1. Una traduzione si trova in Sechzig Upanishads des Veda di Deussen, p. 489.

  1. Cfr. Webster, The White Devil, V, vi:

‘… si risposeranno
Prima che il verme trafigga il tuo sudario, prima che il ragno
Tenda un sottile velo sui tuoi epitaffi.’
411. Cfr. Inferno, XXXIII, 46:

                        ‘ed io senti chiavar l’uscio di sotto
                        all’ orribile torre.’
Inoltre F. H. Bradley, Appearance and Reality, p. 306. ‘Le mie sensazioni esterne non sono meno private al mio io di quanto lo siano i miei pensieri o i miei sentimenti. In entrambi i casi la mia esperienza cade entro il mio proprio cerchio, un cerchio chiuso all’esterno; e, con tutti i suoi elementi ugualmente, ogni sfera è opaca alle altre che la circondano…. In breve, considerato come un’esistenza che appare in un’anima, il mondo intero è per ciascuno peculiare e privato a quell’anima.’

  1. V. Weston: From Ritual to Romance; capitolo sul Re Pescatore.

  2. V. Purgatorio, XXVI, 148.

                          ‘“Ara vos prec per aquella valor
                           “que vos guida al som de l’escalina,
                           “sovenha vos a temps de ma dolor.”
                            Poi s’ascose nel foco che li affina.’
428. V. Pervigilium Veneris. Cfr. Filomela nelle Parti II e III.

  1. V. Gérard de Nerval, Sonetto El Desdichado.
  2. V. la Spanish Tragedy di Kyd.
  3. Shantih. Ripetuto come qui, è la chiusa formale di una Upanishad. ‘La Pace che sopravanza ogni intelletto’ è il nostro equivalente di questa parola.