THE MERCHANT OF VENICE

by Shakespeare · Cluster: Blood · Verse Drama · Revenge

Abstract

A tragicomedy in which the merchant Antonio borrows from the Jewish moneylender Shylock on a bond of a pound of flesh; it turns on the conflict of justice and mercy, the casket-test courtship of Portia, and the trial scene resolved by Portia disguised as a lawyer.

Capitoli / Chapters

Connections

Topoi: Love as Religion Archetypes: Outsider, Villain, Scapegoat Motifs: Money and Gold, Blood, Concealment Hidden Identity Themes & Concepts: Justice Right and Wrong, Mercy, Revenge, Alienation, Romantic Love, Friendship, Appearance vs Reality Forms & Genres: Tragicomedy, Comedy, Verse Drama Historical References: Bible Settings: Venice, Europe Characters: Shylock, Portia, Antonio, Bassanio, Jessica, Lorenzo, Gratiano, Nerissa, Launcelot Gobbo

Testo integrale / Full text

THE MERCHANT OF VENICE ENTRY of ‘a book of The Merchant of Venice or otherwise called The Jew of Venice’ in the Stationers’ Register on 22July 1598 probably represents an attempt by Shakespeare’s company to prevent the unauthorized printing of a popular play: it eventually appeared in print as ‘The Comical History of the Merchant of Venice’ in 1600, when it was said to have ‘been divers times acted by the Lord Chamberlain his servants’; probably Shakespeare wrote it in 1596 or 1597. The alternative title—The Jew of Venice—may reflect Shylock’s impact on the play’s first audiences. The play is constructed on the basis of two romantic tales using motifs well known to sixteenth-century readers. The story of Giannetto (Shakespeare’s Bassanio) and the Lady (Portia) of Belmont comes from an Italian collection of fifty stories published under the title of II Pecorone (‘the big sheep’, or ‘dunce’) and attributed to one Ser Giovanni of Fiorentino. Written in the later part of the fourteenth century, the volume did not appear until 1558. No sixteenth-century translation is known, so (unless there was a lost intermediary) Shakespeare must have read it in Italian. It gave him the main outline of the plot involving Antonio (the merchant), Bassanio (the wooer), Portia, and the Jew (Shylock). The pound of flesh motif was available also in other versions, one of which, in Alexander Silvayn’s The Orator (translated 1596), influenced the climactic scene (4.1) in which Shylock attempts to exact the full penalty of his bond. In the story from II Pecorone the lady (a widow) challenges her suitors to seduce her, on pain of the forfeiture of their wealth, and thwarts them by drugging their wine. Shakespeare more romantically shows a maiden required by her father’s will to accept only a wooer who will forswear marriage if he fails to make the right choice among caskets of gold, silver and lead. The story of the caskets was readily available in versions by John Gower (in his Confessio Amantis) and Giovanni Boccaccio (in his Decameron), and in an anonymous anthology (the Gesta Romanorum). Shakespeare added the character ofJessica, Shylock’s daughter who elopes with the Christian Lorenzo—perhaps influenced by episodes in Christopher Marlowe’s play The Jew of Malta (c.1589)—and made many adjustments to the stories from which he borrowed. The Merchant of Venice is a natural development from Shakespeare’s earlier comedies, especially The Two Gentlemen of Verona, with its heroine disguised as a boy and its portrayal of the competing demands of love and friendship. But Portia is the first of his great romantic heroines, and Shylock his first great comic antagonist. Though the play grew out of fairy tales, its moral scheme is not entirely clear cut: the Christians are open to criticism, the Jew is true to his own code of conduct. The response of twentieth-century and later audiences has been complicated by racial issues; in any case, the role of Shylock affords such strong opportunities for an actor capable of arousing an undercurrent of sympathy for a vindictive character that it has sometimes unbalanced the play in performance. But the so-called trial scene (4.1) is unfailing in its impact on audiences, and the closing episodes modulate skilfully from romantic lyricism to high comedy, while sustaining the play’s concern with true and false values. THE PERSONS OF THE PLAY ANTONIO, a merchant of Venice BASSANIO, his friend and Portia’s suitor LEONARDO, Bassanio’s servant SHYLOCK, a Jew JESSICA, his daughter TUBAL, a Jew LANCELOT, a clown, first Shylock’s servant and then Bassanio’s GOBBO, his father PORTIA, an heiress NERISSA, her waiting-gentlewoman DUKE of Venice Magnificoes of Venice A jailer, attendants, and servants

The Comical History of the Merchant of Venice, or Otherwise Called the Jew of Venice

Atto 1, Scena 1

Chi parla	Battuta
(didascalia)	Enter Antonio, Salerio, and Solanio
ANTONIO	In sooth, I know not why I am so sad. It wearies me, you say it wearies you, But how I caught it, found it, or came by it, What stuff ’tis made of, whereof it is born, I am to learn; And such a want-wit sadness makes of me That I have much ado to know myself.
SALERIO	Your mind is tossing on the ocean, There where your argosies with portly sail, Like signors and rich burghers on the flood— Or as it were the pageants of the sea— Do overpeer the petty traffickers That curtsy to them, do them reverence, As they fly by them with their woven wings.
SOLANIO	(to Antonio) Believe me, sir, had I such venture forth The better part of my affections would Be with my hopes abroad. I should be still Plucking the grass to know where sits the wind, Peering in maps for ports and piers and roads, And every object that might make me fear Misfortune to my ventures out of doubt Would make me sad.
SALERIO	My wind cooling my broth Would blow me to an ague when I thought What harm a wind too great might do at sea. I should not see the sandy hour-glass run But I should think of shallows and of flats, And see my wealthy Andrew, decks in sand, Vailing her hightop lower than her ribs To kiss her burial. Should I go to church And see the holy edifice of stone 30 And not bethink me straight of dangerous rocks Which, touching but my gentle vessel’s side, Would scatter all her spices on the stream, Enrobe the roaring waters with my silks, And, in a word, but even now worth this, And now worth nothing? Shall I have the thought To think on this, and shall I lack the thought That such a thing bechanced would make me sad? But tell not me. I know Antonio Is sad to think upon his merchandise.
ANTONIO	Believe me, no. I thank my fortune for it, My ventures are not in one bottom trusted, Nor to one place; nor is my whole estate Upon the fortune of this present year. Therefore my merchandise makes me not sad.
SOLANIO	Why then, you are in love. ANTONIOFie, fie.
SOLANIO	Not in love neither? Then let us say you are sad Because you are not merry, and ’twere as easy For you to laugh, and leap, and say you are merry Because you are not sad. Now, by two-headed Janus, Nature hath framed strange fellows in her time: Some that will evermore peep through their eyes And laugh like parrots at a bagpiper, And other of such vinegar aspect That they’ll not show their teeth in way of smile Though Nestor swear the jest be laughable.
(didascalia)	Enter Bassanio, Lorenzo, and Graziano
SOLANIO	Here comes Bassanio, your most noble kinsman, Graziano, and Lorenzo. Fare ye well. We leave you now with better company.
SALERIO	I would have stayed till I had made you merry If worthier friends had not prevented me.
ANTONIO	Your worth is very dear in my regard. I take it your own business calls on you, And you embrace th’occasion to depart.
SALERIO	Good morrow, my good lords. 65
BASSANIO	Good signors both, when shall we laugh? Say, when? You grow exceeding strange. Must it be so?
SALERIO	We’ll make our leisures to attend on yours.
(didascalia)	Exeunt Salerio and Solanio
LORENZO	My lord Bassanio, since you have found Antonio, We two will leave you; but at dinner-time I pray you have in mind where we must meet.
BASSANIO	I will not fail you.
GRAZIANO	You look not well, Signor Antonio. You have too much respect upon the world. They lose it that do buy it with much care. Believe me, you are marvellously changed.
ANTONIO	I hold the world but as the world, Graziano— A stage where every man must play a part, And mine a sad one.
GRAZIANO	Let me play the fool. With mirth and laughter let old wrinkles come, And let my liver rather heat with wine Than my heart cool with mortifying groans. Why should a man whose blood is warm within Sit like his grandsire cut in alabaster, Sleep when he wakes, and creep into the jaundice By being peevish? I tell thee what, Antonio— I love thee, and ‘tis my love that speaks— There are a sort of men whose visages Do cream and mantle like a standing pond, And do a wilful stillness entertain With purpose to be dressed in an opinion Of wisdom, gravity, profound conceit, As who should say ‘I am Sir Oracle, And when I ope my lips, let no dog bark.’ O my Antonio, I do know of these That therefore only are reputed wise For saying nothing, when I am very sure, If they should speak, would almost damn those ears Which, hearing them, would call their brothers fools. I’ll tell thee more of this another time. But fish not with this melancholy bait For this fool gudgeon, this opinion.— Come, good Lorenzo.—Fare ye well a while. I’ll end my exhortation after dinner.
LORENZO	(to Antonio and Bassanio) Well, we will leave you then till dinner-time. 105 I must be one of these same dumb wise men, For Graziano never lets me speak.
GRAZIANO	Well, keep me company but two years more Thou shalt not know the sound of thine own tongue.
ANTONIO	Fare you well. I’ll grow a talker for this gear.
GRAZIANO	Thanks, i’faith, for silence is only commendable In a neat’s tongue dried and a maid not vendible.
(didascalia)	Exeunt Graziano and Lorenzo
ANTONIO	Yet is that anything now?
BASSANIO	Graziano speaks an infinite deal of nothing, more than any man in all Venice. His reasons are as two grains of wheat hid in two bushels of chaff: you shall seek all day ere you find them, and when you have them they are not worth the search.
ANTONIO	Well, tell me now what lady is the same To whom you swore a secret pilgrimage, That you today promised to tell me of.
BASSANIO	’Tis not unknown to you, Antonio, How much I have disabled mine estate By something showing a more swelling port Than my faint means would grant continuance, Nor do I now make moan to be abridged From such a noble rate; but my chief care Is to come fairly off from the great debts Wherein my time, something too prodigal, Hath left me gaged. To you, Antonio, I owe the most in money and in love, And from your love I have a warranty To unburden all my plots and purposes How to get clear of all the debts I owe.
ANTONIO	I pray you, good Bassanio, let me know it, And if it stand as you yourself still do,
(didascalia)	Within the eye of honour, be assured
ANTONIO	My purse, my person, my extremest means Lie all unlocked to your occasions.
BASSANIO	In my schooldays, when I had lost one shaft, I shot his fellow of the selfsame flight The selfsame way, with more advised watch, To find the other forth; and by adventuring both, I oft found both. I urge this childhood proof Because what follows is pure innocence. I owe you much, and, like a wilful youth, That which I owe is lost; but if you please To shoot another arrow that self way Which you did shoot the first, I do not doubt, As I will watch the aim, or to find both Or bring your latter hazard back again, And thankfully rest debtor for the first.
ANTONIO	You know me well, and herein spend but time To wind about my love with circumstance; And out of doubt you do me now more wrong In making question of my uttermost Than if you had made waste of all I have. Then do but say to me what I should do That in your knowledge may by me be done, And I am pressed unto it. Therefore speak.
BASSANIO	In Belmont is a lady richly left, And she is fair, and, fairer than that word, Of wondrous virtues. Sometimes from her eyes I did receive fair speechless messages. Her name is Portia, nothing undervalued To Cato’s daughter, Brutus’ Portia; Nor is the wide world ignorant of her worth, For the four winds blow in from every coast Renowned suitors, and her sunny locks Hang on her temples like a golden fleece, Which makes her seat of Belmont Colchis’ strand, And many Jasons come in quest of her. O my Antonio, had I but the means To hold a rival place with one of them, I have a mind presages me such thrift That I should questionless be fortunate
ANTONIO	Thou know’st that all my fortunes are at sea, Neither have I money nor commodity To raise a present sum. Therefore go forth— Try what my credit can in Venice do; That shall be racked even to the uttermost To furnish thee to Belmont, to fair Portia. Go presently enquire, and so will I, Where money is; and I no question make To have it of my trust or for my sake.
(didascalia)	Exeunt [severally]

Atto 1, Scena 2

Chi parla	Battuta
(didascalia)	Enter Portia with Nerissa, her waiting-woman
PORTIA	By my troth, Nerissa, my little body is aweary of this great world.
NERISSA	You would be, sweet madam, if your miseries were in the same abundance as your good fortunes are; and yet, for aught I see, they are as sick that surfeit with too much as they that starve with nothing. It is no mean happiness, therefore, to be seated in the mean. Superfluity comes sooner by white hairs, but competency lives longer.
PORTIA	Good sentences, and well pronounced.
NERISSA	They would be better if well followed.
PORTIA	If to do were as easy as to know what were good to do, chapels had been churches, and poor men’s cottages princes’ palaces. It is a good divine that follows his own instructions. I can easier teach twenty what were good to be done than to be one of the twenty to follow mine own teaching. The brain may devise laws for the blood, but a hot temper leaps o‘er a cold decree. Such a hare is madness, the youth, to skip o’er the meshes of good counsel, the cripple. But this reasoning is not in the fashion to choose me a husband. O me, the word ‘choose’ I may neither choose who I would nor refuse who I dislike; so is the will of a living daughter curbed by the will of a dead father. Is it not hard, Nerissa, that I cannot choose one nor refuse none?
NERISSA	Your father was ever virtuous, and holy men at their death have good inspirations; therefore the lottery that he hath devised in these three chests of gold, silver, and lead, whereof who chooses his meaning chooses you, will no doubt never be chosen by any rightly but one who you shall rightly love. But what warmth is there in your affection towards any of these princely suitors that are already come?
PORTIA	I pray thee overname them, and as thou namest them I will describe them; and according to my description, level at my affection.
NERISSA	First there is the Neapolitan prince.
PORTIA	Ay, that’s a colt indeed, for he doth nothing but talk of his horse, and he makes it a great appropriation to his own good parts that he can shoe him himself. I am much afeard my lady his mother played false with a smith.
NERISSA	Then is there the County Palatine.
PORTIA	He doth nothing but frown, as who should say ‘An you will not have me, choose’. He hears merry tales and smiles not. I fear he will prove the weeping philosopher when he grows old, being so full of unmannerly sadness in his youth. I had rather be married to a death’s-head with a bone in his mouth than to either of these. God defend me from these two!
NERISSA	How say you by the French lord, Monsieur le Bon?
PORTIA	God made him, and therefore let him pass for a man. In truth, I know it is a sin to be a mocker, but he—why, he hath a horse better than the Neapolitan‘s, a better bad habit of frowning than the Count Palatine. He is every man in no man. If a throstle sing, he falls straight a-cap’ring. He will fence with his own shadow. If I should marry him, I should marry twenty husbands. If he would despise me, I would forgive him, for if he love me to madness, I shall never requite him.
NERISSA	What say you then to Falconbridge, the young baron of England?
PORTIA	You know I say nothing to him, for he understands not me, nor I him. He hath neither Latin, French, nor Italian, and you will come into the court and swear that I have a poor pennyworth in the English. He is a proper man’s picture, but alas, who can converse with a dumb show? How oddly he is suited! I think he bought his doublet in Italy, his round hose in France, his bonnet in Germany, and his behaviour everywhere.
NERISSA	What think you of the Scottish lord, his neighbour?
PORTIA	That he hath a neighbourly charity in him, for he borrowed a box of the ear of the Englishman and swore he would pay him again when he was able. I think the Frenchman became his surety, and sealed under for another.
NERISSA	How like you the young German, the Duke of Saxony’s nephew?
PORTIA	Very vilely in the morning when he is sober, and most vilely in the afternoon when he is drunk. When he is best he is a little worse than a man, and when he is worst he is little better than a beast. An the worst fall that ever fell, I hope I shall make shift to go without him.
NERISSA	If he should offer to choose, and choose the right casket, you should refuse to perform your father’s will if you should refuse to accept him.
PORTIA	Therefore, for fear of the worst, I pray thee set a deep glass of Rhenish wine on the contrary casket; for if the devil be within and that temptation without, I know he will choose it. I will do anything, Nerissa, ere I will be married to a sponge.
NERISSA	You need not fear, lady, the having any of these lords. They have acquainted me with their determinations, which is indeed to return to their home and to trouble you with no more suit unless you may be won by some other sort than your father’s imposition depending on the caskets. 102
PORTIA	If I live to be as old as Sibylla I will die as chaste as Diana unless I be obtained by the manner of my father’s will. I am glad this parcel of wooers are so reasonable, for there is not one among them but I dote on his very absence; and I pray God grant them a fair departure.
NERISSA	Do you not remember, lady, in your father’s time, a Venetian, a scholar and a soldier, that came hither in company of the Marquis of Montferrat? III
PORTIA	Yes, yes, it was Bassanio—as I think, so was he called.
NERISSA	True, madam. He of all the men that ever my foolish eyes looked upon was the best deserving a fair lady.
PORTIA	I remember him well, and I remember him worthy of thy praise.
(didascalia)	Enter a Servingman
PORTIA	How now, what news?
SERVINGMAN	The four strangers seek for you, madam, to take their leave, and there is a forerunner come from a fifth, the Prince of Morocco, who brings word the Prince his master will be here tonight.
PORTIA	If I could bid the fifth welcome with so good heart as I can bid the other four farewell, I should be glad of his approach. If he have the condition of a saint and the complexion of a devil, I had rather he should shrive me than wive me. Come, Nerissa. (To the Servingman) Sirrah, go before. Whiles we shut the gate upon one wooer, Another knocks at the door. Exeunt

Atto 1, Scena 3

Chi parla	Battuta
(didascalia)	Enter Bassanio with Shylock the Jew SHYLOCK Three thousand ducats. Well.
BASSANIO	Ay, sir, for three months.
SHYLOCK	For three months. Well.
BASSANIO	For the which, as I told you, Antonio shall be bound.
SHYLOCK	Antonio shall become bound. Well.
BASSANIO	May you stead me? Will you pleasure me? Shall I know your answer?
SHYLOCK	Three thousand ducats for three months, and Antonio bound.
BASSANIO	Your answer to that.
SHYLOCK	Antonio is a good man.
BASSANIO	Have you heard any imputation to the contrary ?
SHYLOCK	Ho, no, no, no, no !My meaning in saying he is a good man is to have you understand me that he is sufficient. Yet his means are in supposition. He hath an argosy bound to Tripolis, another to the Indies. I understand moreover upon the Rialto he hath a third at Mexico, a fourth for England, and other ventures he hath squandered abroad. But ships are but boards, sailors but men. There be land rats and water rats, water thieves and land thieves—I mean pirates—and then there is the peril of waters, winds, and rocks. The man is, notwithstanding, sufficient. Three thousand ducats. I think I may take his bond.
BASSANIO	Be assured you may.
SHYLOCK	I will be assured I may, and that I may be assured, I will bethink me. May I speak with Antonio?
BASSANIO	If it please you to dine with us.
(didascalia)	SHYLOCK aside Yes, to smell pork, to eat of the habitation which your prophet the Nazarite conjured the devil into! I will buy with you, sell with you, talk with you, walk with you, and so following, but I will not eat with you, drink with you, nor pray with you.
(didascalia)	Enter Antonio
(didascalia)	To Antonio What news on the Rialto? To Bassanio Who is he comes here?
BASSANIO	This is Signor Antonio.
(didascalia)	Bassanio and Antonio speak silently to one another
SHYLOCK	(aside) How like a fawning publican he looks. I hate him for he is a Christian; But more, for that in low simplicity He lends out money gratis, and brings down The rate of usance here with us in Venice. If I can catch him once upon the hip I will feed fat the ancient grudge I bear him. He hates our sacred nation, and he rails, Even there where merchants most do congregate, On me, my bargains, and my well-won thrift— Which he calls interest. Cursed be my tribe If I forgive him.
BASSANIO	Shylock, do you hear?
SHYLOCK	I am debating of my present store, And by the near guess of my memory I cannot instantly raise up the gross Of full three thousand ducats. What of that? Tubal, a wealthy Hebrew of my tribe, Will furnish me. But soft—how many months
(didascalia)	Do you desire ? To Antonio Rest you fair, good signor.
SHYLOCK	Your worship was the last man in our mouths.
ANTONIO	Shylock, albeit I neither lend nor borrow By taking nor by giving of excess, Yet to supply the ripe wants of my friend I’ll break a custom. (To Bassanio) Is he yet possessed How much ye would?
SHYLOCK	Ay, ay, three thousand ducats.
ANTONIO	And for three months.
SHYLOCK	I had forgot—three months. (To Bassanio) You told me so.— Well then, your bond; and let me see—but hear you, Methoughts you said you neither lend nor borrow Upon advantage.
ANTONIO	I do never use it.
SHYLOCK	When Jacob grazed his uncle Laban’s sheep— This Jacob from our holy Abram was, As his wise mother wrought in his behalf, The third possessor; ay, he was the third—
ANTONIO	And what of him? Did he take interest?
SHYLOCK	No, not take interest, not, as you would say, Directly int’rest. Mark what Jacob did: When Laban and himself were compromised That all the eanlings which were streaked and pied Should fall as Jacob’s hire, the ewes, being rank, In end of autumn turned to the rams, 80 And when the work of generation was Between these woolly breeders in the act, The skilful shepherd peeled me certain wands, And in the doing of the deed of kind He stuck them up before the fulsome ewes Who, then conceiving, did in eaning time Fall parti-coloured lambs; and those were Jacob’s. This was a way to thrive; and he was blest; And thrift is blessing, if men steal it not.
ANTONIO	This was a venture, sir, that Jacob served for— A thing not in his power to bring to pass, But swayed and fashioned by the hand of heaven. Was this inserted to make interest good, Or is your gold and silver ewes and rams?
SHYLOCK	I cannot tell. I make it breed as fast. But note me, signor—
ANTONIO	Mark you this, Bassanio? The devil can cite Scripture for his purpose. An evil soul producing holy witness Is like a villain with a smiling cheek, A goodly apple rotten at the heart. O, what a goodly outside falsehood hath!
SHYLOCK	Three thousand ducats. ’Tis a good round sum. Three months from twelve—then let me see the rate.
ANTONIO	Well, Shylock, shall we be beholden to you?
SHYLOCK	Signor Antonio, many a time and oft In the Rialto you have rated me About my moneys and my usances. Still have I borne it with a patient shrug, For suff‘rance is the badge of all our tribe. You call me misbeliever, cut-throat, dog, 110 And spit upon my Jewish gaberdine, And all for use of that which is mine own. Well then, it now appears you need my help. Go to, then. You come to me, and you say ‘Shylock, we would have moneys‘—you say so, You, that did void your rheum upon my beard, And foot me as you spurn a stranger cur Over your threshold. Moneys is your suit. What should I say to you? Should I not say ‘Hath a dog money? Is it possible A cur can lend three thousand ducats?’ Or Shall I bend low, and in a bondman’s key, With bated breath and whisp’ring humbleness Say this:‘Fair sir, you spat on me on Wednesday last; You spurned me such a day; another time You called me dog; and for these courtesies I’ll lend you thus much moneys’?
ANTONIO	I am as like to call thee so again, To spit on thee again, to spurn thee too. If thou wilt lend this money, lend it not As to thy friends; for when did friendship take A breed for barren metal of his friend? But lend it rather to thine enemy, Who if he break, thou mayst with better face Exact the penalty.
SHYLOCK	Why, look you, how you storm I I would be friends with you, and have your love, Forget the shames that you have stained me with, Supply your present wants, and take no doit Of usance for my moneys; and you’ll not hear me. This is kind I offer.
BASSANIO	This were kindness.
SHYLOCK	This kindness will I show. Go with me to a notary, seal me there Your single bond, and, in a merry sport, If you repay me not on such a day, In such a place, such sum or sums as are Expressed in the condition, let the forfeit Be nominated for an equal pound Of your fair flesh to be cut off and taken In what part of your body pleaseth me.
ANTONIO	Content, in faith. I’ll seal to such a bond, And say there is much kindness in the Jew.
BASSANIO	You shall not seal to such a bond for me. I’ll rather dwell in my necessity.
ANTONIO	Why, fear not, man; I will not forfeit it.
(didascalia)	Within these two months—that’s a month before
ANTONIO	This bond expires—I do expect return Of thrice three times the value of this bond.
SHYLOCK	O father Abram, what these Christians are, Whose own hard dealings teaches them suspect 160 The thoughts of others! (To Bassanio) Pray you tell me this: If he should break his day, what should I gain By the exaction of the forfeiture? A pound of man’s flesh taken from a man Is not so estimable, profitable neither, As flesh of muttons, beeves, or goats. I say, To buy his favour I extend this friendship. If he will take it, so. If not, adieu, And, for my love, I pray you wrong me not.
ANTONIO	Yes, Shylock, I will seal unto this bond.
SHYLOCK	Then meet me forthwith at the notary’s. Give him direction for this merry bond, And I will go and purse the ducats straight, See to my house—left in the fearful guard Of an unthrifty knave—and presently I’ll be with you.
ANTONIO	Hie thee, gentle Jew. Exit Shylock The Hebrew will turn Christian; he grows kind.
BASSANIO	I like not fair terms and a villain’s mind.
ANTONIO	Come on. In this there can be no dismay. My ships come home a month before the day. Exeunt
(didascalia)	2.1 Flourish of cornetts. Enter the Prince of Morocco, a tawny Moor all in white, and three or four followers accordingly, with Portia, Nerissa, and their train
MOROCCO	(to Portia) Mislike me not for my complexion, The shadowed livery of the burnished sun, To whom I am a neighbour and near bred. Bring me the fairest creature northward born, Where Phoebus’ fire scarce thaws the icicles, And let us make incision for your love To prove whose blood is reddest, his or mine. I tell thee, lady, this aspect of mine Hath feared the valiant. By my love I swear, The best regarded virgins of our clime Have loved it too. I would not change this hue Except to steal your thoughts, my gentle queen.
PORTIA	In terms of choice I am not solely led By nice direction of a maiden’s eyes. Besides, the lott’ry of my destiny Bars me the right of voluntary choosing. But if my father had not scanted me, And hedged me by his wit to yield myself His wife who wins me by that means I told you, Yourself, renowned Prince, then stood as fair As any comer I have looked on yet For my affection.
MOROCCO	Even for that I thank you. Therefore I pray you lead me to the caskets To try my fortune. By this scimitar, That slew the Sophy and a Persian prince That won three fields of Sultan Suleiman, I would o’erstare the sternest eyes that look, Outbrave the heart most daring on the earth, Pluck the young sucking cubs from the she-bear, Yea, mock the lion when a roars for prey, To win the lady. But alas the while, If Hercules and Lichas play at dice Which is the better man, the greater throw May turn by fortune from the weaker hand. So is Alcides beaten by his rage, And so may I, blind Fortune leading me, Miss that which one unworthier may attain, And die with grieving.
PORTIA	You must take your chance, And either not attempt to choose at all, Or swear before you choose, if you choose wrong Never to speak to lady afterward In way of marriage. Therefore be advised.
MOROCCO	Nor will not. Come, bring me unto my chance.
PORTIA	First, forward to the temple. After dinner Your hazard shall be made.
MOROCCO	Good fortune then, To make me blest or cursèd’st among men.
(didascalia)	Flourish of cornetts. Exeunt

Atto 2, Scena 2

Chi parla	Battuta
(didascalia)	Enter Lancelot the clown
LANCELOT	Certainly my conscience will serve me to run from this Jew my master. The fiend is at mine elbow and tempts me, saying to me ‘Gobbo, Lancelot Gobbo, good Lancelot,’ or ‘good Gobbo,’ or ‘good Lancelot Gobbo—use your legs, take the start, run away.’ My conscience says ‘No, take heed, honest Lancelot, take heed, honest Gobbo,’ or, as aforesaid, ‘honest Lancelot Gobbo—do not run, scorn running with thy heels.’ Well, the most courageous fiend bids me pack. ‘Via!’ says the fiend; ‘Away!’ says the fiend. ‘For the heavens, rouse up a brave mind,’ says the fiend, ‘and run.’ Well, my conscience hanging about the neck of my heart says very wisely to me, ‘My honest friend Lancelot’—being an honest man’s son, or rather an honest woman’s son, for indeed my father did something smack, something grow to; he had a kind of taste—well, my conscience says, ‘Lancelot, budge not’; ‘Budge!’ says the fiend; ‘Budge not’, says my conscience. ‘Conscience,’ say I, ‘you counsel well’; ‘Fiend,’ say I, ‘you counsel well.’ To be ruled by my conscience I should stay with the Jew my master who, God bless the mark, is a kind of devil; and to run away from the Jew I should be ruled by the fiend who, saving your reverence, is the devil himself. Certainly the Jew is the very devil incarnation; and in my conscience, my conscience is but a kind of hard conscience to offer to counsel me to stay with the Jew. The fiend gives the more friendly counsel. I will run, fiend. My heels are at your commandment. I will run.
(didascalia)	Enter old Gobbo, blind, with a basket
GOBBO	Master young man, you, I pray you, which is the way to Master Jew’s ?
LANCELOT	(aside) O heavens, this is my true-begotten father who, being more than sand-blind—high-gravel-blind—knows me not. I will try confusions with him.
GOBBO	Master young gentleman, I pray you which is the way to Master Jew’s ?
LANCELOT	Turn up on your right hand at the next turning, but at the next turning of all on your left, marry at the very next turning, turn of no hand but turn down indirectly to the Jew’s house.
GOBBO	By God’s sonties, ’twill be a hard way to hit. Can you tell me whether one Lancelot that dwells with him dwell with him or no?
LANCELOT	Talk you of young Master Lancelot? (Aside) Mark me now, now will I raise the waters. (To Gobbo) Talk you of young Master Lancelot?
GOBBO	No master, sir, but a poor man’s son. His father, though I say’t, is an honest exceeding poor man, and, God be thanked, well to live.
LANCELOT	Well, let his father be what a will, we talk of young Master Lancelot.
GOBBO	Your worship’s friend, and Lancelot, sir.
LANCELOT	But I pray you, ergo old man, ergo I beseech you, talk you of young Master Lancelot?
GOBBO	Of Lancelot, an’t please your mastership.
LANCELOT	Ergo Master Lancelot. Talk not of Master Lancelot, father, for the young gentleman, according to fates and destinies and such odd sayings—the sisters three and such branches of learning—is indeed deceased; or, as you would say in plain terms, gone to heaven.
GOBBO	Marry, God forbid The boy was the very staff of my age, my very prop.
(didascalia)	LANCELOT aside Do I look like a cudgel or a hovel-post, a staff or a prop? (To Gobbo) Do you know me, father?
GOBBO	Alack the day, I know you not, young gentleman. But I pray you tell me, is my boy-God rest his soul— alive or dead?
LANCELOT	Do you not know me, father?
GOBBO	Alack, sir, I am sand-blind. I know you not.
LANCELOT	Nay, indeed, if you had your eyes you might fail of the knowing me. It is a wise father that knows his own child. Well, old man, I will tell you news of your son. (Kneeling) Give me your blessing. Truth will come to light; murder cannot be hid long—a man’s son may, but in the end truth will out.
GOBBO	Pray you, sir, stand up. I am sure you are not Lancelot, my boy.
LANCELOT	Pray you, let’s have no more fooling about it, but give me your blessing. I am Lancelot, your boy that was, your son that is, your child that shall be. 81
GOBBO	I cannot think you are my son.
LANCELOT	I know not what I shall think of that, but I am Lancelot the Jew’s man, and I am sure Margery your wife is my mother.
GOBBO	Her name is Margery indeed. I’ll be sworn, if thou be Lancelot thou art mine own flesh and blood. He feels Lancelot’s head Lord worshipped might he be, what a beard hast thou got! Thou hast got more hair on thy chin than Dobbin my fill-horse has on his tail. 90
LANCELOT	It should seem then that Dobbin’s tail grows backward. I am sure he had more hair of his tail than I have of my face when I last saw him.
GOBBO	Lord, how art thou changed! How dost thou and thy master agree? I have brought him a present. How ’gree you now?
LANCELOT	Well, well; but for mine own part, as I have set up my rest to run away, so I will not rest till I have run some ground. My master’s a very Jew. Give him a present?—give him a halter! I am famished in his service. You may tell every finger I have with my ribs. Father, I am glad you are come. Give me your present to one Master Bassanio, who indeed gives rare new liveries. If I serve not him, I will run as far as God has any ground.
(didascalia)	Enter Bassanio with Leonardo and followers
LANCELOT	O rare fortune! Here comes the man. To him, father, for I am a Jew if I serve the Jew any longer.
BASSANIO	(toone of his men) You may do so, but let it be so hasted that supper be ready at the farthest by five of the clock. See these letters delivered, put the liveries to making, and desire Graziano to come anon to my lodging. Exit one
LANCELOT	(to Gobbo) To him, father.
GOBBO	(to Bassanio) God bless your worship.
BASSANIO	Gramercy. Wouldst thou aught with me? 115
GOBBO	Here’s my son, sir, a poor boy—
LANCELOT	(to Bassanio) Not a poor boy, sir, but the rich Jew’s man that would, sir, as my father shall specify.
GOBBO	(to Bassiano) He hath a great infection, sir, as one would say, to serve—
LANCELOT	Indeed, the short and the long is, I serve the Jew, and have a desire as my father shall specify.
GOBBO	(to Bassiano) His master and he, saving your worship’s reverence, are scarce cater-cousins.
LANCELOT	(to Bassiano) To be brief, the very truth is that the Jew, having done me wrong, doth cause me, as my father—being, I hope, an old man—shall frutify unto you.
GOBBO	(to Bassiano) I have here a dish of doves that I would bestow upon your worship, and my suit is—
LANCELOT	(to Bassiano) In very brief, the suit is impertinent to myself, as your worship shall know by this honest old man; and though I say it, though old man, yet, poor man, my father.
BASSANIO	One speak for both. What would you?
LANCELOT	Serve you, sir.
GOBBO	(to Bassiano) That is the very defect of the matter, sir.
BASSANIO	(to Lancelot) I know thee well. Thou hast obtained thy suit. Shylock thy master spoke with me this day, And hath preferred thee, if it be preferment To leave a rich Jew’s service to become The follower of so poor a gentleman.
LANCELOT	The old proverb is very well parted between my master Shylock and you, sir: you have the grace of God, sir, and he hath enough.
BASSANIO	Thou speak‘st it well. (To Gobbo) Go, father, with thy son. (To Lancelot) Take leave of thy old master and enquire My lodging out. (To one of his men) Give him a livery More guarded than his fellows’. See it done. 150
LANCELOT	(to Gobbo) Father, in. I cannot get a service, no, I have ne’er a tongue in my head—well! He looks at his palm If any man in Italy have a fairer table which doth offer to swear upon a book, I shall have good fortune. Go to, here’s a simple line of life, here’s a small trifle of wives—a[as, fifteen wives is nothing. Eleven widows and nine maids is a simple coming-in for one man, and then to scape drowning thrice, and to be in peril of my life with the edge of a featherbed—here are simple scapes. Well, if Fortune be a woman, she’s a good wench for this gear. Father, come. I’ll take my leave of the Jew in the twinkling. Exit with old Gobbo
BASSANIO	I pray thee, good Leonardo, think on this. These things being bought and orderly bestowed, Return in haste, for I do feast tonight My best-esteemed acquaintance. Hie thee. Go.
LEONARDO	My best endeavours shall be done herein. He begins to leave. Enter Graziano
GRAZIANO	(to Leonardo) Where’s your master?
LEONARDO	Yonder, sir, he walks. Exit
GRAZIANO	Signor Bassanio.
BASSANIO	Graziano.
GRAZIANO	I have a suit to you.
BASSANIO	You have obtained it.
GRAZIANO	You must not deny me. I must go with you to Belmont.
BASSANIO	Why then, you must. But hear thee, Graziano, Thou art too wild, too rude and bold of voice- Parts that become thee happily enough, And in such eyes as ours appear not faults; But where thou art not known, why, there they show Something too liberal. Pray thee, take pain To allay with some cold drops of modesty Thy skipping spirit, lest through thy wild behaviour I be misconstered in the place I go to, 180 And lose my hopes.
GRAZIANO	Signor Bassanio, hear me. If I do not put on a sober habit, Talk with respect, and swear but now and then, Wear prayer books in my pocket, look demurely— Nay more, while grace is saying hood mine eyes 185 Thus with my hat, and sigh, and say ‘Amen’, Use all the observance of civility, Like one well studied in a sad ostent To please his grandam, never trust me more.
BASSANIO	Well, we shall see your bearing.
GRAZIANO	Nay, but I bar tonight. You shall not gauge me By what we do tonight.
BASSANIO	No, that were pity. I would entreat you rather to put on Your boldest suit of mirth, for we have friends That purpose merriment. But fare you well. I have some business.
GRAZIANO	And I must to Lorenzo and the rest. But we will visit you at supper-time. Exeunt severally

Atto 2, Scena 3

Chi parla	Battuta
(didascalia)	Enter Jessica and Lancelot., the clown
JESSICA	I am sorry thou wilt leave my father so. Our house is hell, and thou, a merry devil, Didst rob it of some taste of tediousness. But fare thee well. There is a ducat for thee. And, Lancelot, soon at supper shalt thou see Lorenzo, who is thy new master’s guest. Give him this letter, do it secretly; And so farewell. I would not have my father See me in talk with thee.
LANCELOT	Adieu. Tears exhibit my tongue, most beautiful pagan; most sweet Jew; if a Christian do not play the knave and get thee, I am much deceived. But adieu. These foolish drops do something drown my manly spirit. Adieu.
JESSICA	Farewell, good Lancelot. Exit Lancelot Alack, what heinous sin is it in me To be ashamed to be my father’s child! But though I am a daughter to his blood, I am not to his manners. O Lorenzo, If thou keep promise I shall end this strife, Become a Christian and thy loving wife. Exit

Atto 2, Scena 4

Chi parla	Battuta
(didascalia)	Enter Graziano, Lorenzo, Salerio, and Salanio LORENZO
(didascalia)	Nay, we will slink away in supper-time, Disguise us at my lodging, and return All in an hour.
GRAZIANO	We have not made good preparation.
SALERIO	We have not spoke as yet of torchbearers.
SOLANIO	’Tis vile, unless it may be quaintly ordered, And better in my mind not undertook.
LORENZO	‘Tis now but four o’clock. We have two hours To furnish us.
(didascalia)	Enter Lancelot with a letter
LORENZO	Friend Lancelot, what’s the news?
LANCELOT	(presenting the letter) An it shall please you to break up this, it shall seem to signify. 11
LORENZO	(taking the letter) I know the hand. In faith, ’tis a fair hand, And whiter than the paper it writ on Is the fair hand that writ.
GRAZIANO	Love-news, in faith.
(didascalia)	LANCELOT to Lorenzo By your leave, sir.
LORENZO	Whither goest thou?
LANCELOT	Marry, sir, to bid my old master the Jew to sup tonight with my new master the Christian.
LORENZO	Hold, here, take this. (Giving money) Tell gentle Jessica I will not fail her. Speak it privately. Go. Exit Lancelot Gentlemen, Will you prepare you for this masque tonight? I am provided of a torchbearer.
SALERIO	Ay, marry, I’ll be gone about it straight.
SOLANIO	And so will I.
LORENZO	Meet me and Graziano At Graziano’s lodging some hour hence.
SALERIO	’Tis good we do so. Exit with Solanio
GRAZIANO	Was not that letter from fair Jessica?
LORENZO	I must needs tell thee all. She hath directed How I shall take her from her father’s house, What gold and jewels she is furnished with, What page’s suit she hath in readiness. If e’er the Jew her father come to heaven It will be for his gentle daughter’s sake; And never dare misfortune cross her foot Unless she do it under this excuse: That she is issue to a faithless Jew. Come, go with me. Peruse this as thou goest. He gives Graziano the letter Fair Jessica shall be my torchbearer. Exeunt

Atto 2, Scena 5

Chi parla	Battuta
(didascalia)	Enter Shylock the Jew and his man that was, Lancelot the clown
SHYLOCK	Well, thou shalt see, thy eyes shall be thy judge, The difference of old Shylock and Bassanio. (Calling) What, Jessica! (To Lancelot) Thou shalt not gormandize As thou hast done with me. (Calling) What, Jessica! (To Lancelot) And sleep and snore and rend apparel out. (Calling) Why, Jessica, I say!
LANCELOT	(calling) Why, Jessica!
SHYLOCK	Who bids thee call? I do not bid thee call.
LANCELOT	Your worship was wont to tell me I could do nothing without bidding.
(didascalia)	Enter Jessica
JESSICA	(to Shylock) Call you? What is your will?
SHYLOCK	I am bid forth to supper, Jessica. There are my keys. But wherefore should I go? I am not bid for love. They flatter me, But yet I’ll go in hate, to feed upon The prodigal Christian. Jessica, my girl, 15 Look to my house. I am right loath to go. There is some ill a-brewing towards my rest, For I did dream of money-bags tonight.
LANCELOT	I beseech you, sir, go. My young master doth expect your reproach.
SHYLOCK	So do I his.
LANCELOT	And they have conspired together. I will not say you shall see a masque, but if you do, then it was not for nothing that my nose fell a-bleeding on Black Monday last at six o’clock i’th’ morning, falling out that year on Ash Wednesday was four year in th’afternoon.
SHYLOCK	What, are there masques? Hear you me, Jessica, Lock up my doors; and when you hear the drum And the vile squealing of the wry-necked fife, Clamber not you up to the casements then, Nor thrust your head into the public street To gaze on Christian fools with varnished faces, But stop my house’s ears—I mean my casements. Let not the sound of shallow fopp’ry enter My sober house. By Jacob’s staff I swear I have no mind of feasting forth tonight. But I will go. (To Lancelot) Go you before me, sirrah. Say I will come.
LANCELOT	I will go before, sir. (Aside to Jessica) Mistress, look out at window for all this. There will come a Christian by Will be worth a Jewës eye. Exit
SHYLOCK	(to Jessica) What says that fool of Hagar’s offspring, ha?
JESSICA	His words were ‘Farewell, mistress’; nothing else.
SHYLOCK	The patch is kind enough, but a huge feeder, Snail-slow in profit, and he sleeps by day More than the wildcat. Drones hive not with me; Therefore I part with him, and part with him To one that I would have him help to waste His borrowed purse. Well, Jessica, go in. Perhaps I will return immediately. Do as I bid you. Shut doors after you. Fast bind, fast find— A proverb never stale in thrifty mind.
(didascalia)	Exit at one door
JESSICA	Farewell; and if my fortune be not crossed, I have a father, you a daughter lost.
(didascalia)	Exit at another door
(didascalia)	2.6 Enter the masquers, Graziano and Salerio, with torchbearers
GRAZIANO	This is the penthouse under which Lorenzo Desired us to make stand.
SALERIO	His hour is almost past.
GRAZIANO	And it is marvel he outdwells his hour, For lovers ever run before the clock.
SALERIO	O, ten times faster Venus’ pigeons fly To seal love’s bonds new made than they are wont To keep obligèd faith unforfeited.
GRAZIANO	That ever holds. Who riseth from a feast With that keen appetite that he sits down? Where is the horse that doth untread again His tedious measures with the unbated fire That he did pace them first? All things that are Are with more spirit chased than enjoyed. How like a younker or a prodigal The scarfed barque puts from her native bay, Hugged and embraced by the strumpet wind! How like the prodigal doth she return, With over-weathered ribs and ragged sails, Lean, rent, and beggared by the strumpet wind!
(didascalia)	Enter Lorenzo, with a torch
SALERIO	Here comes Lorenzo. More of this hereafter.
LORENZO	Sweet friends, your patience for my long abode. Not I but my affairs have made you wait. When you shall please to play the thieves for wives I’ll watch as long for you therein. Approach. Here dwells my father Jew. (Calling) Ho, who’s within?
(didascalia)	Enter Jessica above in boy’s apparel
JESSICA	Who are you? Tell me for more certainty, Albeit I’ll swear that I do know your tongue.
LORENZO	Lorenzo, and thy love.
JESSICA	Lorenzo, certain, and my love indeed, For who love I so much? And now who knows But you, Lorenzo, whether I am yours?
LORENZO	Heaven and thy thoughts are witness that thou art.
JESSICA	Here, catch this casket. It is worth the pains. I am glad ’tis night, you do not look on me, For I am much ashamed of my exchange; But love is blind, and lovers cannot see The pretty follies that themselves commit; For if they could, Cupid himself would blush To see me thus transformèd to a boy.
LORENZO	Descend, for you must be my torchbearer.
JESSICA	What, must I hold a candle to my shames? They in themselves, good sooth, are too too light. Why, ’tis an office of discovery, love, And I should be obscured.
LORENZO	So are you, sweet, Even in the lovely garnish of a boy. But come at once, For the close night doth play the runaway, And we are stayed for at Bassanio’s feast.
JESSICA	I will make fast the doors, and gild myself With some more ducats, and be with you straight.
(didascalia)	Exit above
GRAZIANO	Now, by my hood, a gentile, and no Jew.
LORENZO	Beshrew me but I love her heartily, For she is wise, if I can judge of her; And fair she is, if that mine eyes be true; And true she is, as she hath proved herself; And therefore like herself, wise, fair, and true, Shall she be placed in my constant soul.
(didascalia)	Enter Jessica below
LORENZO	What, art thou come? On, gentlemen, away. Our masquing mates by this time for us stay.
(didascalia)	Exit with Jessica and Salerio
(didascalia)	Enter Antonio
ANTONIO	Who’s there?
GRAZIANO	Signor Antonio? 60
ANTONIO	Fie, fie, Graziano, where are all the rest? ‘Tis nine o’clock. Our friends all stay for you. No masque tonight. The wind is come about. Bassanio presently will go aboard. I have sent twenty out to seek for you. 65
GRAZIANO	I am glad on’t. I desire no more delight Than to be under sail and gone tonight. Exeunt
(didascalia)	2.7 Flourish of cornetts. Enter Portia with Morocco and both their trains
PORTIA	Go, draw aside the curtains, and discover The several caskets to this noble prince. The curtains are drawn aside, revealing three caskets (To Morocco) Now make your choice.
MOROCCO	This first of gold, who this inscription bears: ‘Who chooseth me shall gain what many men desire.’ The second silver, which this promise carries: ‘Who chooseth me shall get as much as he deserves.’ This third dull lead, with warning all as blunt: ‘Who chooseth me must give and hazard all he hath.’ How shall I know if I do choose the right?
PORTIA	The one of them contains my picture, Prince. If you choose that, then I am yours withal.
MOROCCO	Some god direct my judgement! Let me see. I will survey th‘inscriptions back again. What says this leaden casket? 15 ‘Who chooseth me must give and hazard all he hath.’ Must give, for what? For lead? Hazard for lead? This casket threatens. Men that hazard all Do it in hope of fair advantages. A golden mind stoops not to shows of dross. I’ll then nor give nor hazard aught for lead. What says the silver with her virgin hue? ‘Who chooseth me shall get as much as he deserves.’ ‘As much as he deserves’: pause there, Morocco, And weigh thy value with an even hand. If thou beest rated by thy estimation Thou dost deserve enough, and yet ‘enough’ May not extend so far as to the lady. And yet to be afeard of my deserving Were but a weak disabling of myself. As much as I deserve—why, that’s the lady! I do in birth deserve her, and in fortunes, In graces, and in qualities of breeding; But more than these, in love I do deserve. What if I strayed no farther, but chose here? Let’s see once more this saying graved in gold: ‘Who chooseth me shall gain what many men desire.’ Why, that’s the lady! All the world desires her. From the four corners of the earth they come To kiss this shrine, this mortal breathing saint. The Hyrcanian deserts and the vasty wilds Of wide Arabia are as throughfares now For princes to come view fair Portia. The watery kingdom, whose ambitious head Spits in the face of heaven, is no bar To stop the foreign spirits, but they come As o‘er a brook to see fair Portia. One of these three contains her heavenly picture. Is’t like that lead contains her? ’Twere damnation To think so base a thought. It were too gross To rib her cerecloth in the obscure grave. Or shall I think in silver she’s immured, Being ten times undervalued to tried gold? O sinful thought! Never so rich a gem Was set in worse than gold. They have in England A coin that bears the figure of an angel Stamped in gold, but that’s insculped upon; But here an angel in a golden bed Lies all within. Deliver me the key. Here do I choose, and thrive I as I may. He is given a key
PORTIA	There, take it, Prince; and if my form lie there, Then I am yours. Morocco opens the golden casket
MOROCCO	O hell! What have we here? A carrion death, within whose empty eye There is a written scroll. I’ll read the writing. ‘All that glisters is not gold; Often have you heard that told. Many a man his life hath sold But my outside to behold. Gilded tombs do worms infold. Had you been as wise as bold, Young in limbs, in judgement old, Your answer had not been enscrolled. Fare you well; your suit is cold.’ Cold indeed, and labour lost. Then farewell heat, and welcome frost. Portia, adieu. I have too grieved a heart To take a tedious leave. Thus losers part.
(didascalia)	Flourish of cornetts. Exit with his train
PORTIA	A gentle riddance. Draw the curtains, go. Let all of his complexion choose me so. The curtains are drawn. Exeunt

Atto 2, Scena 8

Chi parla	Battuta
(didascalia)	Enter Salerio and Solanio
SALERIO	Why, man, I saw Bassanio under sail. With him is Graziano gone along, And in their ship I am sure Lorenzo is not.
SOLANIO	The villain Jew with outcries raised the Duke, Who went with him to search Bassanio’s ship.
SALERIO	He came too late. The ship was under sail. But there the Duke was given to understand That in a gondola were seen together Lorenzo and his amorous Jessica. Besides, Antonio certified the Duke They were not with Bassanio in his ship.
SOLANIO	I never heard a passion so confused, So strange, outrageous, and so variable As the dog Jew did utter in the streets. ‘My daughter! O, my ducats! O, my daughter! Fled with a Christian! O, my Christian ducats I Justice! The law! My ducats and my daughter! A sealed bag, two sealèd bags of ducats, Of double ducats, stol’n from me by my daughter! And jewels, two stones, two rich and precious stones, Stol’n by my daughter! Justice! Find the girl! She hath the stones upon her, and the ducats!’
SALERIO	Why, all the boys in Venice follow him, Crying, ‘His stones, his daughter, and his ducats!’
SOLANIO	Let good Antonio look he keep his day, Or he shall pay for this.
SALERIO	Marry, well remembered. I reasoned with a Frenchman yesterday, Who told me in the narrow seas that part The French and English there miscarried A vessel of our country, richly fraught. I thought upon Antonio when he told me, And wished in silence that it were not his.
SOLANIO	You were best to tell Antonio what you hear— Yet do not suddenly, for it may grieve him.
SALERIO	A kinder gentleman treads not the earth. I saw Bassanio and Antonio part. Bassanio told him he would make some speed Of his return. He answered, ‘Do not so. Slubber not business for my sake, Bassanio, But stay the very riping of the time; And for the Jew’s bond which he hath of me, Let it not enter in your mind of love. Be merry, and employ your chiefest thoughts To courtship and such fair ostents of love As shall conveniently become you there.’ And even there, his eye being big with tears, Turning his face, he put his hand behind him And, with affection wondrous sensible, He wrung Bassanio’s hand; and so they parted.
SOLANIO	I think he only loves the world for him. I pray thee let us go and find him out, And quicken his embraced heaviness With some delight or other.
SALERIO	Do we so. Exeunt

Atto 2, Scena 9

Chi parla	Battuta
(didascalia)	Enter Nerissa and a servitor
NERISSA	Quick, quick, I pray thee, draw the curtain straight. The Prince of Aragon hath ta’en his oath, And comes to his election presently.
(didascalia)	The servitor draws aside the curtain, revealing the three caskets. Flourish of cornetts. Enter Aragon, his train, and Portia
PORTIA	Behold, there stand the caskets, noble Prince. If you choose that wherein I am contained, Straight shall our nuptial rites be solemnized. But if you fail, without more speech, my lord, You must be gone from hence immediately.
ARAGON	I am enjoined by oath to observe three things: First, never to unfold to anyone 10 Which casket ’twas I chose. Next, if I fail Of the right casket, never in my life To woo a maid in way of marriage. Lastly, if I do fail in fortune of my choice, Immediately to leave you and be gone. 15
PORTIA	To these injunctions everyone doth swear That comes to hazard for my worthless self.
ARAGON	And so have I addressed me. Fortune now To my heart’s hope! Gold, silver, and base lead. He reads the leaden casket ‘Who chooseth me must give and hazard all he hath.’ You shall look fairer ere I give or hazard. What says the golden chest? Ha, let me see. ‘Who chooseth me shall gain what many men desire.’ ‘What many men desire’—that ‘many’ may be meant By the fool multitude, that choose by show, Not learning more than the fond eye doth teach, Which pries not to th’interior but, like the martlet, Builds in the weather on the outward wall Even in the force and road of casualty. I will not choose what many men desire, Because I will not jump with common spirits And rank me with the barbarous multitudes. Why then, to thee, thou silver treasure-house. Tell me once more what title thou dost bear. ‘Who chooseth me shall get as much as he deserves’— And well said too, for who shall go about To cozen fortune, and be honourable Without the stamp of merit? Let none presume To wear an undeserved dignity. O, that estates, degrees, and offices Were not derived corruptly, and that clear honour Were purchased by the merit of the wearer! How many then should cover that stand bare, How many be commanded that command? How much low peasantry would then be gleaned From the true seed of honour, and how much honour Picked from the chaff and ruin of the times To be new varnished? Well; but to my choice. ‘Who chooseth me shall get as much as he deserves.’ I will assume desert. Give me a key for this, And instantly unlock my fortunes here.
(didascalia)	He is given a key. He opens the silver casket
PORTIA	Too long a pause for that which you find there.
ARAGON	What’s here? The portrait of a blinking idiot Presenting me a schedule. I will read it. How much unlike art thou to Portia! How much unlike my hopes and my deservings! ‘Who chooseth me shall have as much as he deserves.’ Did I deserve no more than a fool’s head? Is that my prize? Are my deserts no better?
PORTIA	To offend and judge are distinct offices, And of opposed natures.
ARAGON	What is here? He reads the schedule ‘The fire seven times tried this; Seven times tried that judgement is That did never choose amiss. Some there be that shadows kiss; Such have but a shadow’s bliss. There be fools alive, iwis, Silvered o’er; and so was this. Take what wife you will to bed, I will ever be your head. So be gone; you are sped.’ Still more fool I shall appear By the time I linger here. With one fool’s head I came to woo, But I go away with two. Sweet, adieu. I’ll keep my oath Patiently to bear my wroth.
(didascalia)	Flourish of cornetts. Exit with his train
PORTIA	Thus hath the candle singed the moth. O, these deliberate fools! When they do choose They have the wisdom by their wit to lose. 80
NERISSA	The ancient saying is no heresy: Hanging and wiving goes by destiny.
PORTIA	Come, draw the curtain, Nerissa. Nerissa draws the curtain.
(didascalia)	Enter a Messenger
MESSENGER	Where is my lady?
PORTIA	Here. What would my lord?
MESSENGER	Madam, there is alighted at your gate A young Venetian, one that comes before To signify th’approaching of his lord, From whom he bringeth sensible regreets, To wit, besides commends and courteous breath, Gifts of rich value. Yet I have not seen 90 So likely an ambassador of love. A day in April never came so sweet To show how costly summer was at hand As this fore-spurrer comes before his lord.
PORTIA	No more, I pray thee, I am half afeard Thou wilt say anon he is some kin to thee, Thou spend’st such high-day wit in praising him. Come, come, Nerissa, for I long to see Quick Cupid’s post that comes so mannerly.
NERISSA	Bassanio, Lord Love, if thy will it be! Exeunt

Atto 3, Scena 1

Chi parla	Battuta
(didascalia)	Enter Solanio and Salerio
SOLANIO	Now, what news on the Rialto?
SALERIO	Why, yet it lives there unchecked that Antonio hath a ship of rich lading wrecked on the narrow seas—the Goodwins I think they call the place—a very dangerous flat, and fatal, where the carcasses of many a tall ship lie buried, as they say, if my gossip Report be an honest woman of her word.
SOLANIO	I would she were as lying a gossip in that as ever knapped ginger or made her neighbours believe she wept for the death of a third husband. But it is true, without any slips of prolixity or crossing the plain highway of talk, that the good Antonio, the honest Antonio—O that I had a title good enough to keep his name company—
SALERIO	Come, the full stop.
SOLANIO	Ha, what sayst thou? Why, the end is he hath lost a ship.
SALERIO	I would it might prove the end of his losses.
SOLANIO	Let me say amen betimes, lest the devil cross my prayer—
(didascalia)	Enter Shylock
SOLANIO	for here he comes in the likeness of a Jew. How now, Shylock, what news among the merchants?
SHYLOCK	You knew, none so well, none so well as you, of my daughter’s flight.
SALERIO	That’s certain. I for my part knew the tailor that made the wings she flew withal.
SOLANIO	And Shylock for his own part knew the bird was fledge, and then it is the complexion of them all to leave the dam.
SHYLOCK	She is damned for it.
SALERIO	That’s certain, if the devil may be her judge.
SHYLOCK	My own flesh and blood to rebel!
SOLANIO	Out upon it, old carrion, rebels it at these years?
SHYLOCK	I say my daughter is my flesh and my blood.
SALERIO	There is more difference between thy flesh and hers than between jet and ivory; more between your bloods than there is between red wine and Rhenish. But tell us, do you hear whether Antonio have had any loss at sea or no?
SHYLOCK	There I have another bad match. A bankrupt, a prodigal, who dare scarce show his head on the Rialto; a beggar, that was used to come so smug upon the mart. Let him look to his bond. He was wont to call me usurer: let him look to his bond. He was wont to lend money for a Christian courtesy: let him look to his bond.
SALERIO	Why, I am sure if he forfeit thou wilt not take his flesh. What’s that good for?
SHYLOCK	To bait fish withal. If it will feed nothing else it will feed my revenge. He hath disgraced me, and hindered me half a million; laughed at my losses, mocked at my gains, scorned my nation, thwarted my bargains, cooled my friends, heated mine enemies, and what’s his reason?—I am a Jew. Hath not a Jew eyes? Hath not a Jew hands, organs, dimensions, senses, affections, passions; fed with the same food, hurt with the same weapons, subject to the same diseases, healed by the same means, warmed and cooled by the same winter and summer as a Christian is? If you prick us do we not bleed? If you tickle us do we not laugh? If you poison us do we not die? And if you wrong us shall we not revenge? If we are like you in the rest, we will resemble you in that. If a Jew wrong a Christian, what is his humility? Revenge. If a Christian wrong a Jew, what should his sufferance be by Christian example? Why, revenge. The villainy you teach me I will execute, and it shall go hard but I will better the instruction.
(didascalia)	Enter a Man from Antonio
MAN	(to Solanio and Salerio) Gentlemen, my master Antonio is at his house and desires to speak with you both.
SALERIO	We have been up and down to seek him.
(didascalia)	Enter Tubal
SOLANIO	Here comes another of the tribe. A third cannot be matched unless the devil himself turn Jew.
(didascalia)	Exeunt Solanio and Salerio, with Antonio’s Man
SHYLOCK	How now, Tubal? What news from Genoa? Hast thou found my daughter?
TUBAL	I often came where I did hear of her, but cannot find her.
SHYLOCK	Why, there, there, there, there. A diamond gone cost me two thousand ducats in Frankfurt. The curse never fell upon our nation till now—I never felt it till now. Two thousand ducats in that and other precious, precious jewels. I would my daughter were dead at my foot and the jewels in her ear! Would she were hearsed at my foot and the ducats in her coffin! No news of them? Why, so. And I know not what’s spent in the search. Why thou, loss upon loss: the thief gone with so much, and so much to find the thief, and no satisfaction, no revenge, nor no ill luck stirring but what lights o’ my shoulders, no sighs but o’ my breathing, no tears but o’ my shedding.
TUBAL	Yes, other men have ill luck too. Antonio, as I heard in Genoa—
SHYLOCK	What, what, what? Ill luck, ill luck?
TUBAL	Hath an argosy cast away coming from Tripolis.
SHYLOCK	I thank God, I thank God! Is it true, is it true?
TUBAL	I spoke with some of the sailors that escaped the wreck.
SHYLOCK	I thank thee, good Tubal. Good news, good news! Ha, ha—heard in Genoa?
TUBAL	Your daughter spent in Genoa, as I heard, one night fourscore ducats.
SHYLOCK	Thou stick’st a dagger in me. I shall never see my gold again. Fourscore ducats at a sitting? Fourscore ducats?
TUBAL	There came divers of Antonio’s creditors in my company to Venice that swear he cannot choose but break.
SHYLOCK	I am very glad of it. I’ll plague him, I’ll torture him. I am glad of it. 109
TUBAL	One of them showed me a ring that he had of your daughter for a monkey.
SHYLOCK	Out upon her! Thou torturest me, Tubal. It was my turquoise. I had it of Leah when I was a bachelor. I would not have given it for a wilderness of monkeys. TUBAL, But Antonio is certainly undone.
SHYLOCK	Nay, that’s true, that’s very true. Go, Tubal, fee me an officer. Bespeak him a fortnight before. I will have the heart of him if he forfeit, for were he out of Venice I can make what merchandise I will. Go, Tubal, and meet me at our synagogue. Go, good Tubal; at our synagogue, Tubal. Exeunt severally

Atto 3, Scena 2

Chi parla	Battuta
(didascalia)	Enter Bassanio, Portia, Nerissa, Graziano, and all their trains. The curtains are drawn aside revealing the three caskets
PORTIA	(to Bassanio) I pray you tarry. Pause a day or two Before you hazard, for in choosing wrong I lose your company. Therefore forbear a while. There’s something tells me—but it is not love— I would not lose you; and you know yourself Hate counsels not in such a quality. But lest you should not understand me well— And yet a maiden hath no tongue but thought— I would detain you here some month or two Before you venture for me. I could teach you How to choose right, but then I am forsworn. So will I never be; so may you miss me. But if you do, you’ll make me wish a sin, That I had been forsworn. Beshrew your eyes, They have o‘erlooked me and divided me. 15 One half of me is yours, the other half yours— Mine own, I would say, but if mine, then yours, And so all yours. O, these naughty times Puts bars between the owners and their rights; And so, though yours, not yours. Prove it so, Let fortune go to hell for it, not I. I speak too long, but ’tis to piece the time, To eke it, and to draw it out in length To stay you from election.
BASSANIO	Let me choose, For as I am, I live upon the rack. 25
PORTIA	Upon the rack, Bassanio? Then confess What treason there is mingled with your love.
BASSANIO	None but that ugly treason of mistrust Which makes me fear th‘enjoying of my love. There may as well be amity and life ’Tween snow and fire as treason and my love.
PORTIA	Ay, but I fear you speak upon the rack, Where men enforced do speak anything.
BASSANIO	Promise me life and I’ll confess the truth.
PORTIA	Well then, confess and live.
BASSANIO	’Confess and love’ 35 Had been the very sum of my confession. O happy torment, when my torturer Doth teach me answers for deliverance! But let me to my fortune and the caskets.
PORTIA	Away then. I am locked in one of them. If you do love me, you will find me out. Nerissa and the rest, stand all aloof. Let music sound while he doth make his choice. Then if he lose he makes a swanlike end, Fading in music. That the comparison May stand more proper, my eye shall be the stream And wat‘ry deathbed for him. He may win, And what is music then? Then music is Even as the flourish when true subjects bow To a new-crowned monarch. Such it is As are those dulcet sounds in break of day That creep into the dreaming bridegroom’s ear And summon him to marriage. Now he goes, With no less presence but with much more love Than young Alcides when he did redeem The virgin tribute paid by howling Troy To the sea-monster. I stand for sacrifice. The rest aloof are the Dardanian wives, With blearèd visages come forth to view The issue of th’exploit. Go, Hercules. Live thou, I live. With much much more dismay I view the fight than thou that mak’st the fray.
(didascalia)	Here music. A song the whilst Bassanio comments on the caskets to himself
(didascalia)	ONE FROM PORTIA’S TRAIN
PORTIA	Tell me where is fancy bred, Or in the heart, or in the head? How begot, how nourished?
(didascalia)	ALL Reply, reply.
(didascalia)	ONE FROM PORTIA’S TRAIN
PORTIA	It is engendered in the eyes, With gazing fed; and fancy dies In the cradle where it lies. Let us all ring fancy’s knell. I’ll begin it: ding, dong, bell.
ALL	Ding, dong, bell.
BASSANIO	(aside) So may the outward shows be least themselves. The world is still deceived with ornament. In law, what plea so tainted and corrupt But, being seasoned with a gracious voice, Obscures the show of evil? In religion, What damned error but some sober brow Will bless it and approve it with a text, Hiding the grossness with fair ornament? 80 There is no vice so simple but assumes Some mark of virtue on his outward parts. How many cowards whose hearts are all as false As stairs of sand, wear yet upon their chins The beards of Hercules and frowning Mars, Who, inward searched, have livers white as milk? And these assume but valour’s excrement To render them redoubted. Look on beauty And you shall see ‘tis purchased by the weight, Which therein works a miracle in nature, 90 Making them lightest that wear most of it. So are those crisped, snaky, golden locks Which makes such wanton gambols with the wind Upon supposed fairness, often known To be the dowry of a second head, The skull that bred them in the sepulchre. Thus ornament is but the guilèd shore To a most dangerous sea, the beauteous scarf Veiling an Indian beauty; in a word, The seeming truth which cunning times put on To entrap the wisest. (Aloud) Therefore, thou gaudy gold, Hard food for Midas, I will none of thee. (To the silver casket) Nor none of thee, thou pale and common drudge Tween man and man. But thou, thou meagre lead, Which rather threaten’st than dost promise aught, Thy paleness moves me more than eloquence, 106 And here choose I. Joy be the consequence!
PORTIA	(aside) How all the other passions fleet to air, As doubtful thoughts, and rash-embraced despair, And shudd’ring fear, and green-eyed jealousy. 110 O love, be moderate! Allay thy ecstasy. In measure rain thy joy; scant this excess. I feel too much thy blessing: make it less, For fear I surfeit. Bassanio opens the leaden casket
BASSANIO	What find I here? Fair Portia’s counterfeit. What demi-god 115 Hath come so near creation? Move these eyes? Or whether, riding on the balls of mine, Seem they in motion? Here are severed lips Parted with sugar breath. So sweet a bar Should sunder such sweet friends. Here in her hairs The painter plays the spider, and hath woven A golden mesh t’untrap the hearts of men Faster than gnats in cobwebs. But her eyes— How could he see to do them? Having made one, Methinks it should have power to steal both his And leave itself unfurnished. Yet look how far The substance of my praise doth wrong this shadow In underprizing it, so far this shadow Doth limp behind the substance. Here’s the scroll, The continent and summary of my fortune. ‘You that choose not by the view Chance as fair and choose as true. Since this fortune falls to you, Be content, and seek no new. If you be well pleased with this, And hold your fortune for your bliss, Turn you where your lady is, And claim her with a loving kiss.’ A gentle scroll. Fair lady, by your leave, I come by note to give and to receive, Like one of two contending in a prize, That thinks he hath done well in people’s eyes, Hearing applause and universal shout, Giddy in spirit, still gazing in a doubt Whether those peals of praise be his or no. So, thrice-fair lady, stand I even so, As doubtful whether what I see be true Until confirmed, signed, ratified by you.
PORTIA	You see me, Lord Bassanio, where I stand, Such as I am. Though for myself alone I would not be ambitious in my wish To wish myself much better, yet for you I would be trebled twenty times myself, A thousand times more fair, ten thousand times more rich, That only to stand high in your account I might in virtues, beauties, livings, friends, Exceed account. But the full sum of me Is sum of something which, to term in gross, Is an unlessoned girl, unschooled, unpractised, Happy in this, she is not yet so old But she may learn; happier than this, She is not bred so dull but she can learn; Happiest of all is that her gentle spirit Commits itself to yours to be directed As from her lord, her governor, her king. Myself and what is mine to you and yours Is now converted. But now I was the lord Of this fair mansion, master of my servants, Queen o’er myself; and even now, but now, This house, these servants, and this same myself 170 Are yours, my lord’s. I give them with this ring, Which when you part from, lose, or give away, Let it presage the ruin of your love, And be my vantage to exclaim on you.
BASSANIO	Madam, you have bereft me of all words. Only my blood speaks to you in my veins, And there is such confusion in my powers As after some oration fairly spoke By a beloved prince there doth appear Among the buzzing pleased multitude, 180 Where every something being blent together Turns to a wild of nothing save of joy, Expressed and not expressed. But when this ring Parts from this finger, then parts life from hence. O, then be bold to say Bassanio’s dead.
NERISSA	My lord and lady, it is now our time That have stood by and seen our wishes prosper To cry ’Good joy, good joy, my lord and ladyl’
GRAZIANO	My lord Bassanio, and my gentle lady, I wish you all the joy that you can wish, For I am sure you can wish none from me. And when your honours mean to solemnize The bargain of your faith, I do beseech you Even at that time I may be married too.
BASSANIO	With all my heart, so thou canst get a wife.
GRAZIANO	I thank your lordship, you have got me one. My eyes, my lord, can look as swift as yours. You saw the mistress, I beheld the maid. You loved, I loved; for intermission No more pertains to me, my lord, than you. Your fortune stood upon the caskets there, And so did mine too, as the matter falls; For wooing here until I sweat again, And swearing till my very roof was dry With oaths of love, at last—if promise last— I got a promise of this fair one here To have her love, provided that your fortune Achieved her mistress.
PORTIA	Is this true, Nerissa?
NERISSA	Madam, it is, so you stand pleased withal.
BASSANIO	And do you, Graziano, mean good faith? 210
GRAZIANO	Yes, faith, my lord.
BASSANIO	Our feast shall be much honoured in your marriage.
GRAZIANO	(to Nerissa) We’ll play with them the first boy for a thousand ducats.
NERISSA	What, and stake down?
GRAZIANO	No, we shall ne’er win at that sport and stake down.
(didascalia)	Enter Lorenzo, Jessica, and Salerio, a messenger from Venice
GRAZIANO	But who comes here? Lorenzo and his infidel! What, and my old Venetian friend Salerio!
BASSANIO	Lorenzo and Salerio, welcome hither, If that the youth of my new int’rest here Have power to bid you welcome. (To Portia) By your leave, I bid my very friends and countrymen, Sweet Portia, welcome.
PORTIA	So do I, my lord. They are entirely welcome.
LORENZO	I thank your honour. For my part, my lord, My purpose was not to have seen you here, But meeting with Salerio by the way He did entreat me past all saying nay To come with him along.
SALERIO	I did, my lord, And I have reason for it. Signor Antonio Commends him to you. He gives Bassanio a letter
BASSANIO	Ere I ope his letter I pray you tell me how my good friend doth.
SALERIO	Not sick, my lord, unless it be in mind; Nor well, unless in mind. His letter there Will show you his estate. Bassanio opens the letter and reads
GRAZIANO	Nerissa, (indicating Jessica) cheer yon stranger. Bid her welcome. 235 Your hand, Salerio. What’s the news from Venice? How doth that royal merchant good Antonio? I know he will be glad of our success. We are the Jasons; we have won the fleece.
SALERIO	I would you had won the fleece that he hath lost.
PORTIA	There are some shrewd contents in yon same paper That steals the colour from Bassanio’s cheek. Some dear friend dead, else nothing in the world Could turn so much the constitution Of any constant man. What, worse and worse? With leave, Bassanio, I am half yourself, And I must freely have the half of anything That this same paper brings you.
BASSANIO	O sweet Portia, Here are a few of the unpleasant’st words That ever blotted paper. Gentle lady, When I did first impart my love to you I freely told you all the wealth I had Ran in my veins: I was a gentleman; And then I told you true; and yet, dear lady, Rating myself at nothing, you shall see How much I was a braggart. When I told you My state was nothing, I should then have told you That I was worse than nothing, for indeed I have engaged myself to a dear friend, Engaged my friend to his mere enemy, To feed my means. Here is a letter, lady, The paper as the body of my friend, And every word in it a gaping wound Issuing life-blood. But is it true, Salerio? Hath all his ventures failed? What, not one hit? From Tripolis, from Mexico, and England, From Lisbon, Barbary, and India, And not one vessel scape the dreadful touch Of merchant-marring rocks?
SALERIO	Not one, my lord. Besides, it should appear that if he had The present money to discharge the Jew He would not take it. Never did I know A creature that did bear the shape of man So keen and greedy to confound a man. He plies the Duke at morning and at night, And doth impeach the freedom of the state If they deny him justice. Twenty merchants, The Duke himself, and the magnificoes Of greatest port, have all persuaded with him, But none can drive him from the envious plea 280 Of forfeiture, of justice, and his bond.
JESSICA	When I was with him I have heard him swear To Tubal and to Cush, his countrymen, That he would rather have Antonio’s flesh Than twenty times the value of the sum That he did owe him; and I know, my lord, If law, authority, and power deny not, It will go hard with poor Antonio.
PORTIA	(to Bassanio) Is it your dear friend that is thus in trouble?
BASSANIO	The dearest friend to me, the kindest man, The best-conditioned and unwearied spirit In doing courtesies, and one in whom The ancient Roman honour more appears Than any that draws breath in Italy.
PORTIA	What sum owes he the Jew?
BASSANIO	For me, three thousand ducats.
PORTIA	What, no more? Pay him six thousand and deface the bond. Double six thousand, and then treble that, Before a friend of this description Shall lose a hair thorough Bassanio’s fault. First go with me to church and call me wife, And then away to Venice to your friend; For never shall you lie by Portia’s side With an unquiet soul. You shall have gold To pay the petty debt twenty times over. When it is paid, bring your true friend along. My maid Nerissa and myself meantime Will live as maids and widows. Come, away, For you shall hence upon your wedding day. Bid your friends welcome, show a merry cheer. 310 Since you are dear bought, I will love you dear. But let me hear the letter of your friend.
(didascalia)	BASSANIO (reads) ‘Sweet Bassanio, my ships have all miscarried, my creditors grow cruel, my estate is very low, my bond to the Jew is forfeit, and since in paying it, it is impossible I should live, all debts are cleared between you and I if I might but see you at my death. Notwithstanding, use your pleasure. If your love do not persuade you to come, let not my letter.’
PORTIA	O, love! Dispatch all business, and be gone.
BASSANIO	Since I have your good leave to go away I will make haste, but till I come again No bed shall e‘er be guilty of my stay Nor rest be interposer ’twixt us twain. Exeunt

Atto 3, Scena 3

Chi parla	Battuta
(didascalia)	Enter Shylock the Jew, Solanio, Antonio, and the jailer
SHYLOCK	Jailer, look to him. Tell not me of mercy. This is the fool that lent out money gratis. Jailer, look to him.
ANTONIO	Hear me yet, good Shylock.
SHYLOCK	I’ll have my bond. Speak not against my bond. I have sworn an oath that I will have my bond. Thou called’st me dog before thou hadst a cause, But since I am a dog, beware my fangs. The Duke shall grant me justice. I do wonder, Thou naughty jailer, that thou art so fond To come abroad with him at his request.
ANTONIO	I pray thee hear me speak.
SHYLOCK	I’ll have my bond. I will not hear thee speak. I’ll have my bond, and therefore speak no more. I’ll not be made a soft and dull-eyed fool To shake the head, relent, and sigh, and yield To Christian intercessors. Follow not. I’ll have no speaking. I will have my bond. Exit
SOLANIO	It is the most impenetrable cur That ever kept with men.
ANTONIO	Let him alone. I’ll follow him no more with bootless prayers. He seeks my life. His reason well I know: I oft delivered from his forfeitures Many that have at times made moan to me. Therefore he hates me.
SOLANIO	I am sure the Duke Will never grant this forfeiture to hold.
ANTONIO	The Duke cannot deny the course of law, For the commodity that strangers have With us in Venice, if it be denied, Will much impeach the justice of the state, Since that the trade and profit of the city Consisteth of all nations. Therefore go. These griefs and losses have so bated me That I shall hardly spare a pound of flesh Tomorrow to my bloody creditor. Well, jailer, on. Pray God Bassanio come To see me pay his debt, and then I care not. Exeunt

Atto 3, Scena 4

Chi parla	Battuta
(didascalia)	Enter Portia, Nerissa, Lorenzo, Jessica, and Balthasar, a man of Portia’s
LORENZO	(to Portia) Madam, although I speak it in your presence, You have a noble and a true conceit Of godlike amity, which appears most strongly In bearing thus the absence of your lord. But if you knew to whom you show this honour, How true a gentleman you send relief, How dear a lover of my lord your husband, I know you would be prouder of the work Than customary bounty can enforce you.
PORTIA	I never did repent for doing good, Nor shall not now; for in companions That do converse and waste the time together, Whose souls do bear an equal yoke of love, There must be needs a like proportion Of lineaments, of manners, and of spirit, Which makes me think that this Antonio, Being the bosom lover of my lord, Must needs be like my lord. If it be so, How little is the cost I have bestowed In purchasing the semblance of my soul From out the state of hellish cruelty. This comes too near the praising of myself, Therefore no more of it. Hear other things: Lorenzo, I commit into your hands The husbandry and manage of my house Until my lord’s return. For mine own part, I have toward heaven breathed a secret vow To live in prayer and contemplation, Only attended by Nerissa here, Until her husband and my lord’s return. There is a monastery two miles off, And there we will abide. I do desire you Not to deny this imposition, The which my love and some necessity Now lays upon you.
LORENZO	Madam, with all my heart, I shall obey you in all fair commands.
PORTIA	My people do already know my mind, And will acknowledge you and Jessica In place of Lord Bassanio and myself. So fare you well till we shall meet again.
LORENZO	Fair thoughts and happy hours attend on you!
JESSICA	I wish your ladyship all heart’s content.
PORTIA	I thank you for your wish, and am well pleased To wish it back on you. Fare you well, Jessica.
(didascalia)	Exeunt Lorenzo and Jessica
PORTIA	Now, Balthasar, As I have ever found thee honest-true, So let me find thee still. Take this same letter, And use thou all th’endeavour of a man In speed to Padua. See thou render this Into my cousin’s hands, Doctor Bellario, And look what notes and garments he doth give thee, Bring them, I pray thee, with imagined speed Unto the traject, to the common ferry Which trades to Venice. Waste no time in words, But get thee gone. I shall be there before thee.
BALTHASAR	Madam, I go with all convenient speed. Exit
PORTIA	Come on, Nerissa. I have work in hand That you yet know not of. We’ll see our husbands Before they think of us.
NERISSA	Shall they see us?
PORTIA	They shall, Nerissa, but in such a habit That they shall think we are accomplishèd With that we lack. I’ll hold thee any wager, When we are both accoutered like young men I’ll prove the prettier fellow of the two, And wear my dagger with the braver grace, And speak between the change of man and boy With a reed voice, and turn two mincing steps Into a manly stride, and speak of frays Like a fine bragging youth, and tell quaint lies How honourable ladies sought my love, Which I denying, they fell sick and died. I could not do withal. Then I’ll repent, And wish for all that that I had not killed them; And twenty of these puny lies I’ll tell, That men shall swear I have discontinued school Above a twelvemonth. I have within my mind A thousand raw tricks of these bragging Jacks Which I will practise.
NERISSA	Why, shall we turn to men?
PORTIA	Fie, what a question’s that If thou wert near a lewd interpreter! But come, I’ll tell thee all my whole device When I am in my coach, which stays for us At the park gate; and therefore haste away, For we must measure twenty miles today. Exeunt

Atto 3, Scena 5

Chi parla	Battuta
(didascalia)	Enter Lancelot the clown, and Jessica
LANCELOT	Yes, truly; for look you, the sins of the father are to be laid upon the children, therefore I promise you I fear you. I was always plain with you, and so now I speak my agitation of the matter, therefore be o’ good cheer, for truly I think you are damned. There is but one hope in it that can do you any good, and that is but a kind of bastard hope, neither.
JESSICA	And what hope is that, I pray thee?
LANCELOT	Marry, you may partly hope that your father got you not, that you are not the Jew’s daughter.
JESSICA	That were a kind of bastard hope indeed. So the sins of my mother should be visited upon me.
LANCELOT	Truly then, I fear you are damned both by father and mother. Thus, when I shun Scylla your father, I fall into Charybdis your mother. Well, you are gone both ways.
JESSICA	I shall be saved by my husband. He hath made me a Christian.
LANCELOT	Truly, the more to blame he! We were Christians enough before, e’en as many as could well live one by another. This making of Christians will raise the price of hogs. If we grow all to be pork-eaters we shall not shortly have a rasher on the coals for money.
(didascalia)	Enter Lorenzo
JESSICA	I’ll tell my husband, Lancelot, what you say. Here he comes.
LORENZO	I shall grow jealous of you shortly, Lancelot, if you thus get my wife into corners.
JESSICA	Nay, you need not fear us, Lorenzo. Lancelot and I are out. He tells me flatly there’s no mercy for me in heaven because I am a Jew’s daughter, and he says you are no good member of the commonwealth, for in converting Jews to Christians you raise the price of pork.
LORENZO	(to Lancelot) I shall answer that better to the commonwealth than you can the getting up of the Negro’s belly. The Moor is with child by you, Lancelot. LANCELOT It is much that the Moor should be more than reason, but if she be less than an honest woman, she is indeed more than I took her for.
LORENZO	How every fool can play upon the word! I think the best grace of wit will shortly turn into silence, and discourse grow commendable in none only but parrots. Go in, sirrah, bid them prepare for dinner.
LANCELOT	That is done, sir. They have all stomachs.
LORENZO	Goodly Lord, what a wit-snapper are you Then bid them prepare dinner.
LANCELOT	That is done too, sir; only ’cover’ is the word.
LORENZO	Will you cover then, sir?
LANCELOT	Not so, sir, neither. I know my duty.
LORENZO	Yet more quarrelling with occasion! Wilt thou show the whole wealth of thy wit in an instant? I pray thee understand a plain man in his plain meaning. Go to thy fellows; bid them cover the table, serve in the meat, and we will come in to dinner.
LANCELOT	For the table, sir, it shall be served in. For the meat, sir, it shall be covered. For your coming in to dinner, sir, why, let it be as humours and conceits shall govern. Exit
LORENZO	O dear discretion, how his words are suited! The fool hath planted in his memory An army of good words, and I do know A many fools that stand in better place, Garnished like him, that for a tricksy word Defy the matter. How cheer’st thou, Jessica? And now, good sweet, say thy opinion: How dost thou like the Lord Bassanio’s wife?
JESSICA	Past all expressing. It is very meet The Lord Bassanio live an upright life, For, having such a blessing in his lady, He finds the joys of heaven here on earth, And if on earth he do not merit it, In reason he should never come to heaven. Why, if two gods should play some heavenly match And on the wager lay two earthly women, And Portia one, there must be something else Pawned with the other; for the poor rude world Hath not her fellow.
LORENZO	Even such a husband Hast thou of me as she is for a wife.
JESSICA	Nay, but ask my opinion too of that!
LORENZO	I will anon. First let us go to dinner.
JESSICA	Nay, let me praise you while I have a stomach.
LORENZO	No, pray thee, let it serve for table-talk. Then, howsome‘er thou speak’st, ’mong other things I shall digest it.
JESSICA	Well, I’ll set you forth. Exeunt

Atto 4, Scena 1

Chi parla	Battuta
(didascalia)	Enter the Duke, the magnificoes, Antonio, Bassanio, Graziano, and Salerio
DUKE	What, is Antonio here?
ANTONIO	Ready, so please your grace.
DUKE	I am sorry for thee. Thou art come to answer A stony adversary, an inhuman wretch Uncapable of pity, void and empty From any dram of mercy.
ANTONIO	I have heard Your grace hath ta’en great pains to qualify His rigorous course, but since he stands obdurate, And that no lawful means can carry me Out of his envy’s reach, I do oppose My patience to his fury, and am armed To suffer with a quietness of spirit The very tyranny and rage of his.
DUKE	Go one, and call the Jew into the court.
SALERIO	He is ready at the door. He comes, my lord.
(didascalia)	Enter Shylock
DUKE	Make room, and let him stand before our face. Shylock, the world thinks—and I think so too— That thou but lead‘st this fashion of thy malice To the last hour of act, and then ’tis thought Thou’lt show thy mercy and remorse more strange Than is thy strange apparent cruelty, And where thou now exacts the penalty— Which is a pound of this poor merchant’s flesh— Thou wilt not only loose the forfeiture, But, touched with human gentleness and love, Forgive a moiety of the principal, Glancing an eye of pity on his losses, That have of late so huddled on his back Enough to press a royal merchant down And pluck commiseration of his state From brassy bosoms and rough hearts of flint, From stubborn Turks and Tartars never trained To offices of tender courtesy. We all expect a gentle answer, Jew.
SHYLOCK	I have possessed your grace of what I purpose, And by our holy Sabbath have I sworn To have the due and forfeit of my bond. If you deny it, let the danger light Upon your charter and your city’s freedom. You’ll ask me why I rather choose to have A weight of carrion flesh than to receive Three thousand ducats. I’ll not answer that, But say it is my humour. Is it answered? What if my house be troubled with a rat, And I be pleased to give ten thousand ducats To have it baned? What, are you answered yet? Some men there are love not a gaping pig, Some that are mad if they behold a cat, And others when the bagpipe sings i’th’ nose Cannot contain their urine; for affection, Mistress of passion, sways it to the mood Of what it likes or loathes. Now for your answer: As there is no firm reason to be rendered Why he cannot abide a gaping pig, Why he a harmless necessary cat, Why he a woollen bagpipe, but of force Must yield to such inevitable shame As to offend himself being offended, So can I give no reason, nor I will not, More than a lodged hate and a certain loathing I bear Antonio, that I follow thus A losing suit against him. Are you answered?
BASSANIO	This is no answer, thou unfeeling man, To excuse the current of thy cruelty.
SHYLOCK	I am not bound to please thee with my answers.
BASSANIO	Do all men kill the things they do not love?
SHYLOCK	Hates any man the thing he would not kill?
BASSANIO	Every offence is not a hate at first.
SHYLOCK	What, wouldst thou have a serpent sting thee twice?
ANTONIO	I pray you think you question with the Jew. You may as well go stand upon the beach And bid the main flood bate his usual height; You may as well use question with the wolf Why he hath made the ewe bleat for the lamb; You may as well forbid the mountain pines To wag their high tops and to make no noise When they are fretten with the gusts of heaven, You may as well do anything most hard As seek to soften that—than which what’s harder?— His Jewish heart. Therefore, I do beseech you, Make no more offers, use no farther means, But with all brief and plain conveniency Let me have judgement and the Jew his will.
BASSANIO	(to Shylock) For thy three thousand ducats here is six.
SHYLOCK	If every ducat in six thousand ducats Were in six parts, and every part a ducat, I would not draw them. I would have my bond.
DUKE	How shalt thou hope for mercy, rend’ring none?
SHYLOCK	What judgement shall I dread, doing no wrong? You have among you many a purchased slave Which, like your asses and your dogs and mules, You use in abject and in slavish parts Because you bought them. Shall I say to you ‘Let them be free, marry them to your heirs. Why sweat they under burdens? Let their beds Be made as soft as yours, and let their palates Be seasoned with such viands.’ You will answer ‘The slaves are ours.’ So do I answer you. The pound of flesh which I demand of him Is dearly bought. ’Tis mine, and I will have it. If you deny me, fie upon your law: There is no force in the decrees of Venice. I stand for judgement. Answer: shall I have it?
DUKE	Upon my power I may dismiss this court Unless Bellario, a learned doctor Whom I have sent for to determine this, Come here today.
SALERIO	My lord, here stays without A messenger with letters from the doctor, New come from Padua.
(didascalia)	Bring us the letters. Call the messenger. Exit Salerio
BASSANIO	Good cheer, Antonio. What, man, courage yet! The Jew shall have my flesh, blood, bones, and all Ere thou shalt lose for me one drop of blood.
ANTONIO	I am a tainted wether of the flock, Meetest for death. The weakest kind of fruit Drops earliest to the ground; and so let me. You cannot better be employed, Bassanio, Than to live still and write mine epitaph.
(didascalia)	Enter Salerio, with Nerissa apparelled as a judge’s clerk
DUKE	Came you from Padua, from Bellario?
NERISSA	From both, my lord. Bellario greets your grace. She gives a letter to the Duke. Shylock whets his knife on his shoe
BASSANIO	(to Shylock) Why dost thou whet thy knife so earnestly?
SHYLOCK	To cut the forfeit from that bankrupt there.
GRAZIANO	Not on thy sole but on thy soul, harsh Jew, Thou mak’st thy knife keen. But no metal can, No, not the hangman’s axe, bear half the keenness Of thy sharp envy. Can no prayers pierce thee?
SHYLOCK	No, none that thou hast wit enough to make.
GRAZIANO	O, be thou damned, inexorable dog, And for thy life let justice be accused! Thou almost mak‘st me waver in my faith To hold opinion with Pythagoras That souls of animals infuse themselves Into the trunks of men. Thy currish spirit Governed a wolf who, hanged for human slaughter, Even from the gallows did his fell soul fleet, And, whilst thou lay’st in thy unhallowed dam, Infused itself in thee; for thy desires Are wolvish, bloody, starved, and ravenous.
SHYLOCK	Till thou canst rail the seal from off my bond Thou but offend’st thy lungs to speak so loud. Repair thy wit, good youth, or it will fall To cureless ruin. I stand here for law.
DUKE	This letter from Bellario doth commend A young and learned doctor to our court. Where is he?
NERISSA	He attendeth here hard by To know your answer, whether you’ll admit him.
DUKE	With all my heart. Some three or four of you Go give him courteous conduct to this place.
(didascalia)	Exeunt three or four
DUKE	Meantime the court shall hear Bellario’s letter. (Reads) ‘Your grace shall understand that at the receipt of your letter I am very sick, but in the instant that your messenger came, in loving visitation was with me a young doctor of Rome; his name is Balthasar. I acquainted him with the cause in controversy between the Jew and Antonio, the merchant. We turned o’er many books together. He is furnished with my opinion which, bettered with his own learning—the greatness whereof I cannot enough commend—comes with him at my importunity to fill up your grace’s request in my stead. I beseech you let his lack of years be no impediment to let him lack a reverend estimation, for I never knew so young a body with so old a head. I leave him to your gracious acceptance, whose trial shall better publish his commendation.’
(didascalia)	Enter three or four with Portia as Balthasar
DUKE	You hear the learn’d Bellario, what he writes; And here, I take it, is the doctor come. (To Portia) Give me your hand. Come you from old Bellario?
PORTIA	I did, my lord.
DUKE	You are welcome. Take your place. Are you acquainted with the difference That holds this present question in the court?
PORTIA	I am informed throughly of the cause. Which is the merchant here, and which the Jew?
DUKE	Antonio and old Shylock, both stand forth. Antonio and Shylock stand forth
PORTIA	Is your name Shylock?
SHYLOCK	Shylock is my name.
PORTIA	Of a strange nature is the suit you follow, Yet in such rule that the Venetian law Cannot impugn you as you do proceed. (To Antonio) You stand within his danger, do you not?
ANTONIO	Ay, so he says.
PORTIA	Do you confess the bond?
ANTONIO	I do.
PORTIA	Then must the Jew be merciful.
SHYLOCK	On what compulsion must I? Tell me that.
PORTIA	The quality of mercy is not strained. It droppeth as the gentle rain from heaven Upon the place beneath. It is twice blest: It blesseth him that gives, and him that takes. ‘Tis mightiest in the mightiest. It becomes The thronèd monarch better than his crown. His sceptre shows the force of temporal power, The attribute to awe and majesty, Wherein doth sit the dread and fear of kings; But mercy is above this sceptred sway. It is enthroned in the hearts of kings; It is an attribute to God himself, And earthly power doth then show likest God’s When mercy seasons justice. Therefore, Jew, Though justice be thy plea, consider this: That in the course of justice none of us Should see salvation. We do pray for mercy, And that same prayer doth teach us all to render The deeds of mercy. I have spoke thus much To mitigate the justice of thy plea, Which if thou follow, this strict court of Venice Must needs give sentence ’gainst the merchant there.
SHYLOCK	My deeds upon my head! I crave the law, The penalty and forfeit of my bond.
PORTIA	Is he not able to discharge the money?
BASSANIO	Yes, here I tender it for him in the court, Yea, twice the sum. If that will not suffice I will be bound to pay it ten times o’er On forfeit of my hands, my head, my heart. If this will not suffice, it must appear That malice bears down truth. And, I beseech you, Wrest once the law to your authority. To do a great right, do a little wrong, And curb this cruel devil of his will.
PORTIA	It must not be. There is no power in Venice Can alter a decree established. ’Twill be recorded for a precedent, And many an error by the same example Will rush into the state. It cannot be.
SHYLOCK	A Daniel come to judgement, yea, a Daniel! O wise young judge, how I do honour thee!
PORTIA	I pray you let me look upon the bond.
SHYLOCK	Here ’tis, most reverend doctor, here it is.
PORTIA	Shylock, there’s thrice thy money offered thee.
SHYLOCK	An oath, an oath! I have an oath in heaven. Shall I lay perjury upon my soul? No, not for Venice.
PORTIA	Why, this bond is forfeit, And lawfully by this the Jew may claim A pound of flesh, to be by him cut off Nearest the merchant’s heart. (To Shylock) Be merciful. Take thrice thy money. Bid me tear the bond.
SHYLOCK	When it is paid according to the tenor. It doth appear you are a worthy judge. You know the law. Your exposition Hath been most sound. I charge you, by the law Whereof you are a well-deserving pillar, Proceed to judgement. By my soul I swear There is no power in the tongue of man To alter me. I stay here on my bond.
ANTONIO	Most heartily I do beseech the court To give the judgement.
PORTIA	Why, then thus it is: You must prepare your bosom for his knife—
SHYLOCK	O noble judge, O excellent young man!
PORTIA	For the intent and purpose of the law Hath full relation to the penalty Which here appeareth due upon the bond.
SHYLOCK	’Tis very true. O wise and upright judge! How much more elder art thou than thy looks!
PORTIA	(to Antonio) Therefore lay bare your bosom.
SHYLOCK	Ay, his breast. So says the bond, doth it not, noble judge? ‘Nearest his heart’—those are the very words.
PORTIA	It is so. Are there balance here to weigh the flesh?
SHYLOCK	I have them ready.
PORTIA	Have by some surgeon, Shylock, on your charge To stop his wounds, lest he do bleed to death.
SHYLOCK	Is it so nominated in the bond?
PORTIA	It is not so expressed, but what of that? ’Twere good you do so much for charity.
SHYLOCK	I cannot find it. ’Tis not in the bond.
PORTIA	(to Antonio) You, merchant, have you anything to say?
ANTONIO	But little. I am armed and well prepared. Give me your hand, Bassanio; fare you well. Grieve not that I am fall’n to this for you, For herein Fortune shows herself more kind Than is her custom; it is still her use To let the wretched man outlive his wealth To view with hollow eye and wrinkled brow An age of poverty, from which ling’ring penance Of such misery doth she cut me off. Commend me to your honourable wife. Tell her the process of Antonio’s end. Say how I loved you. Speak me fair in death, And when the tale is told, bid her be judge Whether Bassanio had not once a love. Repent but you that you shall lose your friend, And he repents not that he pays your debt; For if the Jew do cut but deep enough, I’ll pay it instantly, with all my heart.
BASSANIO	Antonio, I am married to a wife Which is as dear to me as life itself, But life itself, my wife, and all the world Are not with me esteemed above thy life. I would lose all, ay, sacrifice them all Here to this devil, to deliver you.
(didascalia)	PORTIA aside
BASSANIO	Your wife would give you little thanks for that If she were by to hear you make the offer.
GRAZIANO	I have a wife who, I protest, I love. I would she were in heaven so she could Entreat some power to change this currish Jew.
(didascalia)	NERISSA aside
GRAZIANO	’Tis well you offer it behind her back; The wish would make else an unquiet house.
(didascalia)	SHYLOCK aside
GRAZIANO	These be the Christian husbands. I have a daughter. Would any of the stock of Barabbas Had been her husband rather than a Christian. (Aloud) We trifle time. I pray thee pursue sentence.
PORTIA	A pound of that same merchant’s flesh is thine. The court awards it, and the law doth give it.
SHYLOCK	Most rightful judge!
PORTIA	And you must cut this flesh from off his breast. The law allows it, and the court awards it.
SHYLOCK	Most learned judge! A sentence: (to Antonio) come, prepare.
PORTIA	Tarry a little. There is something else. This bond doth give thee here no jot of blood. The words expressly are ‘a pound of flesh’. Take then thy bond. Take thou thy pound of flesh. But in the cutting it, if thou dost shed One drop of Christian blood, thy lands and goods Are by the laws of Venice confiscate Unto the state of Venice.
GRAZIANO	O upright judge! Mark, Jew! O learned judge!
SHYLOCK	Is that the law?
PORTIA	Thyself shalt see the act; For as thou urgest justice, be assured Thou shalt have justice more than thou desir’st.
GRAZIANO	O learnèd judge! Mark, Jew—a learnèd judge!
SHYLOCK	I take this offer, then. Pay the bond thrice, And let the Christian go.
BASSANIO	Here is the money.
PORTIA	Soft, the Jew shall have all justice. Soft, no haste. He shall have nothing but the penalty.
GRAZIANO	O Jew, an upright judge, a learned judge!
PORTIA	(to Shylock) Therefore prepare thee to cut off the flesh. Shed thou no blood, nor cut thou less nor more But just a pound of flesh. If thou tak’st more Or less than a just pound, be it but so much As makes it light or heavy in the substance Or the division of the twentieth part Of one poor scruple—nay, if the scale do turn But in the estimation of a hair, Thou diest, and all thy goods are confiscate.
GRAZIANO	A second Daniel, a Daniel, Jew! Now, infidel, I have you on the hip.
PORTIA	Why doth the Jew pause? Take thy forfeiture.
SHYLOCK	Give me my principal, and let me go.
BASSANIO	I have it ready for thee. Here it is.
PORTIA	He hath refused it in the open court. He shall have merely justice and his bond.
GRAZIANO	A Daniel, still say I, a second Daniel! I thank thee, Jew, for teaching me that word.
SHYLOCK	Shall I not have barely my principal?
PORTIA	Thou shalt have nothing but the forfeiture To be so taken at thy peril, Jew.
SHYLOCK	Why then, the devil give him good of it. I’ll stay no longer question.
PORTIA	Tarry, Jew. The law hath yet another hold on you. It is enacted in the laws of Venice, If it be proved against an alien That by direct or indirect attempts He seek the life of any citizen, The party ‘gainst the which he doth contrive Shall seize one half his goods; the other half Comes to the privy coffer of the state, And the offender’s life lies in the mercy Of the Duke only, ’gainst all other voice— In which predicament I say thou stand’st, For it appears by manifest proceeding That indirectly, and directly too, Thou hast contrived against the very life Of the defendant, and thou hast incurred The danger formerly by me rehearsed. Down, therefore, and beg mercy of the Duke.
GRAZIANO	(to Shylock) Beg that thou mayst have leave to hang thyself— And yet, thy wealth being forfeit to the state, Thou hast not left the value of a cord. Therefore thou must be hanged at the state’s charge.
DUKE	(to Shylock) That thou shalt see the difference of our spirit, I pardon thee thy life before thou ask it. For half thy wealth, it is Antonio’s. The other half comes to the general state, Which humbleness may drive unto a fine.
PORTIA	Ay, for the state, not for Antonio.
SHYLOCK	Nay, take my life and all, pardon not that. You take my house when you do take the prop That doth sustain my house; you take my life When you do take the means whereby I live.
PORTIA	What mercy can you render him, Antonio?
GRAZIANO	A halter, gratis. Nothing else, for God’s sake.
ANTONIO	So please my lord the Duke and all the court To quit the fine for one half of his goods, I am content, so he will let me have The other half in use, to render it Upon his death unto the gentleman That lately stole his daughter. Two things provided more: that for this favour He presently become a Christian; The other, that he do record a gift Here in the court of all he dies possessed Unto his son, Lorenzo, and his daughter.
DUKE	He shall do this, or else I do recant The pardon that I late pronouncèd here.
PORTIA	Art thou contented, Jew? What dost thou say?
SHYLOCK	I am content.
PORTIA	(to Nerissa) Clerk, draw a deed of gift.
SHYLOCK	I pray you give me leave to go from hence. I am not well. Send the deed after me, And I will sign it.
DUKE	Get thee gone, but do it.
GRAZIANO	(to Shylock) In christ’ning shalt thou have two godfathers. Had I been judge thou shouldst have had ten more, To bring thee to the gallows, not the font.
(didascalia)	Exit Shylock
DUKE	(to Portia) Sir, I entreat you home with me to dinner.
PORTIA	I humbly do desire your grace of pardon. I must away this night toward Padua, And it is meet I presently set forth.
DUKE	I am sorry that your leisure serves you not. Antonio, gratify this gentleman, For in my mind you are much bound to him.
(didascalia)	Exit Duke and his train
BASSANIO	(to Portia) Most worthy gentleman, I and my friend Have by your wisdom been this day acquitted Of grievous penalties, in lieu whereof Three thousand ducats due unto the Jew We freely cope your courteous pains withal.
ANTONIO	And stand indebted over and above In love and service to you evermore.
PORTIA	He is well paid that is well satisfied, And I, delivering you, am satisfied, And therein do account myself well paid. My mind was never yet more mercenary. I pray you know me when we meet again. I wish you well; and so I take my leave.
BASSANIO	Dear sir, of force I must attempt you further. Take some remembrance of us as a tribute, Not as fee. Grant me two things, I pray you: Not to deny me, and to pardon me.
PORTIA	You press me far, and therefore I will yield.
(didascalia)	To Antonio Give me your gloves. I’ll wear them for
PORTIA	your sake. (To Bassanio) And for your love I’ll take this ring from you. Do not draw back your hand. I’ll take no more, And you in love shall not deny me this.
BASSANIO	This ring, good sir? Alas, it is a trifle. I will not shame myself to give you this.
PORTIA	I will have nothing else, but only this; And now, methinks, I have a mind to it.
BASSANIO	There’s more depends on this than on the value. The dearest ring in Venice will I give you, And find it out by proclamation. Only for this, I pray you pardon me.
PORTIA	I see, sir, you are liberal in offers. You taught me first to beg, and now methinks You teach me how a beggar should be answered.
BASSANIO	Good sir, this ring was given me by my wife, And when she put it on she made me vow That I should neither sell, nor give, nor lose it.
PORTIA	That ’scuse serves many men to save their gifts. An if your wife be not a madwoman, And know how well I have deserved this ring, She would not hold out enemy for ever For giving it to me. Well, peace be with you.
(didascalia)	Exeunt Portia and Nerissa
ANTONIO	My lord Bassanio, let him have the ring. Let his deservings and my love withal Be valued ’gainst your wife’s commandëment.
BASSANIO	Go, Graziano, run and overtake him. Give him the ring, and bring him, if thou canst, Unto Antonio’s house. Away, make haste.
(didascalia)	Exit Graziano
BASSANIO	Come, you and I will thither presently, And in the morning early will we both Fly toward Belmont. Come, Antonio. Exeunt

Atto 4, Scena 2

Chi parla	Battuta
(didascalia)	Enter Portia and Nerissa, still disguised
PORTIA	Enquire the Jew’s house out, give him this deed, And let him sign it. We’ll away tonight, And be a day before our husbands home. This deed will be well welcome to Lorenzo.
(didascalia)	Enter Graziano
GRAZIANO	Fair sir, you are well o’erta’en. My lord Bassanio upon more advice Hath sent you here this ring, and doth entreat Your company at dinner.
PORTIA	That cannot be. His ring I do accept most thankfully, And so I pray you tell him. Furthermore, I pray you show my youth old Shylock’s house.
GRAZIANO	That will I do.
NERISSA	Sir, I would speak with you. (Aside to Portia) I’ll see if I can get my husband’s ring Which I did make him swear to keep for ever.
PORTIA	(aside to Nerissa) Thou mayst; I warrant we shall have old swearing That they did give the rings away to men. But we’ll outface them, and outswear them too. Away, make haste. Thou know’st where I will tarry.
(didascalia)	Exit at one door
NERISSA	(to Graziano) Come, good sir, will you show me to this house?
(didascalia)	Exeunt at another door

Atto 5, Scena 1

Chi parla	Battuta
(didascalia)	Enter Lorenzo and Jessica
LORENZO	The moon shines bright. In such a night as this, When the sweet wind did gently kiss the trees And they did make no noise—in such a night Troilus, methinks, mounted the Trojan walls, And sighed his soul toward the Grecian tents Where Cressid lay that night.
JESSICA	In such a night Did Thisbe fearfully o’ertrip the dew And saw the lion’s shadow ere himself, And ran dismayed away.
LORENZO	In such a night Stood Dido with a willow in her hand Upon the wild sea banks, and waft her love To come again to Carthage.
JESSICA	In such a night Medea gathered the enchanted herbs That did renew old Aeson.
LORENZO	In such a night Did Jessica steal from the wealthy Jew, And with an unthrift love did run from Venice As far as Belmont.
JESSICA	In such a night Did young Lorenzo swear he loved her well, Stealing her soul with many vows of faith, And ne’er a true one.
LORENZO	In such a night Did pretty Jessica, like a little shrew, Slander her love, and he forgave it her.
JESSICA	I would outnight you, did nobody come. But hark, I hear the footing of a man.
(didascalia)	Enter Stefano, a messenger
LORENZO	Who comes so fast in silence of the night?
STEFANO	A friend.
LORENZO	A friend—what friend? Your name, I pray you, friend?
STEFANO	Stefano is my name, and I bring word My mistress will before the break of day Be here at Belmont. She doth stray about By holy crosses, where she kneels and prays For happy wedlock hours.
LORENZO	Who comes with her?
STEFANO	None but a holy hermit and her maid. I pray you, is my master yet returned?
LORENZO	He is not, nor we have not heard from him. But go we in, I pray thee, Jessica, And ceremoniously let us prepare Some welcome for the mistress of the house.
(didascalia)	Enter Lancelot, the clown
LANCELOT	(calling) Sola, sola! Wo, ha, ho! Sola, sola!
LORENZO	Who calls?
LANCELOT	(calling) Sola!—Did you see Master Lorenzo? (Calling) Master Lorenzo! Sola, sola!
LORENZO	Leave hollering, man: here.
LANCELOT	(calling) Sola!—Where, where?
LORENZO	Here.
LANCELOT	Tell him there’s a post come from my master with his horn full of good news. My master will be here ere morning. Exit
LORENZO	(to Jessica) Sweet soul, let’s in, and there expect their coming. And yet no matter. Why should we go in? My friend Stefano, signify, I pray you,
(didascalia)	Within the house your mistress is at hand,
LORENZO	And bring your music forth into the air. Exit Stefano How sweet the moonlight sleeps upon this bank! Here will we sit, and let the sounds of music Creep in our ears. Soft stillness and the night Become the touches of sweet harmony. Sit, Jessica.
(didascalia)	They sit
LORENZO	Look how the floor of heaven Is thick inlaid with patens of bright gold. There’s not the smallest orb which thou behold’st But in his motion like an angel sings, Still choiring to the young-eyed cherubins. Such harmony is in immortal souls, But whilst this muddy vesture of decay Doth grossly close it in, we cannot hear it.
(didascalia)	Enter Musicians
LORENZO	(To the Musicians) Come, ho, and wake Diana with a hymn. With sweetest touches pierce your mistress’ ear, And draw her home with music. The Musicians play
JESSICA	I am never merry when I hear sweet music.
LORENZO	The reason is your spirits are attentive, For do but note a wild and wanton herd Or race of youthful and unhandled colts, Fetching mad bounds, bellowing and neighing loud, Which is the hot condition of their blood, If they but hear perchance a trumpet sound, Or any air of music touch their ears, You shall perceive them make a mutual stand, Their savage eyes turned to a modest gaze By the sweet power of music. Therefore the poet Did feign that Orpheus drew trees, stones, and floods, Since naught so stockish, hard, and full of rage But music for the time doth change his nature. The man that hath no music in himself, Nor is not moved with concord of sweet sounds, Is fit for treasons, stratagems, and spoils. The motions of his spirit are dull as night, And his affections dark as Erebus. Let no such man be trusted. Mark the music.
(didascalia)	Enter Portia and Nerissa, as themselves
PORTIA	That light we see is burning in my hall. How far that little candle throws his beams— So shines a good deed in a naughty world.
NERISSA	When the moon shone we did not see the candle.
PORTIA	So doth the greater glory dim the less. A substitute shines brightly as a king Until a king be by, and then his state Empties itself as doth an inland brook Into the main of waters. Music, hark.
NERISSA	It is your music, madam, of the house.
PORTIA	Nothing is good, I see, without respect. Methinks it sounds much sweeter than by day.
NERISSA	Silence bestows that virtue on it, madam.
PORTIA	The crow doth sing as sweetly as the lark When neither is attended, and I think The nightingale, if she should sing by day, When every goose is cackling, would be thought No better a musician than the wren. How many things by season seasoned are To their right praise and true perfection!
(didascalia)	She sees Lorenzo and Jessica
PORTIA	Peace, ho!
(didascalia)	Music ceases
PORTIA	The moon sleeps with Endymion, And would not be awaked.
(didascalia)	LORENZO rising That is the voice,
PORTIA	Or I am much deceived, of Portia.
PORTIA	He knows me as the blind man knows the cuckoo— By the bad voice.
LORENZO	Dear lady, welcome home.
PORTIA	We have been praying for our husbands’ welfare, Which speed we hope the better for our words. Are they returned?
LORENZO	Madam, they are not yet, But there is come a messenger before To signify their coming.
PORTIA	Go in, Nerissa. Give order to my servants that they take No note at all of our being absent hence; Nor you, Lorenzo; Jessica, nor you.
(didascalia)	A tucket sounds
LORENZO	Your husband is at hand. I hear his trumpet. We are no tell-tales, madam. Fear you not.
PORTIA	This night, methinks, is but the daylight sick. It looks a little paler. ’Tis a day Such as the day is when the sun is hid.
(didascalia)	Enter Bassanio, Antonio, Graziano, and their followers. Graziano and Nerissa speak silently to one another
BASSANIO	We should hold day with the Antipodes If you would walk in absence of the sun.
PORTIA	Let me give light, but let me not be light; For a light wife doth make a heavy husband, And never be Bassanio so for me. But God sort all. You are welcome home, my lord.
BASSANIO	I thank you, madam. Give welcome to my friend. This is the man, this is Antonio, To whom I am so infinitely bound.
PORTIA	You should in all sense be much bound to him, For as I hear he was much bound for you.
ANTONIO	No more than I am well acquitted of.
PORTIA	Sir, you are very welcome to our house. It must appear in other ways than words, Therefore I scant this breathing courtesy.
GRAZIANO	(to Nerissa) By yonder moon I swear you do me wrong. In faith, I gave it to the judge’s clerk. Would he were gelt that had it for my part, Since you do take it, love, so much at heart.
PORTIA	A quarrel, ho, already! What’s the matter?
GRAZIANO	About a hoop of gold, a paltry ring That she did give me, whose posy was For all the world like cutlers’ poetry Upon a knife—‘Love me and leave me not’.
NERISSA	What talk you of the posy or the value? You swore to me when I did give it you That you would wear it till your hour of death, And that it should lie with you in your grave. Though not for me, yet for your vehement oaths You should have been respective and have kept it. Gave it a judge’s clerk?—no, God’s my judge, The clerk will ne’er wear hair on’s face that had it.
GRAZIANO	He will an if he live to be a man.
NERISSA	Ay, if a woman live to be a man.
GRAZIANO	Now by this hand, I gave it to a youth, A kind of boy, a little scrubbed boy No higher than thyself, the judge’s clerk, A prating boy that begged it as a fee. I could not for my heart deny it him.
PORTIA	You were to blame, I must be plain with you, To part so slightly with your wife’s first gift, A thing stuck on with oaths upon your finger, And so riveted with faith unto your flesh. I gave my love a ring, and made him swear Never to part with it; and here he stands. I dare be sworn for him he would not leave it, Nor pluck it from his finger for the wealth That the world masters. Now, in faith, Graziano, You give your wife too unkind a cause of grief. An ’twere to me, I should be mad at it.
BASSANIO	(aside) Why, I were best to cut my left hand off And swear I lost the ring defending it.
(didascalia)	GRAZIANO to Portia
BASSANIO	My lord Bassanio gave his ring away Unto the judge that begged it, and indeed Deserved it, too, and then the boy his clerk, That took some pains in writing, he begged mine, And neither man nor master would take aught But the two rings.
PORTIA	(to Bassanio) What ring gave you, my lord? Not that, I hope, which you received of me.
BASSANIO	If I could add a lie unto a fault I would deny it; but you see my finger Hath not the ring upon it. It is gone.
PORTIA	Even so void is your false heart of truth. By heaven, I will ne’er come in your bed Until I see the ring.
NERISSA	(to Graziano) Nor I in yours Till I again see mine.
BASSANIO	Sweet Portia, If you did know to whom I gave the ring, If you did know for whom I gave the ring, And would conceive for what I gave the ring, And how unwillingly I left the ring When naught would be accepted but the ring, You would abate the strength of your displeasure.
PORTIA	If you had known the virtue of the ring, Or half her worthiness that gave the ring, Or your own honour to contain the ring, You would not then have parted with the ring. What man is there so much unreasonable, If you had pleased to have defended it With any terms of zeal, wanted the modesty To urge the thing held as a ceremony? Nerissa teaches me what to believe. I’ll die for’t but some woman had the ring.
BASSANIO	No, by my honour, madam, by my soul, No woman had it, but a civil doctor Which did refuse three thousand ducats of me, And begged the ring, the which I did deny him, And suffered him to go displeased away, Even he that had held up the very life Of my dear friend. What should I say, sweet lady? I was enforced to send it after him. I was beset with shame and courtesy. My honour would not let ingratitude So much besmear it. Pardon me, good lady, For by these blessèd candles of the night, Had you been there I think you would have begged The ring of me to give the worthy doctor.
PORTIA	Let not that doctor e’er come near my house. Since he hath got the jewel that I loved, And that which you did swear to keep for me, I will become as liberal as you. I’ll not deny him anything I have, No, not my body nor my husband’s bed. Know him I shall, I am well sure of it. Lie not a night from home. Watch me like Argus. If you do not, if I be left alone, Now by mine honour, which is yet mine own, I’ll have that doctor for my bedfellow.
NERISSA	(to Graziano) And I his clerk, therefore be well advised How you do leave me to mine own protection.
GRAZIANO	Well, do you so. Let not me take him then, For if I do, I’ll mar the young clerk’s pen.
ANTONIO	I am th’unhappy subject of these quarrels.
PORTIA	Sir, grieve not you. You are welcome notwithstanding.
BASSANIO	Portia, forgive me this enforced wrong, And in the hearing of these many friends I swear to thee, even by thine own fair eyes, Wherein I see myself—
PORTIA	Mark you but that? In both my eyes he doubly sees himself, In each eye one. Swear by your double self, And there’s an oath of credit.
BASSANIO	Nay, but hear me. Pardon this fault, and by my soul I swear I never more will break an oath with thee.
ANTONIO	(to Portia) I once did lend my body for his wealth Which, but for him that had your husband’s ring, Had quite miscarried. I dare be bound again, My soul upon the forfeit, that your lord Will never more break faith advisedly.
PORTIA	Then you shall be his surety. Give him this, And bid him keep it better than the other.
ANTONIO	Here, Lord Bassanio, swear to keep this ring.
BASSANIO	By heaven, it is the same I gave the doctor!
PORTIA	I had it of him. Pardon me, Bassanio, For by this ring, the doctor lay with me.
NERISSA	And pardon me, my gentle Graziano, For that same scrubbed boy, the doctor’s clerk, In lieu of this last night did lie with me.
GRAZIANO	Why, this is like the mending of highways In summer where the ways are fair enough I What, are we cuckolds ere we have deserved it?
PORTIA	Speak not so grossly. You are all amazed. Here is a letter. Read it at your leisure. It comes from Padua, from Bellario. There you shall find that Portia was the doctor, Nerissa there her clerk. Lorenzo here Shall witness I set forth as soon as you, And even but now returned. I have not yet Entered my house. Antonio, you are welcome, And I have better news in store for you Than you expect. Unseal this letter soon. There you shall find three of your argosies Are richly come to harbour suddenly. You shall not know by what strange accident I chanced on this letter.
ANTONIO	I am dumb!
BASSANIO	(to Portia) Were you the doctor and I knew you not?
GRAZIANO	(to Nerissa) Were you the clerk that is to make me cuckold?
NERISSA	Ay, but the clerk that never means to do it Unless he live until he be a man.
BASSANIO	(to Portia) Sweet doctor, you shall be my bedfellow. When I am absent, then lie with my wife.
ANTONIO	(to Portia) Sweet lady, you have given me life and living, For here I read for certain that my ships Are safely come to road.
PORTIA	How now, Lorenzo? My clerk hath some good comforts, too, for you.
NERISSA	Ay, and I’ll give them him without a fee. There do I give to you and Jessica From the rich Jew a special deed of gift, After his death, of all he dies possessed of.
LORENZO	Fair ladies, you drop manna in the way Of starved people.
PORTIA	It is almost morning, And yet I am sure you are not satisfied Of these events at full. Let us go in, And charge us there upon inter’gatories, And we will answer all things faithfully.
GRAZIANO	Let it be so. The first inter’gatory That my Nerissa shall be sworn on is Whether till the next night she had rather stay, Or go to bed now, being two hours to day. But were the day come, I should wish it dark Till I were couching with the doctor’s clerk. Well, while I live I’ll fear no other thing So sore as keeping safe Nerissa’s ring. Exeunt 1 HENRY IV
THE	play described in the 1623 Folio as The First Part of Henry the Fourth had been entered on the Stationers’ Register on 25 February 1598 as The History of Henry the Fourth, and that is the title of the first surviving edition, of the same year. An earlier edition, doubtless also printed in 1598, is known only from a single, eight-page fragment. Five more editions appeared before the Folio. The printing of at least two editions within a few months, and the fact that one of them was read almost out of existence, reflect a matter of exceptional topical interest. The earliest title-page advertises the play’s portrayal of ‘the humorous conceits of Sir John Falstaff’; but when it was first acted, probably in 1596 or 1597, this character bore the name of his historical counterpart, the Protestant martyr Sir John Oldcastle. Shakespeare changed his surname as the result of protests from Oldcastle’s descendants, the influential Cobham family, one of whom—William Brooke, 7th Lord Cobham—was Elizabeth I’s Lord Chamberlain from August 1596 till he died on 5 March 1597. Our edition restores Sir John’s original surname for the first time in printed texts (though there is reason to believe that even after the earliest performances the name ’Oldcastle’ was sometimes used on the stage), and also restores Russell and Harvey, names Shakespeare was probably obliged to alter to Bardolph and Peto. Shakespeare had already shown Henry IV’s rise to power, and his troubled state of mind on achieving it, in Richard II; that play also shows Henry’s dissatisfaction with his wayward son, Prince Harry, later Henry V. 1 Henry IV continues the story, but in a very different dramatic style. A play called The Famous Victories of Henry V, entered in the Stationers’ Register in 1594, was published anonymously, in a debased and shortened text, in 1598. This text—which also features Oldcastle as a reprobate—gives a sketchy version of the events portrayed in 1 and 2 Henry IV and Henry V. Shakespeare must have known the original play, but in the absence of a full text we cannot tell how much he depended on it. The surviving version contains nothing about the rebellions against Henry IV, for which Shakespeare seems to have gone to IIolinshed’s, and perhaps other, Chronicles; he draws also on Samuel Daniel’s poem The First Four Books of the Civil Wars (1595). 1 Henry IV is the first of Shakespeare’s history plays to make extensive use of the techniques of comedy. On a national level, the play shows the continuing problems of Henry Bolingbroke, insecure in his hold on the throne, and the victim of rebellions led by Worcester, Hotspur (Harry Percy), and Glyndwr. These scenes are counterpointed by others, written mainly in prose, which, in the manner of a comic sub-plot, provide humorous diversion while also reflecting and extending the concerns of the main plot. Henry suffers not only public insurrection but the personal rebellion of Prince Harry, in his unprincely exploits with the reprobate old knight, Oldcastle. Sir John has become Shakespeare’s most famous comic character, but Shakespeare shows that the Prince’s treatment of him as a surrogate father who must eventually be abandoned has an intensely serious side.
THE PERSONS OF THE	PLAY

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