THE CATHOLIC CHURCH AND CONVERSION

BY G. K. CHESTERTON

Nihil Obstat: Arthur J. Scanlan, S.T.D. Censor Librorum.

Imprimatur: Patrick Cardinal Hayes +Archbishop, New York.

New York, September 16, 1926.

Copyright, 1926 by MacMillan Company

EDITOR’S NOTE

It is with diffidence that anyone born into the Faith can approach the tremendous subject of Conversion. Indeed, it is easier for one still quite unacquainted with the Faith to approach that subject than it is for one who has had the advantage of the Faith from childhood. There is at once a sort of impertinence in approaching an experience other than one’s own (necessarily more imperfectly grasped), and an ignorance of the matter. Those born into the Faith very often go through an experience of their own parallel to, and in some way resembling, that experience whereby original strangers to the Faith come to see it and to accept it. Those born into the Faith often, I say, go through an experience of scepticism in youth, as the years proceed, and it is still a common phenomenon (though not so often to be observed as it was a lifetime ago) for men of the Catholic culture, acquainted with the Church from childhood, to leave it in early manhood and never to return. But it is nowadays a still more frequent phenomenon— and it is to this that I allude—for those to whom scepticism so strongly appealed in youth to discover, by an experience of men and of reality in all its varied forms, that the transcendental truths they had been taught in childhood have the highest claims upon their matured reason.

This experience of the born Catholic may, I repeat, be called in a certain sense a phenomenon of conversion. But it differs from conversion properly so called, which rather signifies the gradual discovery and acceptance of the Catholic Church by men and women who began life with no conception of its existence: for whom it had been during their formative years no more than a name, perhaps despised, and certainly corresponding to no known reality.

Such men and women converts are perhaps the chief factors in the increasing vigor of the Catholic Church in our time. The admiration which the born Catholic feels for their action is exactly consonant to that which the Church in its earlier days showed to the martyrs. For the word “martyr” means “witness.” The phenomenon of conversion apparent in every class, affecting every type of character, is the great modern witness to the truth of the claim of the Faith; to the fact that the Faith is reality, and that in it alone is the repose of reality to be found.

In proportion as men know less and less of the subject, in that proportion do they conceive that the entrants into the City of God are of one type, and in that proportion do they attempt some simple definition of the mind which ultimately accepts Catholicism. They will call it a desire for security; or an attraction of the senses such as is exercised by music or by verse. Or they will ascribe it to that particular sort of weakness (present in many minds) whereby they are easily dominated and changed in mood by the action of another.

A very little experience of typical converts in our time makes nonsense of such theories. Men and women enter by every conceivable gate, after every, conceivable process of slow intellectual examination, of shock, of vision, of moral trial and even of merely intellectual process. They enter through the action of expanded experience. Some obtain this through travel, some through a reading of history beyond their fellows, some through personal accidents of life. And not only are the avenues of approach to the Faith infinite in number (though all converging; as must be so, since truth is one and error infinitely divided), but the individual types in whom the process of conversion may be observed differ in every conceivable fashion. When you have predicated of one what emotion or what reasoning process brought him into the fold, and you attempt to apply your predicate exactly to another, you will find a misfit. The cynic enters, and so does the sentimentalist; and the fool enters and so does the wise man; the perpetual questioner and doubter and the man too easily accepting immediate authority—they each enter after his kind. You come across an entry into the Catholic Church undoubtedly due to the spectacle, admiration and imitation of some great character observed. Next day you come across an entry into the Catholic Church out of complete loneliness, and you are astonished to find the convert still ignorant of the great mass of the Catholic effect on character. And yet again, immediately after, you will find a totally different third type, the man who enters not from loneliness, nor from the effect of another mind, but who comes in out of contempt for the insufficiency or the evil by which he has been surrounded.

The Church is the natural home of the Human Spirit.

The truth is that if you seek for an explanation of the phenomenon of conversion under any system which bases that phenomenon on illusion, you arrive at no answer to your question. If you imagine conversion to proceed from this or that or the other erroneous or particular limited and insufficient cause, you will soon discover it to be inexplicable.

There is only one explanation of the phenomenon—a phenomenon always present, but particularly arresting to the educated man outside the Catholic Church in the English-speaking countries— there is only one explanation which will account for the multiplicity of such entries and for the infinitely varied quality of the minds attracted by the great change; and that explanation is that the Catholic Church is reality. If a distant mountain may be mistaken for a cloud by many, but is recognised for a stable part of the world (its outline fixed and its quality permanent) by every sort of observer, and among these especially by men famous for their interest in the debate, for their acuteness of vision and for their earlier doubts, the overwhelming presumption is that the thing seen is a piece of objective reality. Fifty men on shipboard strain their eyes for land. Five, then ten, then twenty, make the land-fall and recognise it and establish it for their fellows. To the remainder, who see it not or who think it a bank of fog, there is replied the detail of the outline, the character of the points recognised, and that by the most varied and therefore convergent and convincing witnesses—by some who do not desire that land should be there at all, by some who dread its approach, as well as those who are glad to find it, by some who have long most ridiculed the idea that it was land at all— and it is in this convergence of witnesses that we have one out of the innumerable proofs upon which the rational basis of our religion reposes.

—The Editor.

CONTENTS

CHAPTER:

I. INTRODUCTORY: A NEW RELIGION

II. THE OBVIOUS BLUNDERS

III. THE REAL OBSTACLES

IV. THE WORLD INSIDE OUT

V. THE EXCEPTION PROVES THE RULE

VI. A NOTE ON PRESENT PROSPECTS

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTORY: A NEW RELIGION

The Catholic faith used to be called the Old Religion; but at the present moment it has a recognized place among the New Religions. This has nothing to do with its truth or falsehood; but it is a fact that has a great deal to do with the understanding of the modern world.

It would be very undesirable that modern men should accept Catholicism merely as a novelty; but it is a novelty. It does act upon its existing environment with the peculiar force and freshness of a novelty. Even those who denounce it generally denounce it as a novelty; as an innovation and not merely a survival. They talk of the “advanced” party in the Church of England; they talk of the “aggression” of the Church of Rome. When they talk of an Extremist they are as likely to mean a Ritualist as a Socialist. Given any normal respectable Protestant family, Anglican or Puritan, in England or America, we shall find that Catholicism is actually for practical purposes treated as a new religion, that is, a revolution. It is not a survival. It is not in that sense an antiquity. It does not necessarily owe anything to tradition. In places where tradition can do nothing for it, in places where all the tradition is against it, it is intruding on its own merits; not as a tradition but a truth. The father of some such Anglican or American Puritan family will find, very often, that all his children are breaking away from his own more or less Christian compromise (regarded as normal in the nineteenth century) and going off in various directions after various faiths or fashions which he would call fads. One of his sons will become a Socialist and hang up a portrait of Lenin; one of his daughters will become a Spiritualist and play with a planchette; another daughter will go over to Christian Science and it is quite likely that another son will go over to Rome. The point is, for the moment, that from the point of view of the father, and even in a sense of the family, all these things act after the manner of new religions, of great movements, of enthusiasms that carry young people off their feet and leave older people bewildered or annoyed. Catholicism indeed, even more than the others, is often spoken of as if it were actually one of the wild passions of youth. Optimistic aunts and uncles say that the youth will “get over it,” as if it were a childish love affair or that unfortunate business with the barmaid. Darker and sterner aunts and uncles, perhaps at a rather earlier period, used actually to talk about it as an indecent indulgence, as if its literature were literally a sort of pornography. Newman remarks quite naturally, as if there were nothing odd about it at the time, that an undergraduate found with an ascetic manual or a book of monastic meditations was under a sort of cloud or taint, as having been caught with “a bad book” in his possession. He had been wallowing in the sensual pleasure of Nones or inflaming his lusts by contemplating an incorrect number of candles. It is perhaps no longer the custom to regard conversion as a form of dissipation; but it is still common to regard conversion as a form of revolt. And as regards the established convention of much of the modern world, it is a revolt. The worthy merchant of the middle class, the worthy farmer of the Middle West, when he sends his son to college, does now feel a faint alarm lest the boy should fall among thieves, in the sense of Communists; but he has the same sort of fear lest he should fall among Catholics.

Now he has no fear lest he should fall among Calvinists. He has no fear that his children will become seventeenth-century Supralapsarians, however much he may dislike that doctrine. He is not even particularly troubled by the possibility of their adopting the extreme solifidian conceptions once common among some of the more extravagant Methodists. He is not likely to await with terror the telegram that will inform him that his son has become a Fifth-Monarchy man, any more than that he has joined the Albigensians. He does not exactly lie awake at night wondering whether Tom at Oxford has become a Lutheran any more than a Lollard. All these religions he dimly recognises as dead religions; or at any rate as old religions. And he is only frightened of new religions. He is only frightened of those fresh, provocative, paradoxical new notions that fly to the young people’s heads. But amongst these dangerous juvenile attractions he does in practice class the freshness and novelty of Rome.

Now this is rather odd; because Rome is not so very new. Among these annoying new religions, one is rather an old religion; but it is the only old religion that is so new. When it was originally and really new, no doubt a Roman father often found himself in the same position as the Anglican or Puritan father. He too might find all his children going strange ways and deserting the household gods and the sacred temple of the Capitol. He too might find that one of those children had joined the Christians in their Ecclesia and possibly in their Catacombs. But he would have found that, of his other children, one cared for nothing but the Mysteries of Orpheus, another was inclined to follow Mithras, another was a Neo-Pythagorean who had learned vegetarianism from the Hindoos, and so on. Though the Roman father, unlike the Victorian father, might have the pleasure of exercising the patria potestas and cutting off the heads of all the heretics, he could not cut off the stream of all the heresies. Only by this time most of the streams have run rather dry. It is now seldom necessary for the anxious parent to warn his children against the undesirable society of the Bull of Mithras, or even to wean him from the exclusive contemplation of Orpheus; and though we have vegetarians always with us, they mostly know more about proteids than about Pythagoras. But that other youthful extravagance is still youthful. That other new religion is once again new. That one fleeting fashion has refused to fleet; and that ancient bit of modernity is still modern. It is still to the Protestant parent now exactly what it was to the pagan parent then. We might say simply that it is a nuisance; but anyhow it is a novelty. It is not simply what the father is used to, or even what the son is used to. It is coming in as something fresh and disturbing, whether as it came to the Greeks who were always seeking some new thing, or as it came to the shepherds who first heard the cry upon the hills of the good news that our language calls the Gospel. We can explain the fact of the Greeks in the time of St. Paul regarding it as a new thing, because it was a new thing. But who will explain why it is still as new to the last of the converts as it was to the first of the shepherds? It is as if a man a hundred years old entered the Olympian games among the young Greek athletes; which would surely have been the basis of a Greek legend. There is something almost as legendary about the religion that is two thousand years old now appearing as a rival of the new religions. That is what has to be explained and cannot be explained away; nothing can turn the legend into a myth. We have seen with our own eyes and heard with our own ears this great modern quarrel between young Catholics and old Protestants; and it is the first step to recognise in any study of modern conversion.

I am not going to talk about numbers and statistics, though I may say something about them later. The first fact to realise is a difference of substance which falsifies all the difference of size. The great majority of Protestant bodies today, whether they are strong or weak, are not strengthened in this particular fashion; by the actual attraction of their new followers to their old doctrines. A young man will suddenly become a Catholic priest, or even a Catholic monk, because he has a spontaneous and even impatient personal enthusiasm for the doctrine of Virginity as it appeared to St. Catherine or St. Clare. But how many men become Baptist ministers because they have a personal horror of the idea of an innocent infant coming unconsciously to Christ? How many honest Presbyterian ministers in Scotland really want to go back to John Knox, as a Catholic mystic might want to go back to John of the Cross? These men inherit positions which they feel they can hold with reasonable consistency and general agreement; but they do inherit them. For them religion is tradition. We Catholics naturally do not sneer at tradition; but we say that in this case it is really tradition and nothing else. Not one man in a hundred of these people would ever have joined his present communion if he had been born outside it. Not one man in a thousand of them would have invented anything like his church formulas if they had not been laid down for him. None of them has any real reason for being in their own particular church, whatever good reason they may still have for being outside ours. In other words, the old creed of their communion has ceased to function as a fresh and stimulating idea. It is at best a motto or a war cry and at the worst a catchword. But it is not meeting contemporary ideas like a contemporary idea. In their time and in their turn we believe that those other contemporary ideas will also prove their mortality by having also become mottoes and catchwords and traditions. A century or two hence Spiritualism may be a tradition and Socialism may be a tradition and Christian Science may be a tradition. But Catholicism will not be a tradition. It will still be a nuisance and a new and dangerous thing.

These are the general considerations which govern any personal study of conversion to the Catholic faith. The Church has defended tradition in a time which stupidly denied and despised tradition. But that is simply because the Church is always the only thing defending whatever is at the moment stupidly despised. It is already beginning to appear as the only champion of reason in the twentieth century, as it was the only champion of tradition in the nineteenth. We know that the higher mathematics is trying to deny that two and two make four and the higher mysticism to imagine something that is beyond good and evil. Amid all these anti-rational philosophies, ours will remain the only rational philosophy. In the same spirit the Church did indeed point out the value of tradition to a time which treated it as quite valueless. The nineteenth-century neglect of tradition and mania for mere documents were altogether nonsensical. They amounted to saying that men always tell lies to children but men never make mistakes in books. But though our sympathies are traditional because they are human, it is not that part of the thing which stamps it as divine. The mark of the Faith is not tradition; it is conversion. It is the miracle by which men find truth in spite of tradition and often with the rending of all the roots of humanity.

It is with the nature of this process that I propose to deal; and it is difficult to deal with it without introducing something of a personal element. My own is only a very trivial case but naturally it is the case I know best; and I shall be compelled in the pages that follow to take many illustrations from it. I have therefore thought it well to put first this general note on the nature of the movement in my time; to show that I am well aware that it is a very much larger and even a very much later movement than is implied in describing my own life or generation. I believe it will be more and more an issue for the rising generation and for the generation after that, as they discover the actual alternative in the awful actualities of our time. And Catholics when they stand up together and sing “Faith of our Fathers” may realise almost with amusement that they might well be singing “Faith of our Children.” And in many cases the return has been so recent as almost to deserve the description of a Children’s Crusade.

CHAPTER II: THE OBVIOUS BLUNDERS

I have noted that Catholicism really is in the twentieth century what it was in the second century; it is the New Religion. Indeed its very antiquity preserves an attitude of novelty. I have always thought it striking and even stirring that in the venerable invocation of the “Tantum Ergo,” which for us seems to come loaded with accumulated ages, there is still the language of innovation; of the antique document that must yield to a new rite. For us the hymn is something of an antique document itself. But the rite is always new.

But if a convert is to write of conversion he must try to retrace his steps out of that shrine back into that ultimate wilderness where he once really believed that this eternal youth was only the “Old Religion.” It is a thing exceedingly difficult to do and not often done well, and I for one have little hope of doing it even tolerably well. The difficulty was expressed to me by another convert who said, “I cannot explain why I am a Catholic; because now that I am a Catholic I cannot imagine myself as anything else.” Nevertheless, it is right to make the imaginative effort. It is not bigotry to be certain we are right; but it is bigotry to be unable to imagine how we might possibly have gone wrong. It is my duty to try to understand what H. G. Wells can possibly mean when he says that the medieval Church did not care for education but only for imposing dogmas; it is my duty to speculate (however darkly) on what can have made an intelligent man like Arnold Bennett stone-blind to all the plainest facts about Spain; it is my duty to find if I can the thread of connected thought in George Moore’s various condemnations of Catholic Ireland; and it is equally my duty to labour till I understand the strange mental state of G. K. Chesterton when he really assumed that the Catholic Church was a sort of ruined abbey, almost as deserted as Stonehenge.

I must say first that, in my own case, it was at worst a matter of slights rather than slanders. Many converts far more important than I have had to wrestle with a hundred devils of howling falsehood; with a swarm of lies and libels. I owe it to the liberal and Universalist atmosphere of my family, of Stopford Brooke and the Unitarian preachers they followed, that I was always just sufficiently enlightened to be out of the reach of Maria Monk. Nevertheless, as this is but a private privilege for which I have to be thankful, it is necessary to say something of what I might be tempted to call the obvious slanders, but that better men than I have not always seen that the slander was obvious. I do not think that they exercise much influence on the generation that is younger than mine. The worst temptation of the most pagan youth is not so much to denounce monks for breaking their vow as to wonder at them for keeping it. But there is a state of transition that must be allowed for in which a vague Protestant prejudice would rather like to have it both ways. There is still a sort of woolly-minded philistine who would be content to consider a friar a knave for his unchastity and a fool for his chastity. In other words, these dying calumnies are dying but not dead; and there are still enough people who may still be held back by such crude and clumsy obstacles that it is necessary to some extent to clear them away. After that we can consider what may be called the real obstacles, the real difficulties we find, which, as a fact, are generally the very opposite of the difficulties we are told about. But let us consider the evidence of all these things being black, before we go on to the inconvenient fact of their being white.

The usual protest of the Protestant, that the Church of Rome is afraid of the Bible, did not, as I shall explain in a moment, have any great terrors for me at any time. This was by no merit of my own, but by the accident of my age and situation. For I grew up in a world in which the Protestants, who had just proved that Rome did not believe the Bible, were excitedly discovering that they did not believe the Bible themselves. Some of them even tried to combine the two condemnations and say that they were steps of progress. The next step in progress consisted in a man kicking his father for having locked up a book of such beauty and value, a book which the son then proceeded to tear into a thousand pieces. I early discovered that progress is worse than Protestantism so far as stupidity is concerned. But most of the free-thinkers who were friends of mine happened to think sufficiently freely to see that the Higher Criticism was much more of an attack on Protestant Bible-worship than on Roman authority. Anyhow, my family and friends were more concerned with the opening of the book of Darwin than the book of Daniel; and most of them regarded the Hebrew Scriptures as if they were Hittite sculptures. But, even then, it would seem odd to worship the sculptures as gods and then smash them as idols and still go on blaming somebody else for not having worshipped them enough. But here again it is hard for me to know how far my own experience is representative, or whether it would not be well to say more of these purely Protestant prejudices and doubts than I, from my own experience, am able to say.

The Church is a house with a hundred gates; and no two men enter at exactly the same angle. Mine was at least as much Agnostic as Anglican, though I accepted for a time the borderland of Anglicanism; but only on the assumption that it could really be Anglo-Catholicism. There is a distinction of ultimate intention there which in the vague English atmosphere is often missed. It is not a difference of degree but of definite aim. There are High Churchmen as much as Low Churchmen who are concerned first and last to save the Church of England. Some of them think it can be saved by calling it Catholic, or making it Catholic, or believing that it is Catholic; but that is what they want to save. But I did not start out with the idea of saving the English Church, but of finding the Catholic Church. If the two were one, so much the better; but I had never conceived of Catholicism as a sort of showy attribute or attraction to be tacked on to my own national body, but as the inmost soul of the true body, wherever it might be. It might be said that Anglo-Catholicism was simply my own uncompleted conversion to Catholicism. But it was from a position originally much more detached and indefinite that I had been converted, an atmosphere if not agnostic at least pantheistic or unitarian. To this I owe the fact that I find it very difficult to take some of the Protestant propositions even seriously. What is any man who has been in the real outer world, for instance, to make of the everlasting cry that Catholic traditions are condemned by the Bible? It indicates a jumble of topsy-turvy tests and tail-foremost arguments, of which I never could at any time see the sense. The ordinary sensible sceptic or pagan is standing in the street (in the supreme character of the man in the street) and he sees a procession go by of the priests of some strange cult, carrying their object of worship under a canopy, some of them wearing high head-dresses and carrying symbolical staffs, others carrying scrolls and sacred records, others carrying sacred images and lighted candles before them, others sacred relics in caskets or cases, and so on. I can understand the spectator saying, “This is all hocus-pocus”; I can even understand him, in moments of irritation, breaking up the procession, throwing down the images, tearing up the scrolls, dancing on the priests and anything else that might express that general view. I can understand his saying, “Your croziers are bosh, your candles are bosh, your statues and scrolls and relics and all the rest of it are bosh.” But in what conceivable frame of mind does he rush in to select one particular scroll of the scriptures of this one particular group (a scroll which had always belonged to them and been a part of their hocus-pocus, if it was hocus-pocus); why in the world should the man in the street say that one particular scroll was not bosh, but was the one and only truth by which all the other things were to be condemned? Why should it not be as superstitious to worship the scrolls as the statues, of that one particular procession? Why should it not be as reasonable to preserve the statues as the scrolls, by the tenets of that particular creed? To say to the priests, “Your statues and scrolls are condemned by our common sense,” is sensible. To say, “Your statues are condemned by your scrolls, and we are going to worship one part of your procession and wreck the rest,” is not sensible from any standpoint, least of all that of the man in the street.

Similarly, I could never take seriously the fear of the priest, as of something unnatural and unholy; a dangerous man in the home. Why should man who wanted to be wicked encumber himself with special and elaborate promises to be good? There might sometimes be a reason for a priest being a profligate. But what was the reason for a profligate being a priest? There are many more lucrative walks of life in which a person with such shining talents for vice and villainy might have made a brighter use of his gifts. Why should a man encumber himself with vows that nobody could expect him to take and he did not himself expect to keep? Would any man make himself poor in order that he might become avaricious; or take a vow of chastity frightfully difficult to keep in order to get into a little more trouble when he did not keep it? All that early and sensational picture of the sins of Rome always seemed to me silly even when I was a boy or an unbeliever; and I cannot describe how I passed out of it because I was never in it. I remember asking some friends at Cambridge, people of the Puritan tradition, why in the world they were so afraid of Papists; why a priest in somebody’s house was a peril or an Irish servant the beginning of a pestilence. I asked them why they could not simply disagree with Papists and say so, as they did with Theosophists or Anarchists. They seemed at once pleased and shocked with my daring, as if I had undertaken to convert a burglar or tame a mad dog. Perhaps their alarm was really wiser than my bravado. Anyhow, I had not then the most shadowy notion that the burglar would convert me. That, however, I am inclined to think, is the subconscious intuition in the whole business. It must either mean that they suspect that our religion has something about it so wrong that the hint of it is bad for anybody; or else that it has something so right that the presence of it would convert anybody. To do them justice, I think most of them darkly suspect the second and not the first.

A shade more plausible than the notion that Popish priests merely seek after evil was the notion that they are exceptionally ready to seek good by means of evil. In vulgar language, it is the notion that if they are not sensual they are always sly. To dissipate this is a mere matter of experience; but before I had any experience I had seen some objections to the thing even in theory. The theory attributed to the Jesuits was very often almost identical with the practice adopted by nearly everybody I knew. Everybody in society practised verbal economies, equivocations and often direct fictions, without any sense of essential falsehood. Every gentleman was expected to say he would be delighted to dine with a bore; every lady said that somebody else’s baby was beautiful if she thought it as ugly as sin: for they did not think it a sin to avoid saying ugly things. This might be right or wrong; but it was absurd to pillory half a dozen Popish priests for a crime committed daily by half a million, Protestant laymen. The only difference was that the Jesuits had been worried enough about the matter to try to make rules and limitations saving as much verbal veracity as possible; whereas the happy Protestants were not worried about it at all, but told lies from morning to night as merrily and innocently as the birds sing in the trees. The fact is, of course, that the modern world is full of an utterly lawless casuistry because the Jesuits were prevented from making a lawful casuistry. But every man is a casuist or a lunatic.

It is true that this general truth was hidden from many by certain definite assertions. I can only call them, in simple language, Protestant lies about Catholic lying. The men who repeated them were not necessarily lying, because they were repeating. But the statements were of the same lucid and precise order as a statement that the Pope has three legs or that Rome is situated at the North Pole. There is no more doubt about their nature than that. One of them, for instance, is the positive statement, once heard everywhere and still heard often: “Roman Catholics are taught that anything is lawful if done for the good of the Church.” This is not the fact; and there is an end of it. It refers to a definite statement of an institution whose statements are very definite; and it can be proved to be totally false. Here as always the critics cannot see that they are trying to have it both ways. They are always complaining that our creed is cut and dried; that we are told what to believe and must believe nothing else; that it is all written down for us in bulls and confessions of faith. In so far as this is true, it brings a matter like this to the point of legal and literal truth, which can be tested; and so tested, it is a lie. But even here I was saved at a very early stage by noticing a curious fact. I noticed that those who were most ready to blame priests for relying on rigid formulas seldom took the trouble to find out what the formulas were. I happened to pick up some of the amusing pamphlets of James Britten, as I might have picked up any other pamphlets of any other propaganda; but they set me on the track of that delightful branch of literature which he called Protestant Fiction. I found some of that fiction on my own account, dipping into novels by Joseph Hocking and others. I am only concerned with them here to illustrate this particular and curious fact about exactitude. I could not understand why these romancers never took the trouble to find out a few elementary facts about the thing they denounced. The facts might easily have helped the denunciation, where the fictions discredited it. There were any number of real Catholic doctrines I should then have thought disgraceful to the Church. There are any number which I can still easily imagine being made to look disgraceful to the Church. But the enemies of the Church never found these real rocks of offence. They never looked for them. They never looked for anything. They seemed to have simply made up out of their own heads a number of phrases, such as a Scarlet Woman of deficient intellect might be supposed to launch on the world; and left it at that. Boundless freedom reigned; it was not treated as if it were a question of fact at all. A priest might say anything about the Faith; because a Protestant might say anything about the priest. These novels were padded with pronouncements like this one, for instance, which I happen to remember: “Disobeying a priest is the one sin for which there is no absolution. We term it a reserved case.” Now obviously a man writing like that is simply imagining what might exist; it has never occurred to him to go and ask if it does exist. He has heard the phrase “a reserved case” and considers, in a poetic reverie, what he shall make it mean. He does not go and ask the nearest priest what it does mean. He does not look it up in an encyclopedia or any ordinary work of reference. There is no doubt about the fact that it simply means a case reserved for ecclesiastical superiors and not to be settled finally by the priest. That may be a fact to be denounced; but anyhow it is a fact. But the man much prefers to denounce his own fancy. Any manual would tell him that there is no sin “for which there is no absolution”; not disobeying the priest; not assassinating the Pope. It would be easy to find out these facts and quite easy to base a Protestant invective upon them. It puzzled me very much, even at that early stage, to imagine why people bringing controversial charges against a powerful and prominent institution should thus neglect to test their own case, and should draw in this random way on their own imagination. It did not make me any more inclined to be a Catholic; in those days the very idea of such a thing would have seemed crazy. But it did save me from swallowing all the solid and solemn assertion about what Jesuits said and did. I did not accept quite so completely as others the well-ascertained and widely accepted fact that “Roman Catholics may do anything for the good of the Church”; because I had already learned to smile at equally accepted truths like “Disobeying a priest is the one sin for which there is no absolution.” I never dreamed that the Roman religion was true; but I knew that its accusers, for some reason or other, were curiously inaccurate.

It is strange to me to go back to these things now, and to think that I ever took them even as seriously as that. But I was not very serious even then; and certainly I was not serious long. The last lingering shadow of the Jesuit, gliding behind curtains and concealing himself in cupboards, faded from my young life about the time when I first caught a distant glimpse of the late Father Bernard Vaughan. He was the only Jesuit I ever knew in those days; and as you could generally hear him half a mile away, he seemed to be ill-selected for the duties of a curtain-glider. It has always struck me as curious that this Jesuit raised a storm by refusing to be Jesuitical (in the journalese sense I mean), by refusing to substitute smooth equivocation and verbal evasion for a brute fact. Because he talked about “killing Germans” when Germans had to be killed, all our shifty and shamefaced morality was shocked at him. And none of those protesting Protestants took thought for a moment to realise that they were showing all the shuffling insincerity they attributed to the Jesuits, and the Jesuit was showing all the plain candour that they claimed for the Protestant.

I could give a great many other instances besides, these I have given of the hidden Bible, the profligate priest or the treacherous Jesuit. I could go steadily through the list of all these more old-fashioned charges against Rome and show how they affected me, or rather why they did not affect me. But my only purpose here is to point out, as a preliminary, that they did not affect me at all. I had all the difficulties that a heathen would have had in becoming a Catholic in the fourth century. I had very few of the difficulties that a Protestant had, from the seventeenth to the nineteenth. And I owe this to men whose memories I shall always honour; to my father and his circle and the literary tradition of men like George Macdonald and the Universalists of the Victorian Age. If I was born on the wrong side of the Roman wall, at least I was not born on the wrong side of the No Popery quarrel; and if I did not inherit a fully civilised faith, neither did I inherit a barbarian feud. The people I was born amongst wished to be just to Catholics if they did not always understand them; and I should be very thankless if I did not record of them that (like a very much more valuable convert) I can say I was born free.

I will add one example to illustrate this point, because it leads us on to larger matters. After a long time—I might almost say after a lifetime—I have at last begun to realise what the worthy Liberal or Socialist of Balham or Battersea really means when he says he is an Internationalist and that humanity should be preferred to the narrowness of nations. It dawned on me quite suddenly, after I had talked to such a man for many hours, that of course he had really been brought up to believe that God’s Englishmen were the Chosen Race. Very likely his father or uncle actually thought they were the lost Ten Tribes. Anyhow, everything from his daily paper to his weekly sermon assumed that they were the salt of the earth, and especially that they were the salt of the sea. His people had never thought outside their British nationality. They lived in an Empire on which the sun never set, or possibly never rose. Their Church was emphatically the Church of England— even if it was a chapel. Their religion was the Bible that went everywhere with the Union Jack. And when I realised that, I realised the whole story. That was why they were excited by the exceedingly dull theory of the Internationalist. That was why the brotherhood of nations, which to me was a truism, to them was a trumpet. That was why it seemed such a thrilling paradox to say that we must love foreigners; it had in it the divine paradox that we must love enemies. That was why the Internationalist was always planning deputations and visits to foreign capitals and heart-to-heart talks and hands across the sea. It was the marvel of discovering that foreigners had hands, let alone hearts. There was in that excitement a sort of stifled cry: “Look! Frenchmen also have two legs! See! Germans have noses in the same place as we!” Now a Catholic, especially a born Catholic, can never understand that attitude, because from the first his whole religion is rooted in the unity of the race of Adam, the one and only Chosen Race. He is loyal to his own country; indeed he is generally ardently loyal to it, such local affections being in other ways very natural to his religious life, with its shrines and relics. But just as the relic follows upon the religion, so the local loyalty follows on the universal brotherhood of all men. The Catholic says, “Of course we must love all men: but what do all men love? They love their lands, their lawful boundaries, the memories of their fathers. That is the justification of being national, that it is normal.” But the Protestant patriot really never thought of any patriotism except his own. In that sense Protestantism is patriotism. But unfortunately it is only patriotism. It starts with it and never gets beyond it. We start with mankind and go beyond it to all the varied loves and traditions of mankind. There never was a more illuminating flash than that which lit up the last moment of one of the most glorious of English Protestants; one of the most Protestant and one of the most English. For that is the meaning of that phrase of Nurse Cavell, herself the noblest martyr of our modern religion of nationality, when the very shaft of the white sun of death shone deep into her mind and she cried aloud, like one who had just discovered something, “I see now that patriotism is not enough.”

There was this in common between the Catholics to whom I have come and the Liberals among whom I was born: neither of them would ever have imagined for a moment that patriotism was enough. But that insular idealism by which that great lady lived really had taught her unconsciously from childhood that patriotism was enough. Not seldom has the English lady appeared in history as a heroine; but generally as facing and defying strangers or savages, not specially as feeling them as fellows and equals. Those last words of the English martyr in Belgium have often been quoted by mere cosmopolitans; but cosmopolitans are the last people really to understand them. They are generally trying to prove, not that patriotism is not enough, but that it is a great deal too much. The point is here that hundreds of the most heroic and high-minded people in Protestant countries have really assumed that it is enough to be a patriot. The most careless and cynical of Catholics knows better; and so did the most vague and visionary of Universalists. Of all the Protestant difficulties, which I here find it hard to imagine, this is perhaps the most common and in many ways commendable: the fact that the normal British subject begins by being so very British. By accident I did not. The tradition I heard in my youth, the simple, the too simple truths inherited from Priestly and Martineau, had in them something of that grand generalisation upon men as men which, in the first of those great figures, faced the howling Jingoism of the French Wars and defied even the legend of Trafalgar. It is to that tradition that I owe the fact, whether it be an advantage or a disadvantage, that I cannot worthily analyse the very heroic virtues of a Plymouth Brother whose only centre is Plymouth. For that nationalism, defective as it was, began long ago in the same central civilisation in which the Church herself began; if it has ended in the Church it began long ago in the Republic: in a world where all these flags and frontiers were unknown; where all these state establishments and national sects were unthinkable; a vast cosmopolitan cosmos that had never heard the name of England, or conceived the image of a kingdom separate and at war; in that vast pagan peace which was the matrix of all these mysteries, which had forgotten the free cities and had not dreamed of the small nationalities; which knew only humanity, the humanum genus, and the name of Rome.

The Catholic Church loves nations as she loves men; because they are her children. But they certainly are her children, in the sense that they are secondary to her in time and process of production. This is, as it happens, a very good example of a fallacy that often confuses discussion about the convert. The same people who call he convert a pervert, and especially a traitor to patriotism, very often use the other catchword to the effect that he is forced to believe this or that. But it is not really a question of what a man is made to believe but of what he must believe; what he cannot help believing. He cannot disbelieve in an elephant when he has seen one; and he cannot treat the Church as a child when he has discovered that she is his mother. She is not only his mother but his country’s mother in being much older and more aboriginal than his country. She is such a mother not in sentimental feeling but in historical fact. He cannot think one thing when he knows the contrary thing. He cannot think that Christianity was invented by Penda of Mercia, who sent missionaries to the heathen Augustine and the rude and barbarous Gregory. He cannot think that the Church first rose in the middle of the British Empire, and not of the Roman Empire. He cannot think that England existed, with cricket and fox-hunting and the Jacobean translation all complete, when Rome was founded or when Christ was born. It is no good talking about his being “free” to believe these things. He is exactly as free to believe them as he is to believe that a horse has feathers or that the sun is pea green. He cannot believe them when once he fully realises them; and among such things is the notion that the national claim upon a good patriot is in its nature more absolute, ancient and authoritative than the claim of the whole religious culture which first mapped out its territories and anointed its kings. That religious culture does indeed encourage him to fight to the last for his country, as for his family. But that is because the religious culture is generous and imaginative and humane and knows that men must have intimate and individual ties. But those secondary loyalties are secondary in time and logic to the law of universal morality which justifies them. And if the patriot is such a fool as to force the issue against that universal tradition from which his own patriotism descends, if he presses his claim to priority over the primitive law of the whole earth—then he will have brought it on himself if he is answered with the pulverising plainness of the Book of Job. As God said to the man, “Where were you when the foundations of the world were laid?” We might well say to the nation, “Where were you when the foundations of the Church were laid?” And the nation will not know in the least what to answer— if it should wish to answer—but will be forced to put its hand upon its mouth, if only like one who yawns and falls asleep.

I have taken this particular case of patriotism because it concerns at least an emotion in which I profoundly believe and happen to feel strongly. I have always done my best to defend it; though I have sometimes become suspect by sympathising with other people’s patriotism besides my own. But I cannot see how it can be defended except as part of a larger morality; and the Catholic morality happens to be one of the very few large moralities now ready to defend it. But the Church defends it as one of the duties of men and not as the whole duty of man; as it was in the Prussian theory of the State and too often in the British theory of the Empire. And for this the Catholic rests, exactly as the Universalist Unitarian rested, upon the actual fact of a human unity anterior to all these healthy and natural human divisions. But it is absurd to treat the Church as a novel conspiracy attacking the State, when the State was only recently a novel experiment arising within the Church. It is absurd to forget that the Church itself received the first loyalties of men who had not yet even conceived the notion of founding such a national and separate state; that the Faith really was not only the faith of our fathers, but the faith of our fathers before they had even named our fatherland.

CHAPTER III: THE REAL OBSTACLES

In the last chapter I have dealt in a preliminary fashion with the Protestant case in the conventional controversial sense. I have dealt with the objections which I suspected very early of being prejudices and which I now know to be prejudices. I have dealt last and at the greatest length with what I believe to be the noblest of all the prejudices of Protestantism: that which is simply founded on patriotism. I do not think patriotism is necessarily prejudice; but I am quite sure it must be prejudice and nothing else but prejudice, unless it is covered by some common morality. And a patriotism that does not allow other people to be patriots is not a morality but an immorality. Even such a tribal prejudice, however, is a more respectable thing than most of the rags and tatters of stale slander and muddleheadedness which I am obliged to put first as the official policy of the opposition to the Church. These stale stories seem to count for a great deal with people who are resolved to keep far away from the Church. I do not believe they ever counted with anybody who had begun to draw near to it. When a man really sees the Church, even if he dislikes what he sees, he does not see what he had expected to dislike. Even if he wants to slay it he is no longer able to slander it; though he hates it at sight, what he sees is not what he looked to see; in that place he may gain a new passion but he loses his old prejudice. There drops from him the holy armour of his invincible ignorance; he can never be so stupid again. If he has a ready mind he can doubtless set his new reasons in some sort of order and even attempt to link them with his lost tradition. But the thing he hates is there; and the last chapter was wholly devoted to the study of things that are not there.

The real reasons are almost the opposite of the recognised reasons. The real difficulties are almost the opposite of the recognised difficulties. This is connected, of course, with a general fact, now so large and obvious but still not clearly comprehended and confessed. The whole case of Protestantism against Catholicism has been turned clean round and is facing the contrary way. On practically every single point on which the Reformation accused the Church, the modern world has not only acquitted the Church of the crime, but has actually charged it with the opposite crime. It is as if the reformers had mobbed the Pope for being a miser, and then the court had not only acquitted him but had censured him for his extravagance in scattering money among the mob. The principle of modern Protestantism seems to be that so long as we go on shouting “To hell with the Pope” there is room for the widest differences of opinion about whether he should go to the hell of the misers or the hell of the spendthrifts. This is what is meant by a broad basis for Christianity and the statement that there is room for many different opinions side by side. When the reformer says that the principles of the Reformation give freedom to different points of view, he means that they give freedom to the Universalist to curse Rome for having too much predestination and to the Calvinist to curse her for having too little. He means that in that happy family there is a place for the No Popery man who finds Purgatory too tender-hearted and also for the other No Popery man who finds Hell too harsh. He means that the same description can somehow be made to cover the Tolstoyan who blames priests because they permit patriotism and the Diehard who blames priests because they represent Internationalism. After all, the essential aim of true Christianity is that priests should be blamed; and who are we that we should set narrow dogmatic limits to the various ways in which various temperaments may desire to blame them? Why should we allow a cold difficulty of the logician, technically called a contradiction in terms, to stand between us and the warm and broadening human brotherhood of all who are full of sincere and unaffected dislike of their neighbours? Religion is of the heart, not of the head; and as long as all our hearts are full of a hatred for everything that our fathers loved, we can go on flatly contradicting each other for ever about what there is to be hated.

Such is the larger and more liberal modern attack upon the Church. It is quite inconsistent with the old doctrinal attack; but it does not propose to lose the advantages arising from any sort of attack. But in a somewhat analogous fashion, it will be found that the real difficulties of a modern convert are almost the direct contrary of those which were alleged by the more ancient Protestants. Protestant pamphlets do not touch even remotely any of the real hesitations that he feels; and even Catholic pamphlets have often been concerned too much with answering the Protestant pamphlets. Indeed, the only sense in which the priests and propagandists of Catholicism can really be said to be behind the times is that they sometimes go on flogging a dead horse and killing a heresy long after it has killed itself. But even that is, properly understood, a fault on the side of chivalry. The preacher, and even the persecutor, really takes the heresy more seriously than it is seen ultimately to deserve; the inquisitor has more respect for the heresy than the heretics have. Still, it is true that the grounds of suspicion or fear that do really fill the convert, and sometimes paralyse him at the very point of conversion, have really nothing in the world to do with this old crop of crude slanders and fallacies, and are often the very inversion of them.

The short way of putting it is to say that he is no longer afraid of the vices but very much afraid of the virtues of Catholicism. For instance, he has forgotten all about the old nonsense of the cunning lies of the confessional, in his lively and legitimate alarm of the truthfulness of the confessional. He does not recoil from its insincerity but from its sincerity; nor is he necessarily insincere in doing so. Realism is really a rock of offence; it is not at all unnatural to shrink from it; and most modern realists only manage to like it because they are careful to be realistic about other people. He is near enough to the sacrament of penance to have discovered its realism and not near enough to have yet discovered its reasonableness and its common sense. Most of those who have gone through this experience have a certain right to say, like the old soldier to his ignorant comrade, “Yes, I was afraid; and if you were half as much afraid, you would run away.” Perhaps it is just as well that people go through this stage before discovering how very little there is to be afraid of. In any case, I will say little more of that example here, having a feeling that absolution, like death and marriage, is a thing that a man ought to find out for himself. It will be enough to say that this is perhaps the supreme example of the fact that the Faith is a paradox that measures more within than without. If that be true of the smallest church, it is truer still of the yet smaller confessional-box, that is like a church within a church. It is almost a good thing that nobody outside should know what gigantic generosity, and even geniality, can be locked up in a box, as the legendary casket held the heart of the giant. It is a satisfaction, and almost a joke, that it is only in a dark corner and a cramped space that any man can discover that mountain of magnanimity.

It is the same with all the other points of attack, especially the old ones. The man who has come so far as that along the road has long left behind him the notion that the priest will force him to abandon his will. But he is not unreasonably dismayed at the extent to which he may have to use his will. He is not frightened because, after taking this drug, he will be henceforward irresponsible. But he is very much frightened because he will be responsible. He will have somebody to be responsible to and he will know what he is responsible for; two uncomfortable conditions which his more fortunate fellow-creatures have nowadays entirely escaped. There are of course many other examples of the same principle: that there is indeed an interval of acute doubt, which is, strictly speaking, rather fear than doubt, since in some cases at least (as I shall point out elsewhere) there is actually least doubt when there is most fear.

But anyhow, the doubts are hardly ever of the sort suggested by ordinary anti-Catholic propaganda: and it is surely time that such propagandists brought themselves more in touch with the real problem. The Catholic is scarcely ever frightened of the Protestant picture of Catholicism; but he is sometimes frightened of the Catholic picture of Catholicism; which may be a good reason for not disproportionately stressing the difficult or puzzling parts of the scheme. For the convert’s sake, it should also be remembered that one foolish word from inside does more harm than a hundred thousand foolish words from outside. The latter he has already learned to expect, like a blind hail or rain beating upon the Ark; but the voices from within, even the most casual and accidental, he is already prepared to regard as holy or more than human; and though this is unfair to people who only profess to be human beings, it is a fact that Catholics ought to remember. There is many a convert who has reached a stage at which no word from any Protestant or pagan could any longer hold him back. Only the word of a Catholic can keep him from Catholicism.

It is quite false, in my experience, to say that Jesuits, or any other Roman priests, pester and persecute people in order to proselytise. Nobody has any notion of what the whole story is about, who does not know that, through those long and dark and indecisive days, it is the man who persecutes himself. The apparent inaction of the priest may be something like the statuesque stillness of the angler; and such an attitude is not unnatural in the functions of a fisher of men. But it is very seldom impatient or premature and the person acted upon is quite lonely enough to realise that it is nothing merely external that is tugging at his liberty. The laity are probably less wise; for in most communions the ecclesiastical layman is more ecclesiastical than is good for his health, and certainly much more ecclesiastical than the ecclesiastics. My experience is that the amateur is generally much more angry than the professional; and if he expresses his irritation at the slow process of conversion, or the inconsistencies of the intermediate condition, he may do a great deal of harm, of the kind that he least intends to do. I know in my own case that I always experienced a slight setback whenever some irresponsible individual interposed to urge me on. It is worth while, for practical reasons, to testify to such experience, because it may guide the convert when he in his turn begins converting. Our enemies no longer really know how to attack the faith; but that is no reason why we should not know how to defend it.

Yet even that one trivial or incidental caution carries with it a reminder of what has been already noted: I mean the fact that whatever be the Catholic’s worries, they are the very contrary of the Protestant’s warnings. Merely as a matter of personal experience, I have been led to note here that it is not generally the priest, but much more often the layman, who rather too ostentatiously compasses sea and land to make one proselyte. All the creepy and uncanny whispers about the horror of having the priest in the home, as if he were a sort of vampire or a monster intrinsically different from mankind, vanishes with the smallest experience of the militant layman. The priest does his job, but it is much more his secular co-religionist who is disposed to explain it and talk about it. I do not object to laymen proselytising; for I never could see, even when I was practically a pagan, why a man should not urge his own opinions if he liked and that opinion as much as any other. I am not likely to complain of the evangelising energy of Mr. Hilaire Belloc or Mr. Eric Gill; if only because I owe to it the most intelligent talks of my youth. But it is that sort of man who proselytises in that sort of way; and the conventional caricature is wrong again when it always represents him in a cassock. Catholicism is not spread by any particular professional tricks or tones or secret signs or ceremonies. Catholicism is spread by Catholics; but not certainly, in private life at least, merely by Catholic priests. I merely give this here out of a hundred examples, as showing once again that the old traditional version of the terrors of Popery was almost always wrong, even where it might possibly have been right. A man may say if he likes that Catholicism is the enemy; and he may be stating from his point of view a profound spiritual truth. But if he says that Clericalism is the enemy, he is repeating a catchword.

It is my experience that the convert commonly passes through three stages or states of mind. The first is when he imagines himself to be entirely detached, or even to be entirely indifferent, but in the old sense of the term, as when the Prayer Book talks of judges who will truly and indifferently administer justice. Some flippant modern person would probably agree that our judges administer justice very indifferently. But the older meaning was legitimate and even logical and it is that which is applicable here. The first phase is that of the young philosopher who feels that he ought to be fair to the Church of Rome. He wishes to do it justice; but chiefly because he sees that it suffers injustice. I remember that when I was first on the Daily News, the great Liberal organ of the Nonconformists, I took the trouble to draw up a list of fifteen falsehoods which I found out, by my own personal knowledge, in a denunciation of Rome by Messrs. Horton and Hocking. I noted, for instance, that it was nonsense to say that the Covenanters fought for religious liberty when the Covenant denounced religious toleration; that it was false to say the Church only asked for orthodoxy and was indifferent to morality, since, if this was true of anybody, it was obviously true of the supporters of salvation by faith and not of salvation by works; that it was absurd to say that Catholics introduced a horrible sophistry of saying that a man might sometimes tell a lie, since every sane man knows he would tell a lie to save a child from Chinese torturers; that it missed the whole point, in this connection, to quote Ward’s phrase, “Make up your mind that you are justified in lying and then lie like a trooper,” for Ward’s argument was against equivocation or what people call Jesuitry. He meant, “When the child really is hiding in the cupboard and the Chinese torturers really are chasing him with red-hot pincers, then (and then only) be sure that you are right to deceive and do not hesitate to lie; but do not stoop to equivocate. Do not bother yourself to say, “The child is in a wooden house not far from here,” meaning the cupboard; but say the child is in Chiswick or Chimbora zoo, or anywhere you choose.” I find I made elaborate notes of all these arguments all that long time ago, merely for the logical pleasure of disentangling an intellectual injustice. I had no more idea of becoming a Catholic than of becoming a cannibal. I imagined that I was merely pointing out that justice should be done even to cannibals. I imagined that I was noting certain fallacies partly for the fun of the thing and partly for a certain feeling of loyalty to the truth of things. But as a matter of fact, looking back on these notes (which I never published), it seems to me that I took a tremendous amount of trouble about it if I really regarded it as a trifle; and taking trouble has certainly never been a particular weakness of mine. It seems to me that something was already working subconsciously to keep me more interested in fallacies about this particular topic than in fallacies about Free Trade or Female Suffrage or the House of Lords. Anyhow, that is the first stage in my own case and I think in many other cases: the stage of simply wishing to protect Papists from slander and oppression, not (consciously at least) because they hold any particular truth, but because they suffer from a particular accumulation of falsehood. The second stage is that in which the convert begins to be conscious not only of the falsehood but the truth and is enormously excited to find that there is far more of it than he would ever have expected. This is not so much a stage as a progress; and it goes on pretty rapidly but often for a long time. It consists in discovering what a very large number of lively and interesting ideas there are in the Catholic philosophy, that a great many of them commend themselves at once to his sympathies, and that even those which he would not accept have something to be said for them justifying their acceptance. This process, which may be called discovering the Catholic Church, is perhaps the most pleasant and straightforward part of the business easier than joining the Catholic Church and much easier than trying to live the Catholic life. It is like discovering a new continent full of strange flowers and fantastic animals, which is at once wild and hospitable. To give anything like a full account of that process would simply be to discuss about half a hundred Catholic ideas and institutions in turn. I might remark that much of it consists of the act of translation; of discovering the real meaning of words, which the Church uses rightly and the world uses wrongly. For instance, the convert discovers that “scandal” does not mean “gossip”; and the sin of causing it does not mean that it is always wicked to set silly old women wagging their tongues. Scandal means scandal, what it originally meant in Greek and Latin: the tripping up of somebody else when he is trying to be good. Or he will discover that phrases like “counsel of perfection” or “venial sin,” which mean nothing at all in the newspapers, mean something quite intelligent and interesting in the manuals of moral theology. He begins to realise that it is the secular world that spoils the sense of words; and he catches an exciting glimpse of the real case for the iron immortality of the Latin Mass. It is not a question between a dead language and a living language, in the sense of an everlasting language. It is a question between a dead language and a dying language; an inevitably degenerating language. It is these numberless glimpses of great ideas, that have been hidden from the convert by the prejudices of his provincial culture, that constitute the adventurous and varied second stage of the conversion. It is, broadly speaking, the stage in which the man is unconsciously trying to be converted. And the third stage is perhaps the truest and the most terrible. It is that in which the man is trying not to be converted.

He has come too near to the truth, and has forgotten that truth is a magnet, with the powers of attraction and repulsion. He is filled with a sort of fear, which makes him feel like a fool who has been patronising “Popery” when he ought to have been awakening to the reality of Rome. He discovers a strange and alarming fact, which is perhaps implied in Newman’s interesting lecture on Blanco White and the two ways of attacking Catholicism. Anyhow, it is a truth that Newman and every other convert has probably found in one form or another. It is impossible to be just to the Catholic Church. The moment men cease to pull against it they feel a tug towards it. The moment they cease to shout it down they begin to listen to it with pleasure. The moment they try to be fair to it they begin to be fond of it. But when that affection has passed a certain point it begins to take on the tragic and menacing grandeur of a great love affair. The man has exactly the same sense of having committed or compromised himself; of having been in a sense entrapped, even if he is glad to be entrapped. But for a considerable time he is not so much glad as simply terrified. It may be that this real psychological experience has been misunderstood by stupider people and is responsible for all that remains of the legend that Rome is a mere trap. But that legend misses the whole point of the psychology. It is not the Pope who has set the trap or the priests who have baited it. The whole point of the position is that the trap is simply the truth. The whole point is that the man himself has made his way towards the trap of truth, and not the trap that has run after the man. All steps except the last step he has taken eagerly on his own account, out of interest in the truth; and even the last step, or the last stage, only alarms him because it is so very true. If I may refer once more to a personal experience, I may say that I for one was never less troubled by doubts than in the last phase, when I was troubled by fears. Before that final delay I had been detached and ready to regard all sorts of doctrines with an open mind. Since that delay has ended in decision, I have had all sorts of changes in mere mood; and I think I sympathise with doubts and difficulties more than I did before. But I had no doubts or difficulties just before. I had only fears; fears of something that had the finality and simplicity of suicide. But the more I thrust the thing into the back of my mind, the more certain I grew of what Thing it was. And by a paradox that does not frighten me now in the least, it may be that I shall never again have such absolute assurance that the thing is true as I had when I made my last effort to deny it.

There is a postscript or smaller point to be added here to this paradox; which I know that many will misunderstand. Becoming a Catholic broadens the mind. It especially broadens the mind about the reasons for becoming a Catholic. Standing in the centre where all roads meet, a man can look down each of the roads in turn and realise that they come from all points of the heavens. As long as he is still marching along his own road, that is the only road that can be seen, or sometimes even imagined. For instance, many a man who is not yet a Catholic calls himself a Mediaevalist. But a man who is only a Mediaevalist is very much broadened by becoming a Catholic. I am myself a Mediaevalist, in the sense that I think modern life has a great deal to learn from mediaeval life; that Guilds are a better social system than Capitalism; that friars are far less offensive than philanthropists. But I am a much more reasonable and moderate Mediaevalist than I was when I was only a Mediaevalist. For instance, I felt it necessary to be perpetually pitting Gothic architecture against Greek architecture, because it was necessary to back up Christians against pagans. But now I am in no such fuss and I know what Coventry Patmore meant when he said calmly that it would have been quite as Catholic to decorate his mantelpiece with the Venus of Milo as with the Virgin. As a Mediaevalist I am still proudest of the Gothic; but as a Catholic I am proud of the Baroque. That intensity which seems almost narrow because it comes to the point, like a mediaeval window, is very representative of that last concentration that comes just before conversion. At the last moment of all, the convert often feels as if he were looking through a leper’s window. He is looking through a little crack or crooked hole that seems to grow smaller as he stares at it; but it is an opening that looks towards the Altar. Only, when he has entered the Church, he finds that the Church is much larger inside than it is outside. He has left behind him the lop-sidedness of lepers’ windows and even in a sense the narrowness of Gothic doors; and he is under vast domes as open as the Renaissance and as universal as the Republic of the world. He can say in a sense unknown to all modern men certain ancient and serene words: Romanus civis sum; I am not a slave.

The point for the moment, however, is that there is generally an interval of intense nervousness, to say the least of it, before this normal heritage is reached. To a certain extent it is a fear which attaches to all sharp and irrevocable decisions; it is suggested in all the old jokes about the shakiness of the bridegroom at the wedding or the recruit who takes the shilling and gets drunk partly to celebrate, but partly also to forget it. But it is the fear of a fuller sacrament and a mightier army. He has, by the nature of the case, left a long way behind him the mere clumsy idea that the sacrament will poison him or the army will kill him. He has probably passed the point, though he does generally pass it at some time, when he wonders whether the whole business is an extraordinarily intelligent and ingenious confidence trick. He is not now in the condition which may be called the last phase of real doubt. I mean that in which he wondered whether the thing that everybody told him was too bad to be tolerable, is not too good to be true. Here again the recurrent principle is present; and the obstacle is the very opposite of that which Protestant propaganda has pointed out. If he still has the notion of being trapped, he has no longer any notion of being tricked. He is not afraid of finding the Church out, but rather of the Church finding him out.

This note on the stages of conversion is necessarily very negative and inadequate. There is in the last second of time or hair’s breadth of space, before the iron leaps to the magnet, an abyss full of all the unfathomable forces of the universe. The space between doing and not doing such a thing is so tiny and so vast. It is only possible here to give the reasons for Catholicism, not the cause of Catholicism. I have tried to suggest here some of the enlightenments and experiences which gradually teach those who have been taught to think ill of the Church to begin to think well of her. That anything described as so bad should turn out to be so good is itself a rather arresting process having a savour of something sensational and strange. To come to curse and remain to bless, to come to scoff and remain to pray, is always welcome in a spirit of wonder and the glow of an unexpected good.

But it is one thing to conclude that Catholicism is good and another to conclude that it is right. It is one thing to conclude that it is right and another to conclude that it is always right. I had never believed the tradition that it was diabolical; I had soon come to doubt the idea that it was inhuman, but that would only have left me with the obvious inference that it was human. It is a considerable step from that to the inference that it is divine. When we come to that conviction of divine authority, we come to the more mysterious matter of divine aid. In other words. we come to the unfathomable idea of grace and the gift of faith; and I have not the smallest intention of attempting to fathom it. It is a theological question of the utmost complexity; and it is one thing to feel it as a fact and another to define it as a truth. One or two points about the preliminary dispositions that prepare the mind for it are all that need be indicated here. To begin with, there is one sense in which the blackest bigots are really the best philosophers. The Church really is like Antichrist in the sense that it is as unique as Christ. Indeed, if it be not Christ it probably is Antichrist; but certainly it is not Moses or Mahomet or Buddha or Plato or Pythagoras. The more we see of humanity, the more we sympathise with humanity, the more we shall see that when it is simply human it is simply heathen; and the names of its particular local gods or tribal prophets or highly respectable sages are a secondary matter compared with that human and heathen character. In the old paganism of Europe, in the existing paganism of Asia, there have been gods and priests and prophets and sages of all sorts; but not another institution of this sort. The pagan cults die very slowly; they do not return very rapidly. They do not make the sort of claim that is made at a crisis; and then make the same claim again and again at crisis after crisis throughout the whole history of the earth. All that people fear in the Church, all that they hate in her, all against which they most harden their hearts and sometimes (one is tempted to say) thicken their heads, all that has made people consciously and unconsciously treat the Catholic Church as a peril, is the evidence that there is something here that we cannot look on at languidly and with detachment, as we might look on at Hottentotts dancing at the new moon or Chinamen burning paper in porcelain temples. The Chinaman and the tourist can be on the best of terms on a basis of mutual scorn. But in the duel of the Church and the world is no such shield of contempt. The Church will not consent to scorn the soul of a coolie or even a tourist; and the measure of the madness with which men hate her is but their vain attempt to despise.

Another element, far more deep and delicate and hard to describe, is the immediate connection of what is most awful and archaic with what is most intimate and individual. It is a miracle in itself that anything so huge and historic in date and design should be so fresh in the affections. It is as if a man found his own parlour and fireside in the heart of the Great Pyramid. It is as if a child’s favourite doll turned out to be the oldest sacred image in the world, worshipped in Chaldea or Nineveh. It is as if a girl to whom a man made love in a garden were also, in some dark and double fashion, a statue standing for ever in a square. It is just here that all those things which were regarded as weakness come in as the fulness of strength. Everything that men called sentimental in Roman Catholic religion, its keepsakes, its small flowers and almost tawdry trinkets, its figures with merciful gestures and gentle eyes, its avowedly popular pathos and all that Matthew Arnold meant by Christianity with its “relieving tears”—all this is a sign of sensitive and vivid vitality in anything so vast and settled and systematic. There is nothing quite like this warmth, as in the warmth of Christmas, amid ancient hills hoary with such snows of antiquity. It can address even God Almighty with diminutives. In all its varied vestments it wears its Sacred Heart upon its sleeve. But to those who know that it is full of these lively affections, like little leaping flames, there is something of almost ironic satisfaction in the stark and primitive size of the thing, like some prehistoric monster; in its spires and mitres like the horns of giant herds or its colossal cornerstones like the four feet of an elephant. It would be easy to write a merely artistic study of the strange externals of the Roman religion, which should make it seem as uncouth and unearthly as Aztec or African religion It would be easy to talk of it as if it were really some sort of mammoth or monster elephant, older than the Ice Age, towering over the Stone Age; his very lines traced, it would seem, in the earthquakes or landslides of some older creation, his very organs and outer texture akin to unrecorded patterns of vegetation and air and light—the last residuum of a lost world. But the prehistoric monster is in the Zoological Gardens and not in the Natural History Museum. The extinct animal is still alive. And anything outlandish and unfamiliar in its form accentuates the startling naturalness and familiarity of its mind, as if the Sphinx began suddenly to talk of the topics of the hour. The super-elephant is not only a tame animal but a pet; and a young child shall lead him.

This antithesis between all that is formidable and remote and all that is personally relevant and realistically tender is another of those converging impressions which meet in the moment of conviction. But of all these things, that come nearest to the actual transition of the gift of faith, it is far harder to write than of the rationalistic and historical preliminaries of the enquiry. It is only with those preliminary dispositions towards the truth that I claim to deal here. In the chapters that follow I propose to touch upon two of the larger considerations of this class, not because they are in themselves any larger than many other immense aspects of so mighty a theme, but because they happen to balance each other and form a sort of antithesis very typical of all Catholic truth. In the first of the two chapters I shall try to point out how it is that when we praise the Church for her greatness we do not merely mean her largeness but, in a rather notable and unique sense, her universality. We mean her power of being cosmos and containing other things. And in the second chapter I shall point out what may seem to disturb this truth but really balances it. I mean the fact that we value the Church because she is a Church Militant; and sometimes even because she militates against ourselves. She is something more than the cosmos, in the sense of completed nature or completed human nature. She proves that she is some thing more by sometimes being right where they are wrong. These two aspects must be considered separately, though they come together to form the full conviction that comes just before conversion. But in this chapter I have merely noted down a few points or stages of the conversion considered as a practical process; and especially those three stages of it through which many a Protestant or Agnostic must have passed. Many a man, looking back cheerfully on them now, will not be annoyed if I call the first, patronising the Church; and the second, discovering the Church; and the third, running away from the Church. When those three phases are over, a larger truth begins to come into sight; it is much too large to describe and we will proceed to describe it.

CHAPTER IV: THE WORLD INSIDE OUT

The first fallacy about the Catholic Church is the idea that it is a church. I mean that it is a church in the sense in which the Nonconformist newspapers talk about The Churches. I do not intend any expression of contempt about The Churches; nor is it an expression of contempt to say that it would be more convenient to call them the sects. This is true in a much deeper and more sympathetic sense than may at first appear; but to begin with, it is certainly true in a perfectly plain and historical sense, which has nothing to do with sympathy at all. Thus, for instance, I have much more sympathy for small nationalities than I have for small sects. But it is simply a historical fact that the Roman Empire was the Empire and that it was not a small nationality. And it is simply a historical fact that the Roman Church is the Church and is not a sect. Nor is there anything narrow or unreasonable in saying that the Church is the Church. It may be a good thing that the Roman Empire broke up into nations; but it certainly was not one of the nations into which it broke up. And even a person who thinks it fortunate that the Church broke up into sects ought to be able to distinguish between the little things he likes and the big thing he has broken. As a matter of fact, in the case of things so large, so unique and so creative of the culture about them as were the Roman Empire and the Roman Church, it is not controversial but simply correct to confine the one word to the one example. Everybody who originally used the word “Empire” used it of that Empire; everybody who used the word “Ecclesia” used it of that Ecclesia. There may have been similar things in other places, but they could not be called by the same name for the simple reason that they were not named in the same language. We know what we mean by a Roman Emperor; we can if we like talk of a Chinese Emperor, just as we can if we like take a particular sort of a Mandarin and say he is equivalent to a Marquis. But we never can be certain that he is exactly equivalent; for the thing we are thinking about is peculiar to our own history and in that sense stands alone. Now in that, if in no other sense, the Catholic Church stands alone. It does not merely belong to a class of Christian churches. It does not merely belong to a class of human religions. Considered quite coldly and impartially, as by a man from the moon, it is much more sui generis than that. It is, if the critic chooses to think so, the ruin of an attempt at a Universal Religion which was bound to fail. But calling the wreckers to break up a ship does not turn the ship into one of its own timbers; and cutting Poland up into three pieces does not make Poland the same as Posen.

But in a much more profound and philosophical sense this notion that the Church is one of the sects is the great fallacy of the whole affair. It is a matter more psychological and more difficult to describe. But it is perhaps the most sensational of the silent upheavals or reversals in the mind that constitute the revolution called conversion. Every man conceives himself as moving about in a cosmos of some kind; and the man of the days of my youth walked about in a kind of vast and airy Crystal Palace in which there were exhibits set side by side. The cosmos, being made of glass and iron, was partly transparent and partly colourless; anyhow, there was something negative about it; arching over all our heads, a roof as remote as a sky, it seemed to be impartial and impersonal. Our attention was fixed on the exhibits, which were all carefully ticketed and arranged in rows; for it was the age of science. Here stood all the religions in a row— the churches or sects or whatever we called them; and towards the end of the row there was a particularly dingy and dismal one, with a pointed roof half fallen in and pointed windows most broken with stones by passers-by; and we were told that this particular exhibit was the Roman Catholic Church. Some of us were sorry for it and even fancied it had been rather badly used; most of us regarded it as dirty and disreputable; a few of us even pointed out that many details in the ruin were artistically beautiful or architecturally important. But most people preferred to deal at other and more business-like booths; at the Quaker shop of Peace and Plenty or the Salvation Army store where the showman beats the big drum outside. Now conversion consists very largely, on its intellectual side, in the discovery that all that picture of equal creeds inside an indifferent cosmos is quite false. It is not a question of comparing the merits and defects of the Quaker meeting-house set beside the Catholic cathedral. It is the Quaker meeting-house that is inside the Catholic cathedral; it is the Catholic cathedral that covers everything like the vault of the Crystal Palace; and it is when we look up at the vast distant dome covering all the exhibits that we trace the Gothic roof and the pointed windows. In other words, Quakerism is but a temporary form of Quietism which has arisen technically outside the Church as the Quietism of Fenelon appeared technically inside the Church. But both were in themselves temporary and would have, like Fenelon, sooner or later to return to the Church in order to live. The principle of life in all these variations of Protestantism, in so far as it is not a principle of death, consists of what remained in them of Catholic Christendom; and to Catholic Christendom they have always returned to be recharged with vitality. I know that this will sound like a statement to be challenged; but it is true. The return of Catholic ideas to the separated parts of Christendom was often indeed indirect. But though the influence came through many, centrest it always came from one. It came through the Romantic Movement, a glimpse of the mere picturesqueness of mediaevalism; but it is something more than an accident that Romances, like Romance languages, are named after Rome. Or it came through the instinctive reaction of old-fashioned people like Johnson or Scott or Cobbett, wishing to save old elements that had originally been Catholic against a progress that was merely Capitalist. But it led them to denounce that Capitalist progress and become, like Cobbett, practical foes of Protestantism without being practising followers of Catholicism. Or it came from the Pre-Raphaelites or the opening of continental art and culture by Matthew Arnold and Morris and Ruskin and the rest. But examine the actual make-up of the mind of a good Quaker or Congregational minister at this moment, and compare it with the mind of such a dissenter in the Little Bethel before such culture came. And you will see how much of his health and happiness he owes to Ruskin and what Ruskin owed to Giotto; to Morris and what Morris owed to Chaucer; to fine scholars of his own school like Philip Wicksteed, and what they owe to Dante and St. Thomas. Such a man will still sometimes talk of the Middle Ages as the Dark Ages. But the Dark Ages have improved the wallpaper on his wall and the dress on his wife and all the whole dingy and vulgar life which he lived in the days of Stiggins and Brother Tadger. For he also is a Christian and lives only by the life of Christendom.

It is not easy to express this enormous inversion which I have here tried to suggest in the image of a world turned inside out. I mean that the thing which had been stared at as a small something swells out and swallows everything. Christendom is in the literal sense a continent. We come to feel that it contains everything, even the things in revolt against itself. But it is perhaps the most towering intellectual transformation of all and the one that it is hardest to undo even for the sake of argument. It is almost impossible even in imagination to reverse that reversal. Another way of putting it is to say that we have come to regard all these historical figures as characters in Catholic history, even if they are not Catholics. And in a certain sense, the historical as distinct from the theological sense, they never do cease to be Catholic. They are not people who have really created something entirely new, until they actually pass the border of reason and create more or less crazy nightmares. But nightmares do not last; and most of them even now are in various stages of waking up. Protestants are Catholics gone wrong; that is what is really meant by saying they are Christians. Sometimes they have gone very wrong; but not often have they gone right ahead with their own particular wrong. Thus a Calvinist is a Catholic obsessed with the Catholic idea of the sovereignty of God. But when he makes it mean that God wishes particular people to be damned, we may say with all restraint that he has become a rather morbid Catholic. In point of fact he is a diseased Catholic; and the disease left to itself would be death or madness. But, as a matter of fact, the disease did not last long, and is itself now practically dead. But every step he takes back towards humanity is a step back towards Catholicism. Thus a Quaker is a, Catholic obsessed with the Catholic idea of gentle simplicity and truth. But when he made it mean that it is a lie to say “you” and an act of idolatry to take off your hat to a lady, it is not too much to say that whether or not he had a hat off, he certainly had a tile loose. But as a matter of fact he himself found it necessary to dispense with the eccentricity (and the hat) and to leave the straight road that would have led him to a lunatic asylum. Only every step he takes back towards common sense is a step back towards Catholicism. In so far as he was right he was a Catholic; and in so far as he was wrong he has not himself been able to remain a Protestant.

To us, therefore, it is henceforth impossible to think of the Quaker as a figure at the beginning of a new Quaker history or the Calvinist as the founder of a new Calvinistic world. It is quite obvious to us that they are simply characters in our own Catholic history, only characters who caused a great deal of trouble by trying to do something that we could do better and that they did not really do at all. Now some may suppose that this can be maintained of the older sects like Calvinists and Quakers, but cannot be maintained of modern movements like those of Socialists or Spiritualists. But they will be quite wrong. The covering or continental character of the Church applies just as much to modern manias as to the old religious manias; it applies quite as much to Materialists or Spiritualists as to Puritans. In all of them you find that some Catholic dogma is, first, taken for granted; then exaggerated into an error; and then generally reacted against and rejected as an error, bringing the individual in question a few steps back again on the homeward road. And this is almost always the mark of such a heretic; that while he will wildly question any other Catholic dogma, he never dreams of questioning his own favourite Catholic dogma and does not even seem to know that it could be questioned. It never occurred to the Calvinist that anybody might use his liberty to deny or limit the divine omnipotence, or to the Quaker that anyone could question the supremacy of simplicity. That is exactly the situation of the Socialist. Bolshevism and every shade of any such theory of brotherhood is based upon one unfathomably mystical Catholic dogma; the equality of men. The Communists stake everything on the equality of man as the Calvinists staked everything on the omnipotence of God. They ride it to death as the others rode their dogma to death, turning their horse into a nightmare. But it never seems to occur to them that some people do not believe in the Catholic dogma of the mystical equality of men. Yet there are many, even among Christians, who are so heretical as to question it. The Socialists get into a great tangle when they try to apply it; they compromise with their own ideals; they modify their own doctrine; and so find themselves, like the Quakers and the Calvinists, after all their extreme extravagances, a day’s march nearer Rome.

In short, the story of these sects is not one of straight lines striking outwards and onwards, though if it were they would all be striking in different directions. It is a pattern of curves continually returning into the continent and common life of their and our civilisation; and the summary of that civilisation and central sanity is the philosophy of the Catholic Church. To us, Spiritualists are men studying the existence of spirits, in a brief and blinding oblivion of the existence of evil spirits. They are, as it were, people just educated enough to have heard of ghosts but not educated enough to have heard of witches. If the evil spirits succeed in stopping their education and stunting their minds, they may of course go on for ever repeating silly messages from Plato and doggerel verses from Milton. But if they do go a step or two further, instead of marking time on the borderland, their next step will be to learn what the Church could have taught. To us, Christian Scientists are simply people with one idea, which they have never learnt to balance and combine with all the other ideas. That is why the wealthy business man so often becomes a Christian Scientist. He is not used to ideas and one idea goes to his head, like one glass of wine to a starving man. But the Catholic Church is used to living with ideas and walks among all those very dangerous wild beasts with the poise and the lifted head of a lion-tamer. The Christian Scientist can go on monotonously repeating his one idea and remain a Christian Scientist. But if ever he really goes on to any other ideas, he will be so much the nearer to being a Catholic.

When the convert has once seen the world like that, with one balance of ideas and a number of other ideas that have left it and lost their balance, he does not in fact experience any of the inconveniences that he might reasonably have feared before that silent but stunning revolution. He is not worried by being told that there is something in Spiritualism or something in Christian Science. He knows there is something in everything. But he is moved by the more impressive fact that he finds everything in something. And he is quite sure that if these investigators really are looking for everything, and not merely looking for anything, they will be more and more likely to look for it in the same place. In that sense he is far less worried about them than he was when he thought that one or other of them might be the only person having any sort of communication with the higher mysteries and obviously rather capable of making a mess of it. He is no more likely to be overawed by the fact that Mrs. Eddy achieved spiritual healing or Mr. Home achieved bodily levitation than a fully dressed gentleman in Bond Street would be overawed by the top-hat on the head of a naked savage. A top-hat may be a good hat but it is a bad costume. And a magnetic trick may be a sufficient sensation but it is a very insufficient philosophy. He is no more envious of a Bolshevist for making a revolution than of a beaver for making a dam; for he knows his own civilisation can make things on a pattern not quite so simple or so monotonous. But he believes this of his civilisation and his religion and not merely of himself. There is nothing supercilious about his attitude; because he is well aware that he has only scratched the surface of the spiritual estate that is now open to him. In other words, the convert does not in the least abandon investigation or even adventure. He does not think he knows everything, nor has he lost curiosity about the things he does not know. But experience has taught him that he will find nearly everything somewhere inside that estate and that a very large number of people are finding next to nothing outside it. For the estate is not only a formal garden or an ordered farm; there is plenty of hunting and fishing on it, and, as the phrase goes, very good sport.

For this is one of the very queerest of the common delusions about what happens to the convert. In some muddled way people have confused the natural remarks of converts, about having found moral peace, with some idea of their having found mental rest, in the sense of mental inaction. They might as well say that a man who has completely recovered his health, after an attack of palsy or St. Vitus’ dance, signalises his healthy state by sitting absolutely still like a stone. Recovering his health means recovering his power of moving in the right way as distinct from the wrong way; but he will probably move a great deal more than before. To become a Catholic is not to leave off thinking, but to learn how to think. It is so in exactly the same sense in which to recover from palsy is not to leave off moving but to learn how to move. The Catholic convert has for the first time a starting-point for straight and strenuous thinking. He has for the first time a way of testing the truth in any question that he raises. As the world goes, especially at present, it is the other people, the heathen and the heretics, who seem to have every virtue except the power of connected thought. There was indeed a brief period when a small minority did some hard thinking on the heathen or heretical side. It barely lasted from the time of Voltaire to the time of Huxley. It has now entirely disappeared. What is now called free thought is valued, not because it is free thought, but because it is freedom from thought; because it is free thoughtlessness.

Nothing is more amusing to the convert, when his conversion has been complete for some time, than to hear the speculations about when or whether he will repent of the conversion; when he will be sick of it, how long he will stand it, at what stage of his external exasperation he will start up and say he can bear it no more. For all this is founded on that optical illusion about the outside and the inside which I have tried to sketch in this chapter. The outsiders, stand by and see, or think they see, the convert entering with bowed head a sort of small temple which they are convinced is fitted up inside like a prison, if not a torture-chamber. But all they really know about it is that he has passed through a door. They do not know that he has not gone into the inner darkness, but out into the broad daylight. It is he who is, in the beautiful and beatific sense of the word, an outsider. He does not want to go into a larger room, because he does not know of any larger room to go into. He knows of a large number of much smaller rooms, each of which is labelled as being very large; but he is quite sure he would be cramped in any of them. Each of them professes to be a complete cosmos or scheme of all things; but then so does the cosmos of the Clapham Sect or the Clapton Agapemone. Each of them is supposed to be domed with the sky or painted inside with all the stars. But each of these cosmic systems or machines seems to him much smaller and even much simpler than the broad and balanced universe in which he lives. One of them is labelled Agnostic; but he knows by experience that it has not really even the freedom of ignorance. It is a wheel that must always go round without a single jolt of miraculous interruption—a circle that must not be squared by any higher mathematics of mysticism; a machine that must be scoured as clean of all spirits as if it were the avowed machine of materialism. In living in a world with two orders, the supernatural and the natural, the convert feels he is living in a larger world and does not feel any temptation to crawl back into a smaller one. One of them is labelled Theosophical or Buddhistic; but he knows by experience that it is only the same sort of wearisome wheel used for spiritual things instead of material things. Living in a world where he is free to do anything, even to go to the devil, he does not see why he should tie himself to the wheel of a mere destiny. One of them is labelled Humanitarian; but he knows that such humanitarians have really far less experience of humanity. He knows that they are thinking almost entirely of men as they are at this moment in modern cities, and have nothing like the huge human interest of what began by being preached to legionaries in Palestine and is still being preached to peasants in China. So clear is this perception that I have sometimes put it to myself, as something between a melancholy meditation and a joke. “Where should I go now, if I did leave the Catholic Church?” I certainly would not go to any of those little social sects which only express one idea at a time, because that idea happens to be fashionable at the moment. The best I could hope for would be to wander away into the woods and become, not a Pantheist (for that is also a limitation and a bore) but rather a pagan, in the mood to cry out that some particular mountain peak or flowering fruit tree was sacred and a thing to be worshipped. That at least would be beginning all over again; but it would bring me back to the same problem in the end. If it was reasonable to have a sacred tree it was not unreasonable to have a sacred crucifix; and if the god was to be found on one peak he may as reasonably be found under one spire. To find a new religion is sooner or later to have found one; and why should I have been discontented with the one I had found? Especially, as I said in the first words of this essay, when it is the one old religion which seems capable of remaining new.

I know very well that if I went upon that journey I should either despair or return; and that none of the trees would ever be a substitute for the real sacred tree. Paganism is better than pantheism, for paganism is free to imagine divinities, while pantheism is forced to pretend, in a priggish way, that all things are equally divine. But I should not imagine any divinity that was sufficiently divine. I seem to know that weary return through the woodlands; for I think in some symbolic fashion I have walked that road before. For as I have tried to confess here without excessive egotism, I think I am the sort of man who came to Christ from Pan and Dionysus and not from Luther or Laud; that the conversion I understand is that of the pagan and not the Puritan; and upon that antique conversion is founded the whole world that we know. It is a transformation far more vast and tremendous than anything that has been meant for many years past, at least in England and America, by a sectarian controversy or a doctrinal division. On the height of that ancient empire and that international experience, humanity had a vision. It has not had another; but only quarrels about that one. Paganism was the largest thing in the world and Christianity was larger; and everything else has been comparatively small.

CHAPTER V: THE EXCEPTION PROVES THE RULE

The Catholic Church is the only thing which saves a man from the degrading slavery of being a child of his age. I have compared it with the New Religions; but this is exactly where it differs from the New Religions. The New Religions are in many ways suited to the new conditions; but they are only suited to the new conditions. When those conditions shall have changed in only a century or so, the points upon which alone they insist at present will have become almost pointless. If the Faith has all the freshness of a new religion, it has all the richness of an old religion; it has especially all the reserves of an old religion. So far as that is concerned, its antiquity is alone a great advantage, and especially a great advantage for purposes of renovation and youth. It is only by the analogy of animal bodies that we suppose that old things must be stiff. It is a mere metaphor from bones and arteries. In an intellectual sense old things are flexible. Above all, they are various and have many alternatives to offer. There is a sort of rotation of crops in religious history; and old fields can lie fallow for a while and then be worked again. But when the new religion or any such notion has sown its one crop of wild oats, which the wind generally blows away, it is barren. A thing as old as the Catholic Church has an accumulated armoury and treasury to choose from; it can pick and choose among the centuries and brings one age to the rescue of another. It can call in the old world to redress the balance of the new.

Anyhow, the New Religions are suited to the new world; and this is their most damning defect. Each religion is produced by contemporary causes that can be clearly pointed out. Socialism is a reaction against Capitalism. Spiritualism is a reaction against Materialism; it is also in its intensified form merely the trail of the tragedy of the Great War. But there is a somewhat more subtle sense in which the very fitness of the new creeds makes them unfit; their very acceptability makes them inacceptable. Thus they all profess to be progressive because the peculiar boast of their peculiar period was progress; they claim to be democratic because our political system still rather pathetically claims to be democratic. They rushed to a reconciliation with science, which was often only a premature surrender to science. They hastily divested themselves of anything considered dowdy or old-fashioned in the way of vesture or symbol. They claimed to have bright services and cheery sermons; the churches competed with the cinemas; the churches even became cinemas. In its more moderate form the mood was merely one of praising natural pleasures, such as the enjoyment of nature and even the enjoyment of human nature. These are excellent things and this is an excellent liberty; and yet it has its limitations.

We do not really want a religion that is right where we are right. What we want is a religion that is right where we are wrong. In these current fashions it is not really a question of the religion allowing us liberty; but (at the best) of the liberty allowing us a religion. These people merely take the modern mood, with much in it that is amiable and much that is anarchical and much that is merely dull and obvious, and then require any creed to be cut down to fit that mood. But the mood would exist even without the creed. They say they want a religion to be social, when they would be social without any religion. They say they want a religion to be practical, when they would be practical without any religion. They say they want a religion acceptable to science, when they would accept the science even if they did not accept the religion. They say they want a religion like this because they are like this already. They say they want it, when they mean that they could do without it.

It is a very different matter when a religion, in the real sense of a binding thing, binds men to their morality when it is not identical with their mood. It is very different when some of the saints preached social reconciliation to fierce and raging factions who could hardly bear the sight of each others’ faces. It was a very different thing when charity was preached to pagans who really did not believe in it; just as it is a very different thing now, when chastity is preached to new pagans who do not believe in it. It is in those cases that we get the real grapple of religion; and it is in those cases that we get the peculiar and solitary triumph of the Catholic faith. It is not in merely being right when we are right, as in being cheerful or hopeful or humane. It is in having been right when we were wrong, and in the fact coming back upon us afterwards like a boomerang. One word that tells us what we do not know outweighs a thousand words that tell us what we do know. And the thing is all the more striking if we not only did not know it but could not believe it. It may seem a paradox to say that the truth teaches us more by the words we reject than by the words we receive. Yet the paradox is a parable of the simplest sort and familiar to us all; any example might be given of it. If a man tells us to avoid public houses, we think him a tiresome though perhaps a well-intentioned old party. If he tells us to use public houses, we recognise that he has a higher morality and presents an ideal that is indeed lofty, but perhaps a little too simple and obvious to need defence. But if a man tells us to avoid the one particular public house called The Pig and Whistle, on the left hand as you turn round by the pond, the direction may seem very dogmatic and arbitrary and showing insufficient process of argument. But if we then fling ourselves into The Pig and Whistle and are immediately poisoned with the gin or smothered in the feather-bed and robbed of our money, we recognise that the man who advised us did know something about it and had a cultivated and scientific knowledge of the public houses of the district. We think it even more, as we emerge half-murdered from The Pig and Whistle, if we originally rejected his warning as a silly superstition. The warning itself is almost more impressive if it was not justified by reasons, but only by results. There is something very notable about a thing which is arbitrary when it is also accurate. We may very easily forget, even while we fulfil, the advice that we thought was self-evident sense. But nothing can measure our mystical and unfathomable reverence for the advice that we thought was nonsense.

As will be seen in a moment, I do not mean in the least that the Catholic Church is arbitrary in the sense of never giving reasons; but I do mean that the convert is profoundly affected by the fact that, even when he did not see the reason, he lived to see that it was reasonable. But there is something even more singular than this, which it will be well to note as a part of the convert’s experience. In many cases, as a matter of fact, he did originally have a glimpse of the reasons, even if he did not reason about them; but they were forgotten in the interlude when reason was clouded by rationalism. The point is not very easy to explain, and I shall be obliged to take merely personal examples in order to explain it. I mean that we have often had a premonition as well as a warning; and the fact often comes back to us after we have disregarded both. It is worth noting in connection with conversion, because the convert is often obstructed by a catchword which says that the Church crushes the conscience. The Church does not crush any man’s conscience. It is the man who crushes his conscience and then finds out that it was right, when he has almost forgotten that he had one.

I will take two examples out of the new movements: Socialism and Spiritualism. Now it is perfectly true that when I first began to think seriously about Socialism, I was a Socialist. But it is equally true, and more important than it sounds, that before I had ever heard of Socialism I was a strong anti-Socialist. I was what has since been called a Distributist, though I did not know it. When I was a child and dreamed the usual dreams about kings and clowns and robbers and policemen, I always conceived all contentment and dignity as consisting in something compact and personal; in being king of the castle or captain of the pirate ship or the man who owned the shop or the robber who was safe in the cavern. As I passed through boyhood I always imagined battles for justice as being the defence of special walls and houses and high defiant shrines; and I embodied some of those crude but coloured visions in a story called The Napoleon of Notting Hill. All this happened, in fancy at least, when I had never heard of Socialism and was a much better judge of it.

Shades of the prison-house began to close and with them came a merely mechanical discussion as to how we were all to get out of prison. Then indeed, in the darkness of the dungeon, was heard the voice of Mr. Sidney Webb, telling us that we could only conceivably get out of our Capitalist captivity with the patent Chubb key of Collectivism. Or to use a more exact metaphor, he told us that we could only escape from our dark and filthy cells of industrial slavery by melting all our private latchkeys into one gigantic latchkey as large as a battering ram. We did not really like giving up our little private keys or local attachments or love of our own possessions; but we were quite convinced that social justice must be done somehow and could only be done socialistically. I therefore became a Socialist in the old days of the Fabian Society; and so I think did everybody else worth talking about except the Catholics. And the Catholics were an insignificant handful, the dregs of a dead religion, essentially a superstition. About this time appeared the Encyclical on Labour by Leo XIII; and nobody in our really well-informed world took much notice of it. Certainly the Pope spoke as strongly as any Socialist could speak when he said that Capitalism “laid on the toiling millions a yoke little better than slavery.” But as the Pope was not a Socialist it was obvious that he had not read the right Socialist books and pamphlets; and we could not expect the poor old gentleman to know what every young man knew by this time—that Socialism was inevitable. That was a long time ago, and by a gradual process, mostly practical and political, which I have no intention of describing here, most of us began to realise that Socialism was not inevitable; that it was not really popular; that it was not the only way, or even the right way, of restoring the rights of the poor. We have come to the conclusion that the obvious cure for private property being given to the few is to see that it is given to the many; not to see that it is taken away from everybody or given in trust to the dear good politicians. Then, having discovered that fact as a fact, we look back at Leo XIII and discover in his old and dated document, of which we took no notice at the time, that he was saying then exactly what we are saying now. “As many as possible of the working classes should become owners.” That is what I mean by the justification of arbitrary warning. If the Pope had said then exactly what we said and wanted him to say, we should not have really reverenced him then and we should have entirely repudiated him afterwards. He would only have marched with the million who accepted Fabianism; and with them he would have marched away. But when he saw a distinction we did not see then, and do see now, that distinction is decisive. It marks a disagreement more convincing than a hundred agreements. It is not that he was right when we were right, but that he was right when we were wrong.

The superficial critic of these things, noting that I am no longer a Socialist, will always say, “Of course, you are a Catholic and you are not allowed to be a Socialist.” To which I answer emphatically, No. That is missing the whole point. The Church anticipated my experience; but it was experience and not only obedience. I am quite sure now from merely living in this world, and seeing something of Catholic peasants as well as Collectivist officials, that it is happier and healthier for most men to become owners than for them to give up all ownership to those officials. I do not follow the State Socialist in his extreme belief in the State; but I have not ceased to be credulous about the State merely because I have become credulous about the Church. I believe less in the State because I know more of the statesmen. I cannot believe small property to be impossible after I have seen it. I cannot believe State management to be impeccable after I have seen it. It is not any authority, except what St. Thomas calls the authority of the senses, which tells me that the mere community of goods is a solution that is too much of a simplification. The Church has taught me, but I could not unteach myself; I have learned because I have lived. and I could not unlearn it. If I ceased to be a Catholic I could not again be a Communist.

As it happens, my story was almost exactly the same in connection with Spiritualism. There again I was modern when I was young, but not when I was very young. While I had a vague but innocent nursery religion still hanging about me, I regarded the first signs of these psychic and psychological things with mere repugnance. I hated the whole notion of mesmerism and magnetic tricks with the mind; I loathed their bulging eyes and stiff attitudes and unnatural trances and the whole bag of tricks. When I saw a girl I admired set down to crystal-gazing, I was furious; I hardly knew why. Then came the period when I wanted to know why, when I examined my own reasons and found I had none. I saw that it was inconsistent in science to revere research and forbid psychical research. I saw that men of science were more and more accepting these things and I went along with my scientific age. I was never exactly a Spiritualist, but I almost always defended Spiritualism. I experimented with a planchette, quite enough to convince myself finally that some things do happen that are not in the ordinary sense natural. I have since come to think, for reasons that would require too much space to detail, that it is not so much supernatural as unnatural and even anti-natural. I believe the experiments were bad for me; I believe they are bad for the other experimentalists. But I found out the fact long before I found out the Catholic Church or the Catholic view of that question. Only, as I have said, when I do find it out, I find it rather impressive; for it is not the religion that was right when I was right, but the religion that was right when I was wrong.

But I wish to note about both those cases that the common cant in the matter is emphatically not true. It is not true that the Church crushed my natural conscience; it is not true that the Church asked me to give up my individual ideal. It is not true that Collectivism was ever my ideal. I do not believe it was ever really anybody else’s ideal. It was not an ideal but a compromise; it was a concession to practical economists who told us that we could not prevent poverty except by something uncommonly like slavery. State Socialism never came natural to us; it never convinced us that it was natural; it convinced us that it was necessary. In exactly the same way Spiritualism never came as something natural but only as something necessary. Each told us that it was the only way into the promised land, in the one case of a future life and the other of life in the future. We did not like government departments and tickets and registers; but we were told there was no other way of reaching a better society. We did not like dark rooms and dubious mediums and ladies tied up with rope, but we were told there was no other way to reach a better world. We were ready to crawl down a municipal drain-pipe or through a spiritual sewer, because it was the only way to better things; the only way even to prove that there were better things. But the drain-pipe had never figured in our dreams like a tower of ivory or a house of gold, or even like the robbers’ tower of our romantic boyhood or the solid and comfortable house of our matured experience. The Faith had not only been true all along, but it had been true to the first and the last things, to our unspoilt instincts and our conclusive experience; and it had condemned nothing but an interlude of intellectual snobbishness and surrender to the persuasions of pedantry. It had condemned nothing but what we ourselves should have come to condemn, though we might have condemned it too late.

The Church therefore never made my individual ideal impossible; it would be truer to say that she was the first to make it possible. The Encyclical’s ideal had been much nearer my own instinct than the ideal I had consented to substitute for it. The Catholic suspicion of table-rapping was much more like my own original suspicion than it was like my own subsequent surrender. But in those two cases it is surely clear that the Catholic Church plays exactly the part that she professes to play: something that knows what we cannot be expected to know, but should probably accept if we really knew it. I am not in this case, any more than in the greater part of this study, referring to the things that are really best worth knowing. The supernatural truths are connected with the mystery of grace and are a matter for theologians; admittedly a rather delicate and difficult matter even for them. But though the transcendental truths are the most important they are not those that best illustrate this particular point, which concerns the decisions which can be more or less tested by experience And of all those things that can be tested by experience I could tell the same story: that there was a time when I thought the Catholic doctrine was meaningless, but that even that was not the very earliest time, which was a time of greater simplicity, when I had a sort of glimpse of the meaning though I had never even heard of the doctrine. The world deceived me and the Church would at any time have undeceived me. The thing that a man may really shed at last like a superstition is the fashion of this world that passes away.

I could give many other examples, but I fear they, would inevitably tend to be egotistical examples. Throughout this brief study I am under the double difficulty that all roads lead to Rome, but that each pilgrim is tempted to talk as if all roads had been like his own road. I could write a great deal, for instance, about my early wrestlings with the rather ridiculous dilemma which was put to me in my youth by the optimist and the pessimist. I promptly and properly refused to be a pessimist; and I therefore fell into the way of calling myself an optimist. Now I should not call myself either, and what is more important I can see that virtue may be entangled in both. But I think it is entangled; and I think that an older and simpler truth can loosen the tangle. But the point in the present connection is this: that before I had ever heard of optimists or pessimists I was something much more like what I am now than could be covered by either of those two pedantic words. In my childhood I assumed that cheerfulness was a good thing, but I also assumed that it was a bad thing not to protest against things that are really bad. After an interlude of intellectual formalism and false antithesis, I have come back to being able to think what I could then only feel. But I have realised that the protest can rise to a much more divine indignation and that the cheerfulness is but a faint suggestion of a much more divine joy. It is not so much that I have found I was wrong as that I have found out why I was right.

In this we find the supreme example of the exception that proves the rule. The rule, of which I have given a rough outline in the previous chapter, is that the Catholic philosophy is a universal philosophy found to fit anywhere with human nature and the nature of things. But even when it does not fit in with human nature it is found in the long run to favour something yet more fitting. It generally suits us, but where it does not suit us we learn to suit it, so long as we are alive enough to learn anything. In the rare cases where a reasonable man can really say that it cuts across his intelligence, it will generally be found that it is true, not only to truth, but even to his deepest instinct for truth. Education does not cease with conversion, but rather begins. The man does not cease to study because he has become convinced that certain things are worth studying; and these things include not only the orthodox values but even the orthodox vetoes. Strangely enough, in a sense, the forbidden fruit is often more fruitful than the free. It is more fruitful in the sense of a fascinating botanical study of why it is really poisonous. Thus for the sake of an example, all healthy people have an instinct against usury; and the Church has only confirmed that instinct. But to learn how to define usury, to study what it is and to argue why it is wrong, is to have a liberal education, not only in political economy, but in the philosophy of Aristotle and the history of the Councils of Lateran. There almost always is a human reason for all the merely human advice given by the Church to humanity; and to find out the principle of the thing is, among other things, one of the keenest of intellectual pleasures. But in any case the fact remains that the Church is right in the main in being tolerant in the main; but that where she is intolerant she is most right and even most reasonable. Adam lived in a garden where a thousand mercies were granted to him; but the one inhibition was the greatest mercy of all.

In the same way, let the convert, or still more the semi-convert, face any one fact that does seem to him to deface the Catholic scheme as a falsehood; and if he faces it long enough he will probably find that it is the greatest truth of all. I have found this myself in that extreme logic of free will which is found in the fallen angels and the possibility of perdition. Such things are altogether beyond my imagination, but the lines of logic go out towards them in my reason. Indeed, I can undertake to justify the whole Catholic theology, if I be granted to start with the supreme sacredness and value of two things: Reason and Liberty. It is an illuminating comment on current anti-Catholic talk that they are the two things which most people imagine to be forbidden to Catholics.

But the best way of putting what I mean is to repeat what I have already said, in connection with the satisfying scope of Catholic universality. I cannot picture these theological ultimates and I have not the authority or learning to define them. But I still put the matter to myself thus: Supposing I were so miserable as to lose the Faith, could I go back to that cheap charity and crude optimism which says that every sin is a blunder, that evil cannot conquer or does not even exist? I could no more go back to those cushioned chapels than a man who has regained his sanity would willingly go back to a padded cell. I might cease to believe in a God of any kind; but I could not cease to think that a God who had made men and angels free was finer than one who coerced them into comfort. I might cease to believe in a future life of any kind; but I could not cease to think it was a finer doctrine that we choose and make our future life than that it is fitted out for us like an hotel and we are taken there in a celestial omnibus as compulsory as a Black Maria. I know that Catholicism is too large for me, and I have not yet explored its beautiful or terrible truths. But I know that Universalism is too small for me; and I could not creep back into that dull safety, who have looked on the dizzy vision of liberty.

CHAPTER VI: A NOTE ON PRESENT PROSPECTS

On reconsidering these notes I find them to be far too personal; yet I do not know how any conception of conversion can be anything else. I do not profess to have any particular knowledge about the actual conditions and calculations of the Catholic movement at the moment. I do not believe that anybody else has any knowledge of what it will be like the next moment. Statistics are generally misleading and predictions are practically always false. But there is always a certain faint tradition of the thing called common sense; and so long as a glimmer of it remains, in spite of all journalism and State instruction, it is possible to appreciate what we call a reality. Nobody in his five wits will deny that at this moment conversion is a reality. Everybody knows that his own social circle, which fifty years ago would have been a firm territory of Protestantism, perhaps hardening into rationalism or indifference but doing even that slowly and without conscious convulsion, has just lately shown a curious disposition to collapse softly and suddenly, first in one unexpected place and then in another, making great holes in that solid land and letting up the leaping flames of what was counted an extinct volcano. It is in everybody’s experience, whether he is sad or glad or mad or merely indifferent, that these conversions seem to come of themselves in the most curious and apparently accidental quarters; Tom’s wife, Harry’s brother, Fanny’s funny sister-in-law who went on the stage, Sam’s eccentric uncle who studied military strategy—of each of these isolated souls we hear suddenly that it is isolated no longer. It is one with the souls militant and triumphant.

Against these things (which we know as facts and do not merely read as statistics) there is admittedly something to be set. It is what is commonly called leakage; and with a paragraph upon this point I will close these pages. Father Ronald Knox, with that felicity that is so good that the wit almost seems like good luck, has remarked that the Catholic Church really does have to get on by hook or crook. That is, by the hook of the fisherman and the crook of the shepherd; and it is the hook that has to catch the convert and the crook that has to keep him. He said in this connection that the conversions to the Church just now were so numerous that they would be obvious and overwhelming, like a landslide, if it were not that they were neutralised in mere numbers, or rather lessened in their full claim of numbers, by a certain amount of falling away in other directions. Now the first fact to realise is that it is in other directions, in totally different directions. Some people, especially young people, abandon practising Catholicism. But none of them abandon it for Protestantism. All of them practically abandon it for paganism. Most of them abandon it for something that is really rather too simple to be called an -ism of any kind. They abandon it for things and not theories; and when they do have theories they may sometimes be Bolshevist theories or Futurist theories, but they are practically never the theological theories of Protestantism. I will not say they leave Catholicism for beer and skittles; for Catholicism has never discouraged those Christian institutions as Protestantism sometimes has. They leave it to have a high old time; and considering what a muddle we have made of modern morality, they can hardly be blamed. But this reaction, which is only that of a section, is in its nature a reaction of the young and as such I do not think it will last. I know it is the cant phrase of the old rationalists that their reason prevents a return to the Faith, but it is false: it is no longer reason but rather passion.

This may sound a sweeping statement, but if it be examined it will be found not unjust, and certainly not unsympathetic. Nothing is more notable if we really study the characteristics of the rising generation than the fact that they are not acting upon any exact and definite philosophy, such as those which have made the revolutions of the past. If they are anarchical, they are not anarchist. The dogmatic anarchism of the middle of the nineteenth century is not the creed they hold, or even the excuse they offer. They have a considerable negative revolt against religion, a negative revolt against negative morality. They have a feeling, which is not unreasonable, that to commit themselves to the Catholic citizenship is to take responsibilities that continually act as restraints. But they do not maintain anything like a contrary system of spiritual citizenship, or moral responsibility. For instance, it is perfectly natural that they should want to act naturally. But they do not want to act naturally according to any intellectual theory of the reliability of Nature. On the contrary, their young and brilliant literary representatives are very prone to press upon us the crudity and cruelty of Nature. That is the moral of Mr. Aldous Huxley, and of many others. State to them any of the consistent theories of the supreme claim of Nature upon us, such as the pantheistic idea of God in all natural things; or the Nietzschean theory that nature is evolving something with superior claims to our own; or any other definable defence of the natural process itself, and they will almost certainly reject it as something unproved or exploded. They do not want to have an exact imitation of the laws of the physical universe; they want to have their own way, a much more intelligible desire. But the result is that they are, after all, at a disadvantage in face of those other young people who have satisfied their reason by a scheme that makes the universe reasonable.

For that is the very simple explanation of the affair. In so far as there is really a secession among the young, it is but a part of the same process as that conversion of the young, of which I wrote in the first chapter. The rising generation sees the real issue; and those who are ready for it rally, and those who are not ready for it scatter. But there can be but one end to a war between a solid and a scattered army. It is not a controversy between two philosophies, as was the Catholic and the Calvinist, or the Catholic and the Materialist. It is a controversy between philosophers and philanderers. I do not say it in contempt; I have much more sympathy with the person who leaves the Church for a love-affair than with one who leaves it for a long-winded German theory to prove that God is evil or that children are a sort of morbid monkey. But the very laws of life are against the endurance of a revolt that rests on nothing but natural passion; it is bound to change in its proportion with the coming of experience; and, at the worst, it will become a battle between bad Catholics and good Catholics, with the great dome over all.

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTORY: A NEW RELIGION

The Catholic faith used to be called the Old Religion; but at the present moment it has a recognized place among the New Religions. This has nothing to do with its truth or falsehood; but it is a fact that has a great deal to do with the understanding of the modern world.

It would be very undesirable that modern men should accept Catholicism merely as a novelty; but it is a novelty. It does act upon its existing environment with the peculiar force and freshness of a novelty. Even those who denounce it generally denounce it as a novelty; as an innovation and not merely a survival. They talk of the “advanced” party in the Church of England; they talk of the “aggression” of the Church of Rome. When they talk of an Extremist they are as likely to mean a Ritualist as a Socialist. Given any normal respectable Protestant family, Anglican or Puritan, in England or America, we shall find that Catholicism is actually for practical purposes treated as a new religion, that is, a revolution. It is not a survival. It is not in that sense an antiquity. It does not necessarily owe anything to tradition. In places where tradition can do nothing for it, in places where all the tradition is against it, it is intruding on its own merits; not as a tradition but a truth. The father of some such Anglican or American Puritan family will find, very often, that all his children are breaking away from his own more or less Christian compromise (regarded as normal in the nineteenth century) and going off in various directions after various faiths or fashions which he would call fads. One of his sons will become a Socialist and hang up a portrait of Lenin; one of his daughters will become a Spiritualist and play with a planchette; another daughter will go over to Christian Science and it is quite likely that another son will go over to Rome. The point is, for the moment, that from the point of view of the father, and even in a sense of the family, all these things act after the manner of new religions, of great movements, of enthusiasms that carry young people off their feet and leave older people bewildered or annoyed. Catholicism indeed, even more than the others, is often spoken of as if it were actually one of the wild passions of youth. Optimistic aunts and uncles say that the youth will “get over it,” as if it were a childish love affair or that unfortunate business with the barmaid. Darker and sterner aunts and uncles, perhaps at a rather earlier period, used actually to talk about it as an indecent indulgence, as if its literature were literally a sort of pornography. Newman remarks quite naturally, as if there were nothing odd about it at the time, that an undergraduate found with an ascetic manual or a book of monastic meditations was under a sort of cloud or taint, as having been caught with “a bad book” in his possession. He had been wallowing in the sensual pleasure of Nones or inflaming his lusts by contemplating an incorrect number of candles. It is perhaps no longer the custom to regard conversion as a form of dissipation; but it is still common to regard conversion as a form of revolt. And as regards the established convention of much of the modern world, it is a revolt. The worthy merchant of the middle class, the worthy farmer of the Middle West, when he sends his son to college, does now feel a faint alarm lest the boy should fall among thieves, in the sense of Communists; but he has the same sort of fear lest he should fall among Catholics.

Now he has no fear lest he should fall among Calvinists. He has no fear that his children will become seventeenth-century Supralapsarians, however much he may dislike that doctrine. He is not even particularly troubled by the possibility of their adopting the extreme solifidian conceptions once common among some of the more extravagant Methodists. He is not likely to await with terror the telegram that will inform him that his son has become a Fifth-Monarchy man, any more than that he has joined the Albigensians. He does not exactly lie awake at night wondering whether Tom at Oxford has become a Lutheran any more than a Lollard. All these religions he dimly recognises as dead religions; or at any rate as old religions. And he is only frightened of new religions. He is only frightened of those fresh, provocative, paradoxical new notions that fly to the young people’s heads. But amongst these dangerous juvenile attractions he does in practice class the freshness and novelty of Rome.

Now this is rather odd; because Rome is not so very new. Among these annoying new religions, one is rather an old religion; but it is the only old religion that is so new. When it was originally and really new, no doubt a Roman father often found himself in the same position as the Anglican or Puritan father. He too might find all his children going strange ways and deserting the household gods and the sacred temple of the Capitol. He too might find that one of those children had joined the Christians in their Ecclesia and possibly in their Catacombs. But he would have found that, of his other children, one cared for nothing but the Mysteries of Orpheus, another was inclined to follow Mithras, another was a Neo-Pythagorean who had learned vegetarianism from the Hindoos, and so on. Though the Roman father, unlike the Victorian father, might have the pleasure of exercising the patria potestas and cutting off the heads of all the heretics, he could not cut off the stream of all the heresies. Only by this time most of the streams have run rather dry. It is now seldom necessary for the anxious parent to warn his children against the undesirable society of the Bull of Mithras, or even to wean him from the exclusive contemplation of Orpheus; and though we have vegetarians always with us, they mostly know more about proteids than about Pythagoras. But that other youthful extravagance is still youthful. That other new religion is once again new. That one fleeting fashion has refused to fleet; and that ancient bit of modernity is still modern. It is still to the Protestant parent now exactly what it was to the pagan parent then. We might say simply that it is a nuisance; but anyhow it is a novelty. It is not simply what the father is used to, or even what the son is used to. It is coming in as something fresh and disturbing, whether as it came to the Greeks who were always seeking some new thing, or as it came to the shepherds who first heard the cry upon the hills of the good news that our language calls the Gospel. We can explain the fact of the Greeks in the time of St. Paul regarding it as a new thing, because it was a new thing. But who will explain why it is still as new to the last of the converts as it was to the first of the shepherds? It is as if a man a hundred years old entered the Olympian games among the young Greek athletes; which would surely have been the basis of a Greek legend. There is something almost as legendary about the religion that is two thousand years old now appearing as a rival of the new religions. That is what has to be explained and cannot be explained away; nothing can turn the legend into a myth. We have seen with our own eyes and heard with our own ears this great modern quarrel between young Catholics and old Protestants; and it is the first step to recognise in any study of modern conversion.

CAPITOLO I: INTRODUZIONE: UNA NUOVA RELIGIONE

La fede cattolica un tempo veniva chiamata la Vecchia Religione; ma nel momento presente occupa un posto riconosciuto tra le Nuove Religioni. Ciò non ha nulla a che vedere con la sua verità o falsità; ma è un fatto che ha moltissimo a che vedere con la comprensione del mondo moderno.

Sarebbe assai indesiderabile che gli uomini moderni accettassero il Cattolicesimo semplicemente come una novità; eppure esso è una novità. Agisce davvero sul suo ambiente circostante con la forza e la freschezza peculiari di una novità. Persino coloro che lo denunciano generalmente lo denunciano come una novità; come un’innovazione e non semplicemente come una sopravvivenza. Parlano del partito «avanzato» nella Chiesa d’Inghilterra; parlano dell’«aggressione» della Chiesa di Roma. Quando parlano di un Estremista, è probabile che intendano un Ritualista tanto quanto un Socialista. Presa una qualsiasi rispettabile famiglia protestante, anglicana o puritana, in Inghilterra o in America, scopriremo che il Cattolicesimo è in realtà, a fini pratici, trattato come una religione nuova, cioè una rivoluzione. Non è una sopravvivenza. Non è, in quel senso, un’antichità. Non deve necessariamente nulla alla tradizione. Nei luoghi in cui la tradizione non può fare nulla per esso, nei luoghi in cui tutta la tradizione gli è contraria, esso si intromette in virtù dei propri meriti; non come una tradizione, ma come una verità. Il padre di qualche famiglia anglicana o puritana americana di questo tipo scoprirà, assai spesso, che tutti i suoi figli si stanno staccando dal suo compromesso più o meno cristiano (ritenuto normale nel diciannovesimo secolo) e se ne vanno in varie direzioni dietro varie fedi o mode che egli chiamerebbe fisime. Uno dei suoi figli diventerà socialista e appenderà un ritratto di Lenin; una delle sue figlie diventerà spiritista e giocherà con una planchette; un’altra figlia passerà alla Christian Science ed è assai probabile che un altro figlio passi a Roma. Il punto, per il momento, è che dal punto di vista del padre, e in un certo senso anche della famiglia, tutte queste cose agiscono alla maniera di nuove religioni, di grandi movimenti, di entusiasmi che travolgono i giovani e lasciano gli anziani sconcertati o irritati. Il Cattolicesimo, anzi, ancor più degli altri, viene spesso menzionato come se fosse davvero una delle passioni sfrenate della giovinezza. Zii e zie ottimisti dicono che il giovane «se ne libererà», come se si trattasse di un puerile amore o di quella sfortunata faccenda con la cameriera del bar. Zii e zie più cupi e severi, forse in un periodo un po’ anteriore, parlavano davvero di ciò come di un’indulgenza indecente, come se la sua letteratura fosse letteralmente una sorta di pornografia. Newman osserva con tutta naturalezza, come se non vi fosse nulla di strano in ciò a quel tempo, che uno studente trovato con un manuale ascetico o un libro di meditazioni monastiche era colpito da una sorta di ombra o di macchia, come se fosse stato sorpreso in possesso di «un cattivo libro». Si era crogiolato nel piacere sensuale dell’Ora Nona o aveva infiammato le proprie brame contemplando un numero scorretto di candele. Forse non è più costume considerare la conversione come una forma di dissipazione; ma è ancora comune considerare la conversione come una forma di rivolta. E rispetto alla convenzione consolidata di gran parte del mondo moderno, è una rivolta. Il degno mercante della classe media, il degno agricoltore del Middle West, quando manda il figlio all’università, prova ora un lieve allarme che il ragazzo possa cadere tra i ladri, nel senso dei Comunisti; ma prova lo stesso genere di paura che possa cadere tra i Cattolici.

Ora non ha paura che possa cadere tra i Calvinisti. Non ha paura che i suoi figli diventino Supralapsari del diciassettesimo secolo, per quanto quella dottrina possa spiacergli. Non è nemmeno particolarmente turbato dalla possibilità che essi adottino le concezioni solifidiane estreme un tempo comuni tra alcuni dei Metodisti più stravaganti. Non è probabile che attenda con terrore il telegramma che lo informi che suo figlio è diventato un uomo della Quinta Monarchia, non più di quanto tema che si sia unito agli Albigesi. Non resta esattamente sveglio la notte a domandarsi se Tom, a Oxford, sia diventato luterano più che lollardo. Tutte queste religioni le riconosce vagamente come religioni morte; o comunque come religioni vecchie. Ed egli ha paura soltanto delle religioni nuove. Ha paura soltanto di quelle fresche, provocatorie, paradossali idee nuove che danno alla testa ai giovani. Ma tra queste pericolose attrattive giovanili egli annovera, in pratica, la freschezza e la novità di Roma.

Ora, questo è piuttosto strano; perché Roma non è poi così nuova. Tra queste fastidiose religioni nuove, una è piuttosto una religione vecchia; ma è l’unica religione vecchia che sia tanto nuova. Quando era in origine e realmente nuova, senza dubbio un padre romano si trovava spesso nella stessa posizione del padre anglicano o puritano. Anch’egli poteva trovare tutti i suoi figli che imboccavano strade strane e abbandonavano gli dèi domestici e il sacro tempio del Campidoglio. Anch’egli poteva scoprire che uno di quei figli si era unito ai Cristiani nella loro Ecclesia e forse nelle loro Catacombe. Ma avrebbe scoperto che, degli altri suoi figli, uno non si curava d’altro che dei Misteri di Orfeo, un altro era incline a seguire Mitra, un altro era un neopitagorico che aveva appreso il vegetarianismo dagli Indù, e così via. Benché il padre romano, a differenza del padre vittoriano, potesse avere il piacere di esercitare la patria potestas e di tagliare le teste di tutti gli eretici, non poteva tagliare il flusso di tutte le eresie. Solo che a questo tempo la maggior parte di quei flussi si è alquanto prosciugata. Ora è di rado necessario che il genitore ansioso metta in guardia i suoi figli contro l’indesiderabile compagnia del Toro di Mitra, o perfino che lo svezzi dalla contemplazione esclusiva di Orfeo; e benché i vegetariani siano sempre con noi, per lo più ne sanno più di proteine che di Pitagora. Ma quell’altra stravaganza giovanile è ancora giovanile. Quell’altra religione nuova è ancora una volta nuova. Quell’unica moda passeggera si è rifiutata di passare; e quel frammento antico di modernità è ancora moderno. È ancora, per il genitore protestante di oggi, esattamente ciò che era per il genitore pagano di allora. Potremmo dire semplicemente che è una seccatura; ma comunque sia è una novità. Non è semplicemente ciò a cui il padre è abituato, e nemmeno ciò a cui il figlio è abituato. Sopraggiunge come qualcosa di fresco e perturbante, sia che venga ai Greci che erano sempre in cerca di qualche cosa nuova, sia che venga ai pastori che per primi udirono il grido sulle colline della buona novella che la nostra lingua chiama il Vangelo. Possiamo spiegare il fatto che i Greci al tempo di San Paolo la considerassero una cosa nuova, perché era una cosa nuova. Ma chi spiegherà perché essa è ancora nuova per l’ultimo dei convertiti come lo era per il primo dei pastori? È come se un uomo di cent’anni entrasse nei giochi olimpici tra i giovani atleti greci; il che sarebbe stato di certo la base di una leggenda greca. C’è qualcosa di quasi altrettanto leggendario nella religione vecchia di duemila anni che ora si presenta come rivale delle nuove religioni. È questo che va spiegato e non può essere liquidato con una spiegazione; nulla può trasformare la leggenda in un mito. Abbiamo visto con i nostri occhi e udito con le nostre orecchie questa grande contesa moderna tra giovani Cattolici e vecchi Protestanti; ed è il primo passo da riconoscere in ogni studio della conversione moderna.

I am not going to talk about numbers and statistics, though I may say something about them later. The first fact to realise is a difference of substance which falsifies all the difference of size. The great majority of Protestant bodies today, whether they are strong or weak, are not strengthened in this particular fashion; by the actual attraction of their new followers to their old doctrines. A young man will suddenly become a Catholic priest, or even a Catholic monk, because he has a spontaneous and even impatient personal enthusiasm for the doctrine of Virginity as it appeared to St. Catherine or St. Clare. But how many men become Baptist ministers because they have a personal horror of the idea of an innocent infant coming unconsciously to Christ? How many honest Presbyterian ministers in Scotland really want to go back to John Knox, as a Catholic mystic might want to go back to John of the Cross? These men inherit positions which they feel they can hold with reasonable consistency and general agreement; but they do inherit them. For them religion is tradition. We Catholics naturally do not sneer at tradition; but we say that in this case it is really tradition and nothing else. Not one man in a hundred of these people would ever have joined his present communion if he had been born outside it. Not one man in a thousand of them would have invented anything like his church formulas if they had not been laid down for him. None of them has any real reason for being in their own particular church, whatever good reason they may still have for being outside ours. In other words, the old creed of their communion has ceased to function as a fresh and stimulating idea. It is at best a motto or a war cry and at the worst a catchword. But it is not meeting contemporary ideas like a contemporary idea. In their time and in their turn we believe that those other contemporary ideas will also prove their mortality by having also become mottoes and catchwords and traditions. A century or two hence Spiritualism may be a tradition and Socialism may be a tradition and Christian Science may be a tradition. But Catholicism will not be a tradition. It will still be a nuisance and a new and dangerous thing.

These are the general considerations which govern any personal study of conversion to the Catholic faith. The Church has defended tradition in a time which stupidly denied and despised tradition. But that is simply because the Church is always the only thing defending whatever is at the moment stupidly despised. It is already beginning to appear as the only champion of reason in the twentieth century, as it was the only champion of tradition in the nineteenth. We know that the higher mathematics is trying to deny that two and two make four and the higher mysticism to imagine something that is beyond good and evil. Amid all these anti-rational philosophies, ours will remain the only rational philosophy. In the same spirit the Church did indeed point out the value of tradition to a time which treated it as quite valueless. The nineteenth-century neglect of tradition and mania for mere documents were altogether nonsensical. They amounted to saying that men always tell lies to children but men never make mistakes in books. But though our sympathies are traditional because they are human, it is not that part of the thing which stamps it as divine. The mark of the Faith is not tradition; it is conversion. It is the miracle by which men find truth in spite of tradition and often with the rending of all the roots of humanity.

It is with the nature of this process that I propose to deal; and it is difficult to deal with it without introducing something of a personal element. My own is only a very trivial case but naturally it is the case I know best; and I shall be compelled in the pages that follow to take many illustrations from it. I have therefore thought it well to put first this general note on the nature of the movement in my time; to show that I am well aware that it is a very much larger and even a very much later movement than is implied in describing my own life or generation. I believe it will be more and more an issue for the rising generation and for the generation after that, as they discover the actual alternative in the awful actualities of our time. And Catholics when they stand up together and sing “Faith of our Fathers” may realise almost with amusement that they might well be singing “Faith of our Children.” And in many cases the return has been so recent as almost to deserve the description of a Children’s Crusade.

Non parlerò di numeri e statistiche, benché possa dirne qualcosa più avanti. Il primo fatto da comprendere è una differenza di sostanza che smentisce ogni differenza di grandezza. La grande maggioranza dei corpi protestanti odierni, siano forti o deboli, non si rafforza in questo particolare modo; cioè per l’effettiva attrazione dei loro nuovi seguaci verso le loro vecchie dottrine. Un giovane diverrà d’un tratto sacerdote cattolico, o persino monaco cattolico, perché prova un entusiasmo personale spontaneo e persino impaziente per la dottrina della Verginità così come apparve a Santa Caterina o a Santa Chiara. Ma quanti uomini diventano ministri battisti perché provano un orrore personale all’idea di un innocente neonato che giunge inconsapevolmente a Cristo? Quanti onesti ministri presbiteriani in Scozia desiderano davvero tornare a John Knox, come un mistico cattolico potrebbe desiderare di tornare a Giovanni della Croce? Questi uomini ereditano posizioni che sentono di poter tenere con ragionevole coerenza e generale consenso; ma le ereditano. Per loro la religione è tradizione. Noi cattolici naturalmente non ci facciamo beffe della tradizione; ma diciamo che in questo caso essa è davvero tradizione e nient’altro. Non un uomo su cento tra costoro si sarebbe mai unito alla sua attuale comunione se fosse nato al di fuori di essa. Non un uomo su mille tra loro avrebbe inventato alcunché di simile alle formule della sua chiesa se non gli fossero state prescritte. Nessuno di loro ha una vera ragione di essere nella propria particolare chiesa, quali che siano le buone ragioni che possano ancora avere per stare fuori dalla nostra. In altre parole, il vecchio credo della loro comunione ha cessato di funzionare come un’idea fresca e stimolante. È nel migliore dei casi un motto o un grido di guerra e nel peggiore uno slogan. Ma non affronta le idee contemporanee come un’idea contemporanea. A loro tempo e a loro volta noi crediamo che anche quelle altre idee contemporanee proveranno la propria mortalità essendo divenute anch’esse motti e slogan e tradizioni. Fra un secolo o due lo Spiritismo potrà essere una tradizione e il Socialismo potrà essere una tradizione e la Christian Science potrà essere una tradizione. Ma il Cattolicesimo non sarà una tradizione. Sarà ancora una seccatura e una cosa nuova e pericolosa.

Queste sono le considerazioni generali che governano ogni studio personale della conversione alla fede cattolica. La Chiesa ha difeso la tradizione in un tempo che stupidamente negava e disprezzava la tradizione. Ma ciò è semplicemente perché la Chiesa è sempre l’unica cosa che difende ciò che in un dato momento è stupidamente disprezzato. Comincia già ad apparire come l’unico campione della ragione nel ventesimo secolo, così come fu l’unico campione della tradizione nel diciannovesimo. Sappiamo che la matematica superiore cerca di negare che due più due fanno quattro e il misticismo superiore di immaginare qualcosa che sia al di là del bene e del male. In mezzo a tutte queste filosofie antirazionali, la nostra rimarrà l’unica filosofia razionale. Nello stesso spirito la Chiesa additò davvero il valore della tradizione a un tempo che la trattava come del tutto priva di valore. La negligenza ottocentesca della tradizione e la mania per i meri documenti erano del tutto insensate. Equivalevano a dire che gli uomini mentono sempre ai bambini ma non commettono mai errori nei libri. Ma benché le nostre simpatie siano tradizionali perché sono umane, non è quella parte della cosa che la contrassegna come divina. Il marchio della Fede non è la tradizione; è la conversione. È il miracolo per cui gli uomini trovano la verità a dispetto della tradizione e spesso con lo strappo di tutte le radici dell’umanità.

È della natura di questo processo che mi propongo di trattare; ed è difficile trattarne senza introdurre qualcosa di un elemento personale. Il mio caso è solo un caso assai banale, ma naturalmente è il caso che conosco meglio; e sarò costretto, nelle pagine che seguono, a trarne molte illustrazioni. Ho perciò ritenuto bene premettere questa nota generale sulla natura del movimento nella mia epoca; per mostrare che sono ben consapevole che si tratta di un movimento assai più ampio e persino assai più tardo di quanto sia implicito nel descrivere la mia vita o la mia generazione. Credo che sarà sempre più una questione per la generazione nascente e per quella successiva, man mano che scopriranno la reale alternativa nelle terribili realtà del nostro tempo. E i Cattolici, quando si alzano insieme a cantare «Fede dei nostri Padri», potranno rendersi conto quasi con divertimento che potrebbero bene cantare «Fede dei nostri Figli». E in molti casi il ritorno è stato così recente da meritare quasi la descrizione di una Crociata dei Fanciulli.

CHAPTER II: THE OBVIOUS BLUNDERS

I have noted that Catholicism really is in the twentieth century what it was in the second century; it is the New Religion. Indeed its very antiquity preserves an attitude of novelty. I have always thought it striking and even stirring that in the venerable invocation of the “Tantum Ergo,” which for us seems to come loaded with accumulated ages, there is still the language of innovation; of the antique document that must yield to a new rite. For us the hymn is something of an antique document itself. But the rite is always new.

But if a convert is to write of conversion he must try to retrace his steps out of that shrine back into that ultimate wilderness where he once really believed that this eternal youth was only the “Old Religion.” It is a thing exceedingly difficult to do and not often done well, and I for one have little hope of doing it even tolerably well. The difficulty was expressed to me by another convert who said, “I cannot explain why I am a Catholic; because now that I am a Catholic I cannot imagine myself as anything else.” Nevertheless, it is right to make the imaginative effort. It is not bigotry to be certain we are right; but it is bigotry to be unable to imagine how we might possibly have gone wrong. It is my duty to try to understand what H. G. Wells can possibly mean when he says that the medieval Church did not care for education but only for imposing dogmas; it is my duty to speculate (however darkly) on what can have made an intelligent man like Arnold Bennett stone-blind to all the plainest facts about Spain; it is my duty to find if I can the thread of connected thought in George Moore’s various condemnations of Catholic Ireland; and it is equally my duty to labour till I understand the strange mental state of G. K. Chesterton when he really assumed that the Catholic Church was a sort of ruined abbey, almost as deserted as Stonehenge.

I must say first that, in my own case, it was at worst a matter of slights rather than slanders. Many converts far more important than I have had to wrestle with a hundred devils of howling falsehood; with a swarm of lies and libels. I owe it to the liberal and Universalist atmosphere of my family, of Stopford Brooke and the Unitarian preachers they followed, that I was always just sufficiently enlightened to be out of the reach of Maria Monk. Nevertheless, as this is but a private privilege for which I have to be thankful, it is necessary to say something of what I might be tempted to call the obvious slanders, but that better men than I have not always seen that the slander was obvious. I do not think that they exercise much influence on the generation that is younger than mine. The worst temptation of the most pagan youth is not so much to denounce monks for breaking their vow as to wonder at them for keeping it. But there is a state of transition that must be allowed for in which a vague Protestant prejudice would rather like to have it both ways. There is still a sort of woolly-minded philistine who would be content to consider a friar a knave for his unchastity and a fool for his chastity. In other words, these dying calumnies are dying but not dead; and there are still enough people who may still be held back by such crude and clumsy obstacles that it is necessary to some extent to clear them away. After that we can consider what may be called the real obstacles, the real difficulties we find, which, as a fact, are generally the very opposite of the difficulties we are told about. But let us consider the evidence of all these things being black, before we go on to the inconvenient fact of their being white.

The usual protest of the Protestant, that the Church of Rome is afraid of the Bible, did not, as I shall explain in a moment, have any great terrors for me at any time. This was by no merit of my own, but by the accident of my age and situation. For I grew up in a world in which the Protestants, who had just proved that Rome did not believe the Bible, were excitedly discovering that they did not believe the Bible themselves. Some of them even tried to combine the two condemnations and say that they were steps of progress. The next step in progress consisted in a man kicking his father for having locked up a book of such beauty and value, a book which the son then proceeded to tear into a thousand pieces. I early discovered that progress is worse than Protestantism so far as stupidity is concerned. But most of the free-thinkers who were friends of mine happened to think sufficiently freely to see that the Higher Criticism was much more of an attack on Protestant Bible-worship than on Roman authority. Anyhow, my family and friends were more concerned with the opening of the book of Darwin than the book of Daniel; and most of them regarded the Hebrew Scriptures as if they were Hittite sculptures. But, even then, it would seem odd to worship the sculptures as gods and then smash them as idols and still go on blaming somebody else for not having worshipped them enough. But here again it is hard for me to know how far my own experience is representative, or whether it would not be well to say more of these purely Protestant prejudices and doubts than I, from my own experience, am able to say.

The Church is a house with a hundred gates; and no two men enter at exactly the same angle. Mine was at least as much Agnostic as Anglican, though I accepted for a time the borderland of Anglicanism; but only on the assumption that it could really be Anglo-Catholicism. There is a distinction of ultimate intention there which in the vague English atmosphere is often missed. It is not a difference of degree but of definite aim. There are High Churchmen as much as Low Churchmen who are concerned first and last to save the Church of England. Some of them think it can be saved by calling it Catholic, or making it Catholic, or believing that it is Catholic; but that is what they want to save. But I did not start out with the idea of saving the English Church, but of finding the Catholic Church. If the two were one, so much the better; but I had never conceived of Catholicism as a sort of showy attribute or attraction to be tacked on to my own national body, but as the inmost soul of the true body, wherever it might be. It might be said that Anglo-Catholicism was simply my own uncompleted conversion to Catholicism. But it was from a position originally much more detached and indefinite that I had been converted, an atmosphere if not agnostic at least pantheistic or unitarian. To this I owe the fact that I find it very difficult to take some of the Protestant propositions even seriously. What is any man who has been in the real outer world, for instance, to make of the everlasting cry that Catholic traditions are condemned by the Bible? It indicates a jumble of topsy-turvy tests and tail-foremost arguments, of which I never could at any time see the sense. The ordinary sensible sceptic or pagan is standing in the street (in the supreme character of the man in the street) and he sees a procession go by of the priests of some strange cult, carrying their object of worship under a canopy, some of them wearing high head-dresses and carrying symbolical staffs, others carrying scrolls and sacred records, others carrying sacred images and lighted candles before them, others sacred relics in caskets or cases, and so on. I can understand the spectator saying, “This is all hocus-pocus”; I can even understand him, in moments of irritation, breaking up the procession, throwing down the images, tearing up the scrolls, dancing on the priests and anything else that might express that general view. I can understand his saying, “Your croziers are bosh, your candles are bosh, your statues and scrolls and relics and all the rest of it are bosh.” But in what conceivable frame of mind does he rush in to select one particular scroll of the scriptures of this one particular group (a scroll which had always belonged to them and been a part of their hocus-pocus, if it was hocus-pocus); why in the world should the man in the street say that one particular scroll was not bosh, but was the one and only truth by which all the other things were to be condemned? Why should it not be as superstitious to worship the scrolls as the statues, of that one particular procession? Why should it not be as reasonable to preserve the statues as the scrolls, by the tenets of that particular creed? To say to the priests, “Your statues and scrolls are condemned by our common sense,” is sensible. To say, “Your statues are condemned by your scrolls, and we are going to worship one part of your procession and wreck the rest,” is not sensible from any standpoint, least of all that of the man in the street.

CAPITOLO II: GLI EVIDENTI ERRORI

Ho osservato che il cattolicesimo è nel Novecento davvero ciò che era nel secondo secolo: è la Nuova Religione. Anzi, la sua stessa antichità conserva un atteggiamento di novità. Ho sempre trovato notevole e persino commovente che nella venerabile invocazione del «Tantum Ergo», che a noi sembra giungere carica di secoli accumulati, viva ancora il linguaggio dell’innovazione; quello dell’antico documento che deve cedere il posto a un nuovo rito. Per noi l’inno è a sua volta una sorta di antico documento. Ma il rito è sempre nuovo.

Ma se un convertito deve scrivere della conversione, deve tentare di ripercorrere i suoi passi fuori da quel santuario, indietro fino a quell’estremo deserto in cui una volta credeva davvero che questa eterna giovinezza fosse soltanto la «Vecchia Religione». È cosa oltremodo difficile a farsi e non spesso fatta bene, e io per primo ho poca speranza di farla anche solo passabilmente bene. La difficoltà mi fu espressa da un altro convertito che disse: «Non so spiegare perché sono cattolico; perché ora che sono cattolico non riesco a immaginarmi altro». Ciò nondimeno, è giusto compiere lo sforzo dell’immaginazione. Non è bigottismo essere certi di aver ragione; ma è bigottismo non riuscire a immaginare come avremmo potuto sbagliare. È mio dovere tentare di capire che cosa mai intenda H. G. Wells quando dice che la Chiesa medievale non si curava dell’educazione ma soltanto di imporre dogmi; è mio dovere congetturare (per quanto oscuramente) su ciò che può aver reso un uomo intelligente come Arnold Bennett cieco come una talpa a tutti i fatti più evidenti riguardo alla Spagna; è mio dovere ritrovare, se posso, il filo di un pensiero coerente nelle varie condanne che George Moore rivolge all’Irlanda cattolica; ed è del pari mio dovere affaticarmi finché non comprenda lo strano stato mentale di G. K. Chesterton quando davvero riteneva che la Chiesa cattolica fosse una sorta di abbazia in rovina, quasi tanto deserta quanto Stonehenge.

Devo dire anzitutto che, nel mio caso, si trattò al peggio di sgarbi più che di calunnie. Molti convertiti assai più importanti di me hanno dovuto lottare con cento demoni di falsità urlante; con uno sciame di menzogne e diffamazioni. Devo all’atmosfera liberale e universalista della mia famiglia, di Stopford Brooke e dei predicatori unitariani che essa seguiva, l’essere sempre stato illuminato appena quanto bastava per restare fuori dalla portata di Maria Monk. Ciò nondimeno, poiché questo è soltanto un privilegio privato di cui devo essere grato, è necessario dire qualcosa di ciò che sarei tentato di chiamare le calunnie evidenti, se non fosse che uomini migliori di me non sempre videro quanto la calunnia fosse evidente. Non credo che esse esercitino molta influenza sulla generazione più giovane della mia. La peggiore tentazione del giovane più pagano non è tanto biasimare i monaci per aver infranto il voto, quanto meravigliarsi che essi lo mantengano. Ma bisogna tener conto di uno stato di transizione in cui un vago pregiudizio protestante vorrebbe volentieri prendere il meglio da entrambe le parti. Esiste ancora una specie di filisteo dalle idee confuse che sarebbe contento di considerare un frate un furfante per la sua incontinenza e uno sciocco per la sua castità. In altre parole, queste calunnie morenti stanno morendo ma non sono morte; e vi sono ancora abbastanza persone che possono essere trattenute da simili ostacoli rozzi e goffi, sicché è necessario in qualche misura rimuoverli. Dopodiché potremo considerare quelli che si possono chiamare i veri ostacoli, le vere difficoltà che incontriamo, le quali, di fatto, sono in genere l’esatto opposto delle difficoltà di cui ci si parla. Ma consideriamo la prova che tutte queste cose sono nere, prima di passare allo scomodo fatto che sono bianche.

La consueta protesta del protestante, secondo cui la Chiesa di Roma ha paura della Bibbia, non ebbe mai per me, come spiegherò tra un momento, alcun grande terrore in nessun momento. E ciò non per alcun mio merito, ma per l’accidente della mia età e della mia condizione. Poiché crebbi in un mondo in cui i protestanti, che avevano appena dimostrato che Roma non credeva nella Bibbia, stavano scoprendo con eccitazione di non credere loro stessi nella Bibbia. Alcuni tentarono persino di combinare le due condanne e di dire che erano passi di progresso. Il passo successivo del progresso consisteva nel prendere a calci il proprio padre per aver tenuto sotto chiave un libro di tale bellezza e valore, un libro che il figlio procedeva poi a lacerare in mille pezzi. Scoprii presto che il progresso è peggiore del protestantesimo per quanto riguarda la stupidità. Ma la maggior parte dei liberi pensatori miei amici pensava per caso in modo abbastanza libero da vedere che l’Alta Critica era assai più un attacco al culto protestante della Bibbia che all’autorità romana. In ogni caso, la mia famiglia e i miei amici si occupavano più dell’apertura del libro di Darwin che di quello di Daniele; e la maggior parte di loro considerava le Scritture ebraiche come se fossero sculture ittite. Ma, anche allora, sarebbe parso strano adorare le sculture come dèi e poi frantumarle come idoli, e continuare pur sempre a biasimare qualcun altro per non averle adorate abbastanza. Ma anche qui mi è difficile sapere fino a che punto la mia esperienza sia rappresentativa, o se non sarebbe bene dire di questi pregiudizi e dubbi puramente protestanti più di quanto io, dalla mia esperienza, sia in grado di dire.

La Chiesa è una casa dalle cento porte; e non vi sono due uomini che entrino esattamente dalla stessa angolazione. La mia fu almeno tanto agnostica quanto anglicana, benché accettassi per un tempo la terra di confine dell’anglicanesimo; ma solo nel presupposto che potesse essere davvero anglo-cattolicesimo. Vi è in ciò una distinzione di intenzione ultima che nella vaga atmosfera inglese sfugge spesso. Non è una differenza di grado, ma di scopo preciso. Vi sono uomini di Alta Chiesa non meno che di Bassa Chiesa il cui unico assillo, dal principio alla fine, è salvare la Chiesa d’Inghilterra. Alcuni pensano che si possa salvarla chiamandola cattolica, o rendendola cattolica, o credendo che sia cattolica; ma è quella che vogliono salvare. Ma io non partii con l’idea di salvare la Chiesa inglese, bensì di trovare la Chiesa cattolica. Se le due erano una sola, tanto meglio; ma non avevo mai concepito il cattolicesimo come una sorta di appariscente ornamento o attrattiva da appiccicare al corpo della mia nazione, bensì come l’anima più intima del vero corpo, ovunque esso si trovasse. Si potrebbe dire che l’anglo-cattolicesimo fosse semplicemente la mia conversione incompiuta al cattolicesimo. Ma era da una posizione originariamente assai più distaccata e indefinita che ero stato convertito, un’atmosfera se non agnostica almeno panteistica o unitariana. A ciò devo il fatto che trovo molto difficile prendere anche solo sul serio alcune delle proposizioni protestanti. Che cosa deve pensare, per esempio, un uomo che sia stato nel vero mondo esterno del perpetuo grido secondo cui le tradizioni cattoliche sono condannate dalla Bibbia? Esso rivela un guazzabuglio di prove capovolte e di argomenti presi a rovescio, dei quali non riuscii mai in alcun momento a scorgere il senso. L’ordinario scettico o pagano di buon senso se ne sta per strada (nella suprema veste dell’uomo della strada) e vede sfilare una processione dei sacerdoti di qualche strano culto, che portano il loro oggetto di adorazione sotto un baldacchino, alcuni con alti copricapi e bastoni simbolici, altri con rotoli e registri sacri, altri con immagini sacre e candele accese davanti a sé, altri con sacre reliquie in cofani o teche, e così via. Posso capire lo spettatore che dice: «Sono tutte fandonie»; posso persino capirlo se, in momenti d’irritazione, disperde la processione, getta a terra le immagini, straccia i rotoli, calpesta i sacerdoti e qualunque altra cosa possa esprimere quella veduta generale. Posso capirlo se dice: «I vostri pastorali sono sciocchezze, le vostre candele sono sciocchezze, le vostre statue e i vostri rotoli e le reliquie e tutto il resto sono sciocchezze». Ma in quale concepibile stato d’animo si precipita a scegliere un particolare rotolo delle scritture di questo unico particolare gruppo (un rotolo che era sempre appartenuto a loro ed era stato parte delle loro fandonie, se fandonie erano); perché mai l’uomo della strada dovrebbe dire che un particolare rotolo non era sciocchezza, ma era l’unica e sola verità in base alla quale tutte le altre cose andavano condannate? Perché non dovrebbe essere altrettanto superstizioso adorare i rotoli quanto le statue di quella particolare processione? Perché non dovrebbe essere altrettanto ragionevole conservare le statue quanto i rotoli, secondo i principi di quel particolare credo? Dire ai sacerdoti: «Le vostre statue e i vostri rotoli sono condannati dal nostro buon senso» è sensato. Dire: «Le vostre statue sono condannate dai vostri rotoli, e noi adoreremo una parte della vostra processione e faremo a pezzi il resto» non è sensato da alcun punto di vista, e meno che mai da quello dell’uomo della strada.

Similarly, I could never take seriously the fear of the priest, as of something unnatural and unholy; a dangerous man in the home. Why should man who wanted to be wicked encumber himself with special and elaborate promises to be good? There might sometimes be a reason for a priest being a profligate. But what was the reason for a profligate being a priest? There are many more lucrative walks of life in which a person with such shining talents for vice and villainy might have made a brighter use of his gifts. Why should a man encumber himself with vows that nobody could expect him to take and he did not himself expect to keep? Would any man make himself poor in order that he might become avaricious; or take a vow of chastity frightfully difficult to keep in order to get into a little more trouble when he did not keep it? All that early and sensational picture of the sins of Rome always seemed to me silly even when I was a boy or an unbeliever; and I cannot describe how I passed out of it because I was never in it. I remember asking some friends at Cambridge, people of the Puritan tradition, why in the world they were so afraid of Papists; why a priest in somebody’s house was a peril or an Irish servant the beginning of a pestilence. I asked them why they could not simply disagree with Papists and say so, as they did with Theosophists or Anarchists. They seemed at once pleased and shocked with my daring, as if I had undertaken to convert a burglar or tame a mad dog. Perhaps their alarm was really wiser than my bravado. Anyhow, I had not then the most shadowy notion that the burglar would convert me. That, however, I am inclined to think, is the subconscious intuition in the whole business. It must either mean that they suspect that our religion has something about it so wrong that the hint of it is bad for anybody; or else that it has something so right that the presence of it would convert anybody. To do them justice, I think most of them darkly suspect the second and not the first.

A shade more plausible than the notion that Popish priests merely seek after evil was the notion that they are exceptionally ready to seek good by means of evil. In vulgar language, it is the notion that if they are not sensual they are always sly. To dissipate this is a mere matter of experience; but before I had any experience I had seen some objections to the thing even in theory. The theory attributed to the Jesuits was very often almost identical with the practice adopted by nearly everybody I knew. Everybody in society practised verbal economies, equivocations and often direct fictions, without any sense of essential falsehood. Every gentleman was expected to say he would be delighted to dine with a bore; every lady said that somebody else’s baby was beautiful if she thought it as ugly as sin: for they did not think it a sin to avoid saying ugly things. This might be right or wrong; but it was absurd to pillory half a dozen Popish priests for a crime committed daily by half a million, Protestant laymen. The only difference was that the Jesuits had been worried enough about the matter to try to make rules and limitations saving as much verbal veracity as possible; whereas the happy Protestants were not worried about it at all, but told lies from morning to night as merrily and innocently as the birds sing in the trees. The fact is, of course, that the modern world is full of an utterly lawless casuistry because the Jesuits were prevented from making a lawful casuistry. But every man is a casuist or a lunatic.

It is true that this general truth was hidden from many by certain definite assertions. I can only call them, in simple language, Protestant lies about Catholic lying. The men who repeated them were not necessarily lying, because they were repeating. But the statements were of the same lucid and precise order as a statement that the Pope has three legs or that Rome is situated at the North Pole. There is no more doubt about their nature than that. One of them, for instance, is the positive statement, once heard everywhere and still heard often: “Roman Catholics are taught that anything is lawful if done for the good of the Church.” This is not the fact; and there is an end of it. It refers to a definite statement of an institution whose statements are very definite; and it can be proved to be totally false. Here as always the critics cannot see that they are trying to have it both ways. They are always complaining that our creed is cut and dried; that we are told what to believe and must believe nothing else; that it is all written down for us in bulls and confessions of faith. In so far as this is true, it brings a matter like this to the point of legal and literal truth, which can be tested; and so tested, it is a lie. But even here I was saved at a very early stage by noticing a curious fact. I noticed that those who were most ready to blame priests for relying on rigid formulas seldom took the trouble to find out what the formulas were. I happened to pick up some of the amusing pamphlets of James Britten, as I might have picked up any other pamphlets of any other propaganda; but they set me on the track of that delightful branch of literature which he called Protestant Fiction. I found some of that fiction on my own account, dipping into novels by Joseph Hocking and others. I am only concerned with them here to illustrate this particular and curious fact about exactitude. I could not understand why these romancers never took the trouble to find out a few elementary facts about the thing they denounced. The facts might easily have helped the denunciation, where the fictions discredited it. There were any number of real Catholic doctrines I should then have thought disgraceful to the Church. There are any number which I can still easily imagine being made to look disgraceful to the Church. But the enemies of the Church never found these real rocks of offence. They never looked for them. They never looked for anything. They seemed to have simply made up out of their own heads a number of phrases, such as a Scarlet Woman of deficient intellect might be supposed to launch on the world; and left it at that. Boundless freedom reigned; it was not treated as if it were a question of fact at all. A priest might say anything about the Faith; because a Protestant might say anything about the priest. These novels were padded with pronouncements like this one, for instance, which I happen to remember: “Disobeying a priest is the one sin for which there is no absolution. We term it a reserved case.” Now obviously a man writing like that is simply imagining what might exist; it has never occurred to him to go and ask if it does exist. He has heard the phrase “a reserved case” and considers, in a poetic reverie, what he shall make it mean. He does not go and ask the nearest priest what it does mean. He does not look it up in an encyclopedia or any ordinary work of reference. There is no doubt about the fact that it simply means a case reserved for ecclesiastical superiors and not to be settled finally by the priest. That may be a fact to be denounced; but anyhow it is a fact. But the man much prefers to denounce his own fancy. Any manual would tell him that there is no sin “for which there is no absolution”; not disobeying the priest; not assassinating the Pope. It would be easy to find out these facts and quite easy to base a Protestant invective upon them. It puzzled me very much, even at that early stage, to imagine why people bringing controversial charges against a powerful and prominent institution should thus neglect to test their own case, and should draw in this random way on their own imagination. It did not make me any more inclined to be a Catholic; in those days the very idea of such a thing would have seemed crazy. But it did save me from swallowing all the solid and solemn assertion about what Jesuits said and did. I did not accept quite so completely as others the well-ascertained and widely accepted fact that “Roman Catholics may do anything for the good of the Church”; because I had already learned to smile at equally accepted truths like “Disobeying a priest is the one sin for which there is no absolution.” I never dreamed that the Roman religion was true; but I knew that its accusers, for some reason or other, were curiously inaccurate.

Similmente, non riuscii mai a prendere sul serio la paura del prete, come di qualcosa di innaturale ed empio; un uomo pericoloso in casa. Perché un uomo che volesse essere malvagio dovrebbe caricarsi di promesse speciali ed elaborate di essere buono? Talvolta potrebbe esserci una ragione perché un prete sia un dissoluto. Ma quale ragione c’era perché un dissoluto fosse prete? Vi sono molte carriere assai più lucrose in cui una persona con simili splendidi talenti per il vizio e la scelleratezza avrebbe potuto fare un uso più brillante dei propri doni. Perché un uomo dovrebbe caricarsi di voti che nessuno poteva aspettarsi che pronunciasse e che egli stesso non si aspettava di mantenere? Si farebbe forse povero un uomo per poter diventare avaro; o pronuncerebbe un voto di castità terribilmente difficile da mantenere allo scopo di cacciarsi in guai un po’ maggiori quando non lo mantenesse? Tutto quel precoce e sensazionale quadro dei peccati di Roma mi parve sempre sciocco perfino quando ero ragazzo o miscredente; e non so descrivere come ne uscii, perché non vi entrai mai. Ricordo di aver chiesto ad alcuni amici a Cambridge, gente di tradizione puritana, perché mai avessero tanta paura dei papisti; perché un prete nella casa di qualcuno fosse un pericolo o una domestica irlandese l’inizio di una pestilenza. Chiesi loro perché non potessero semplicemente dissentire dai papisti e dirlo, come facevano con i teosofi o gli anarchici. Parvero al tempo stesso compiaciuti e scandalizzati dalla mia audacia, come se avessi intrapreso a convertire uno scassinatore o ad ammansire un cane rabbioso. Forse il loro allarme era in verità più saggio della mia spavalderia. In ogni caso, non avevo allora la più vaga idea che lo scassinatore avrebbe convertito me. Questa, tuttavia, sono incline a pensare, è l’intuizione subconscia in tutta la faccenda. Deve significare o che essi sospettano che la nostra religione abbia in sé qualcosa di così sbagliato che perfino un accenno di essa nuoce a chiunque; oppure che abbia qualcosa di così giusto che la sua presenza convertirebbe chiunque. Per rendere loro giustizia, credo che i più sospettino oscuramente il secondo caso e non il primo.

Una sfumatura più plausibile dell’idea che i preti papisti mirino soltanto al male era l’idea che essi siano eccezionalmente pronti a cercare il bene per mezzo del male. In linguaggio volgare, è l’idea che, se non sono sensuali, sono sempre subdoli. Dissipare questo è mera questione di esperienza; ma prima ancora di avere alcuna esperienza avevo scorto alcune obiezioni alla cosa perfino in teoria. La teoria attribuita ai gesuiti era molto spesso quasi identica alla pratica adottata da quasi tutti quelli che conoscevo. Tutti in società praticavano economie verbali, equivoci e spesso vere e proprie finzioni, senza alcun senso di falsità essenziale. Da ogni gentiluomo ci si aspettava che dicesse di essere lieto di cenare con un seccatore; ogni signora diceva che il bambino di un’altra era bellissimo anche se lo riteneva brutto come il peccato: giacché non ritenevano peccato evitare di dire cose sgradevoli. Questo poteva essere giusto o sbagliato; ma era assurdo mettere alla gogna una mezza dozzina di preti papisti per un delitto commesso ogni giorno da mezzo milione di laici protestanti. L’unica differenza era che i gesuiti si erano preoccupati abbastanza della questione da tentare di stabilire regole e limitazioni che salvassero quanta più veridicità verbale possibile; mentre i felici protestanti non se ne preoccupavano affatto, ma raccontavano bugie da mattino a sera con la stessa allegria e innocenza con cui gli uccelli cantano tra gli alberi. Il fatto è, naturalmente, che il mondo moderno è pieno di una casuistica del tutto sregolata perché ai gesuiti fu impedito di elaborare una casuistica regolata. Ma ogni uomo è un casuista o un pazzo.

È vero che questa verità generale fu nascosta a molti da certe precise asserzioni. Non posso che chiamarle, in parole semplici, menzogne protestanti sulla menzogna cattolica. Gli uomini che le ripetevano non necessariamente mentivano, perché ripetevano soltanto. Ma quelle affermazioni erano dello stesso lucido e preciso ordine di un’affermazione secondo cui il Papa ha tre gambe o Roma è situata al Polo Nord. Sulla loro natura non c’è più dubbio di quanto ve ne sia su questo. Una di esse, per esempio, è l’asserzione categorica, un tempo udita ovunque e tuttora spesso udita: «Ai cattolici romani si insegna che ogni cosa è lecita se fatta per il bene della Chiesa». Non è così; e non se ne parli più. Si riferisce a una precisa dichiarazione di un’istituzione le cui dichiarazioni sono precisissime; e si può dimostrare che è del tutto falsa. Qui come sempre i critici non riescono a vedere che vogliono la botte piena e la moglie ubriaca. Si lamentano di continuo che il nostro credo è rigido e prestabilito; che ci viene detto che cosa credere e non dobbiamo credere nient’altro; che è tutto messo per iscritto per noi in bolle e confessioni di fede. In quanto ciò è vero, esso porta una questione come questa al punto della verità legale e letterale, che può essere verificata; e così verificata, è una menzogna. Ma anche qui fui salvato assai per tempo dall’aver notato un fatto curioso. Notai che coloro i quali erano più pronti a biasimare i preti perché si affidavano a formule rigide di rado si davano la pena di scoprire quali fossero quelle formule. Mi capitò di raccogliere alcuni dei divertenti opuscoli di James Britten, come avrei potuto raccogliere qualunque altro opuscolo di qualunque altra propaganda; ma essi mi misero sulle tracce di quel delizioso ramo della letteratura che egli chiamava Narrativa Protestante. Trovai un po’ di quella narrativa per conto mio, sfogliando romanzi di Joseph Hocking e altri. Qui me ne occupo soltanto per illustrare questo particolare e curioso fatto riguardo all’esattezza. Non riuscivo a capire perché questi romanzieri non si dessero mai la pena di appurare qualche fatto elementare sulla cosa che denunciavano. I fatti avrebbero potuto facilmente giovare alla denuncia, laddove le finzioni la screditavano. C’erano innumerevoli dottrine cattoliche reali che allora avrei giudicato vergognose per la Chiesa. Ce ne sono innumerevoli che posso ancora facilmente immaginare fatte apparire vergognose per la Chiesa. Ma i nemici della Chiesa non trovarono mai questi veri scogli d’inciampo. Non li cercarono mai. Non cercarono mai nulla. Sembrava che avessero semplicemente inventato di propria testa una serie di frasi, quali si potrebbe supporre che una Donna Scarlatta di scarso intelletto lanci sul mondo; e si erano fermati lì. Regnava una libertà sconfinata; la cosa non era affatto trattata come una questione di fatto. Un prete poteva dire qualunque cosa sulla Fede; perché un protestante poteva dire qualunque cosa sul prete. Questi romanzi erano imbottiti di sentenze come questa, per esempio, che mi capita di ricordare: «Disobbedire a un prete è l’unico peccato per cui non vi è assoluzione. Lo chiamiamo caso riservato». Ora, evidentemente, un uomo che scrive così sta semplicemente immaginando ciò che potrebbe esistere; non gli è mai venuto in mente di andare a chiedere se esista davvero. Ha sentito l’espressione «caso riservato» e riflette, in una fantasticheria poetica, su quale significato darle. Non va a chiedere al prete più vicino che cosa significhi davvero. Non la cerca in un’enciclopedia o in una qualsiasi comune opera di consultazione. Non c’è alcun dubbio sul fatto che significa semplicemente un caso riservato ai superiori ecclesiastici e non definibile in via ultima dal prete. Questo può essere un fatto da denunciare; ma in ogni caso è un fatto. Ma l’uomo preferisce di gran lunga denunciare la propria fantasia. Qualunque manuale gli direbbe che non esiste peccato «per cui non vi sia assoluzione»; non il disobbedire al prete; non l’assassinare il Papa. Sarebbe facile appurare questi fatti e assai facile fondarvi sopra un’invettiva protestante. Mi lasciava assai perplesso, già in quella fase precoce, immaginare perché persone che muovono accuse polemiche contro un’istituzione potente ed eminente trascurassero così di verificare le proprie tesi, e attingessero in questo modo casuale alla propria immaginazione. Ciò non mi rese affatto più incline a farmi cattolico; a quei tempi la sola idea di una cosa simile sarebbe parsa folle. Ma mi salvò dall’ingoiare tutta la solida e solenne asserzione su ciò che i gesuiti dicevano e facevano. Non accettai in modo così completo come altri il fatto bene accertato e ampiamente riconosciuto che «i cattolici romani possono fare qualunque cosa per il bene della Chiesa»; perché avevo già imparato a sorridere di verità ugualmente accettate come «Disobbedire a un prete è l’unico peccato per cui non vi è assoluzione». Non sognai mai che la religione romana fosse vera; ma sapevo che i suoi accusatori, per una ragione o per l’altra, erano curiosamente inesatti.

It is strange to me to go back to these things now, and to think that I ever took them even as seriously as that. But I was not very serious even then; and certainly I was not serious long. The last lingering shadow of the Jesuit, gliding behind curtains and concealing himself in cupboards, faded from my young life about the time when I first caught a distant glimpse of the late Father Bernard Vaughan. He was the only Jesuit I ever knew in those days; and as you could generally hear him half a mile away, he seemed to be ill-selected for the duties of a curtain-glider. It has always struck me as curious that this Jesuit raised a storm by refusing to be Jesuitical (in the journalese sense I mean), by refusing to substitute smooth equivocation and verbal evasion for a brute fact. Because he talked about “killing Germans” when Germans had to be killed, all our shifty and shamefaced morality was shocked at him. And none of those protesting Protestants took thought for a moment to realise that they were showing all the shuffling insincerity they attributed to the Jesuits, and the Jesuit was showing all the plain candour that they claimed for the Protestant.

I could give a great many other instances besides, these I have given of the hidden Bible, the profligate priest or the treacherous Jesuit. I could go steadily through the list of all these more old-fashioned charges against Rome and show how they affected me, or rather why they did not affect me. But my only purpose here is to point out, as a preliminary, that they did not affect me at all. I had all the difficulties that a heathen would have had in becoming a Catholic in the fourth century. I had very few of the difficulties that a Protestant had, from the seventeenth to the nineteenth. And I owe this to men whose memories I shall always honour; to my father and his circle and the literary tradition of men like George Macdonald and the Universalists of the Victorian Age. If I was born on the wrong side of the Roman wall, at least I was not born on the wrong side of the No Popery quarrel; and if I did not inherit a fully civilised faith, neither did I inherit a barbarian feud. The people I was born amongst wished to be just to Catholics if they did not always understand them; and I should be very thankless if I did not record of them that (like a very much more valuable convert) I can say I was born free.

I will add one example to illustrate this point, because it leads us on to larger matters. After a long time—I might almost say after a lifetime—I have at last begun to realise what the worthy Liberal or Socialist of Balham or Battersea really means when he says he is an Internationalist and that humanity should be preferred to the narrowness of nations. It dawned on me quite suddenly, after I had talked to such a man for many hours, that of course he had really been brought up to believe that God’s Englishmen were the Chosen Race. Very likely his father or uncle actually thought they were the lost Ten Tribes. Anyhow, everything from his daily paper to his weekly sermon assumed that they were the salt of the earth, and especially that they were the salt of the sea. His people had never thought outside their British nationality. They lived in an Empire on which the sun never set, or possibly never rose. Their Church was emphatically the Church of England— even if it was a chapel. Their religion was the Bible that went everywhere with the Union Jack. And when I realised that, I realised the whole story. That was why they were excited by the exceedingly dull theory of the Internationalist. That was why the brotherhood of nations, which to me was a truism, to them was a trumpet. That was why it seemed such a thrilling paradox to say that we must love foreigners; it had in it the divine paradox that we must love enemies. That was why the Internationalist was always planning deputations and visits to foreign capitals and heart-to-heart talks and hands across the sea. It was the marvel of discovering that foreigners had hands, let alone hearts. There was in that excitement a sort of stifled cry: “Look! Frenchmen also have two legs! See! Germans have noses in the same place as we!” Now a Catholic, especially a born Catholic, can never understand that attitude, because from the first his whole religion is rooted in the unity of the race of Adam, the one and only Chosen Race. He is loyal to his own country; indeed he is generally ardently loyal to it, such local affections being in other ways very natural to his religious life, with its shrines and relics. But just as the relic follows upon the religion, so the local loyalty follows on the universal brotherhood of all men. The Catholic says, “Of course we must love all men: but what do all men love? They love their lands, their lawful boundaries, the memories of their fathers. That is the justification of being national, that it is normal.” But the Protestant patriot really never thought of any patriotism except his own. In that sense Protestantism is patriotism. But unfortunately it is only patriotism. It starts with it and never gets beyond it. We start with mankind and go beyond it to all the varied loves and traditions of mankind. There never was a more illuminating flash than that which lit up the last moment of one of the most glorious of English Protestants; one of the most Protestant and one of the most English. For that is the meaning of that phrase of Nurse Cavell, herself the noblest martyr of our modern religion of nationality, when the very shaft of the white sun of death shone deep into her mind and she cried aloud, like one who had just discovered something, “I see now that patriotism is not enough.”

There was this in common between the Catholics to whom I have come and the Liberals among whom I was born: neither of them would ever have imagined for a moment that patriotism was enough. But that insular idealism by which that great lady lived really had taught her unconsciously from childhood that patriotism was enough. Not seldom has the English lady appeared in history as a heroine; but generally as facing and defying strangers or savages, not specially as feeling them as fellows and equals. Those last words of the English martyr in Belgium have often been quoted by mere cosmopolitans; but cosmopolitans are the last people really to understand them. They are generally trying to prove, not that patriotism is not enough, but that it is a great deal too much. The point is here that hundreds of the most heroic and high-minded people in Protestant countries have really assumed that it is enough to be a patriot. The most careless and cynical of Catholics knows better; and so did the most vague and visionary of Universalists. Of all the Protestant difficulties, which I here find it hard to imagine, this is perhaps the most common and in many ways commendable: the fact that the normal British subject begins by being so very British. By accident I did not. The tradition I heard in my youth, the simple, the too simple truths inherited from Priestly and Martineau, had in them something of that grand generalisation upon men as men which, in the first of those great figures, faced the howling Jingoism of the French Wars and defied even the legend of Trafalgar. It is to that tradition that I owe the fact, whether it be an advantage or a disadvantage, that I cannot worthily analyse the very heroic virtues of a Plymouth Brother whose only centre is Plymouth. For that nationalism, defective as it was, began long ago in the same central civilisation in which the Church herself began; if it has ended in the Church it began long ago in the Republic: in a world where all these flags and frontiers were unknown; where all these state establishments and national sects were unthinkable; a vast cosmopolitan cosmos that had never heard the name of England, or conceived the image of a kingdom separate and at war; in that vast pagan peace which was the matrix of all these mysteries, which had forgotten the free cities and had not dreamed of the small nationalities; which knew only humanity, the humanum genus, and the name of Rome.

Mi è strano tornare ora a queste cose e pensare di averle mai prese anche solo tanto sul serio. Ma non ero molto serio nemmeno allora; e di certo non lo fui a lungo. L’ultima ombra persistente del gesuita, che scivola dietro le tende e si nasconde negli armadi, svanì dalla mia giovane vita all’incirca nel tempo in cui scorsi per la prima volta da lontano il defunto padre Bernard Vaughan. Era l’unico gesuita che conoscessi in quei giorni; e poiché di solito lo si sentiva a mezzo miglio di distanza, pareva mal scelto per le mansioni di scivolatore tra le tende. Mi ha sempre colpito come curioso che questo gesuita suscitasse una tempesta rifiutando di essere gesuitico (nel senso giornalistico, intendo), rifiutando di sostituire un fatto crudo con un liscio equivoco e con l’evasione verbale. Poiché parlava di «uccidere i tedeschi» quando i tedeschi andavano uccisi, tutta la nostra morale sfuggente e vergognosa ne fu scandalizzata. E nessuno di quei protestanti protestatari si soffermò un istante a comprendere che stavano ostentando tutta l’insincerità tergiversante che attribuivano ai gesuiti, mentre il gesuita ostentava tutto il candore schietto che rivendicavano per il protestante.

Potrei addurre molti altri esempi oltre a questi che ho dato della Bibbia nascosta, del prete dissoluto o del gesuita infido. Potrei scorrere pazientemente l’elenco di tutte queste accuse più antiquate contro Roma e mostrare come mi toccassero, o piuttosto perché non mi toccassero. Ma il mio unico scopo qui è rilevare, in via preliminare, che non mi toccarono affatto. Ebbi tutte le difficoltà che un pagano avrebbe avuto nel farsi cattolico nel quarto secolo. Ebbi ben poche delle difficoltà che un protestante ebbe dal diciassettesimo al diciannovesimo secolo. E lo devo a uomini la cui memoria onorerò sempre; a mio padre e alla sua cerchia e alla tradizione letteraria di uomini come George Macdonald e gli universalisti dell’età vittoriana. Se nacqui dalla parte sbagliata del muro romano, almeno non nacqui dalla parte sbagliata della disputa contro il papismo; e se non ereditai una fede pienamente civilizzata, non ereditai nemmeno una faida barbara. La gente tra cui nacqui desiderava essere giusta verso i cattolici anche se non sempre li comprendeva; e sarei assai ingrato se non registrassi, a loro merito, che (come un convertito assai più insigne) posso dire di essere nato libero.

Aggiungerò un esempio per illustrare questo punto, perché ci conduce a temi più vasti. Dopo un lungo tempo — potrei quasi dire dopo una vita intera — ho finalmente cominciato a capire che cosa intenda davvero il degno liberale o socialista di Balham o Battersea quando dice di essere internazionalista e che l’umanità andrebbe preferita alla ristrettezza delle nazioni. Mi si rivelò all’improvviso, dopo aver parlato con un uomo simile per molte ore, che naturalmente egli era stato allevato a credere che gli inglesi di Dio fossero la Razza Eletta. Assai probabilmente suo padre o suo zio pensavano davvero che fossero le dieci tribù perdute. In ogni caso, tutto, dal suo giornale quotidiano al suo sermone settimanale, dava per scontato che fossero il sale della terra, e specialmente che fossero il sale del mare. La sua gente non aveva mai pensato al di fuori della propria nazionalità britannica. Vivevano in un Impero su cui il sole non tramontava mai, o forse non sorgeva mai. La loro Chiesa era enfaticamente la Chiesa d’Inghilterra, anche se era una cappella dissidente. La loro religione era la Bibbia che andava dappertutto insieme alla bandiera dell’Unione. E quando compresi questo, compresi tutta la storia. Ecco perché si eccitavano per la oltremodo insulsa teoria dell’internazionalista. Ecco perché la fratellanza delle nazioni, che per me era un truismo, per loro era uno squillo di tromba. Ecco perché pareva un paradosso così elettrizzante dire che dobbiamo amare gli stranieri; conteneva in sé il divino paradosso che dobbiamo amare i nemici. Ecco perché l’internazionalista era sempre a progettare delegazioni e visite a capitali straniere e colloqui a cuore aperto e strette di mano al di là del mare. Era la meraviglia di scoprire che gli stranieri avevano mani, figuriamoci i cuori. In quell’eccitazione c’era una sorta di grido soffocato: «Guarda! Anche i francesi hanno due gambe! Vedi! I tedeschi hanno il naso nello stesso posto in cui l’abbiamo noi!» Ora un cattolico, specialmente un cattolico di nascita, non può mai comprendere quell’atteggiamento, perché fin dal principio la sua intera religione è radicata nell’unità della stirpe di Adamo, l’unica e sola Razza Eletta. È fedele al proprio paese; anzi, di solito gli è ardentemente fedele, essendo tali affetti locali per altri versi assai naturali alla sua vita religiosa, con i suoi santuari e le sue reliquie. Ma come la reliquia segue alla religione, così la fedeltà locale segue alla fratellanza universale di tutti gli uomini. Il cattolico dice: «Certo dobbiamo amare tutti gli uomini: ma che cosa amano tutti gli uomini? Amano le loro terre, i loro legittimi confini, la memoria dei loro padri. Questa è la giustificazione dell’essere nazionali, che è cosa normale.» Ma il patriota protestante non pensò mai davvero ad alcun patriottismo tranne il proprio. In tal senso il protestantesimo è patriottismo. Ma purtroppo è soltanto patriottismo. Comincia da lì e non va mai oltre. Noi cominciamo dall’umanità e la oltrepassiamo verso tutti i molteplici amori e tradizioni dell’umanità. Non vi fu mai lampo più illuminante di quello che rischiarò l’ultimo istante di uno dei più gloriosi tra i protestanti inglesi; uno dei più protestanti e dei più inglesi. Poiché tale è il significato di quella frase dell’infermiera Cavell, essa stessa la più nobile martire della nostra moderna religione della nazionalità, quando il dardo stesso del bianco sole della morte le penetrò a fondo nella mente ed ella gridò forte, come chi ha appena scoperto qualcosa: «Ora vedo che il patriottismo non basta».

Vi era questo in comune tra i cattolici cui sono giunto e i liberali tra cui nacqui: né gli uni né gli altri avrebbero mai immaginato per un istante che il patriottismo bastasse. Ma quell’idealismo insulare secondo cui quella grande donna visse le aveva davvero insegnato inconsciamente fin dall’infanzia che il patriottismo bastasse. Non di rado la donna inglese è comparsa nella storia come un’eroina; ma in genere mentre affrontava e sfidava stranieri o selvaggi, non particolarmente mentre li sentiva come simili e uguali. Quelle ultime parole della martire inglese in Belgio sono state spesso citate da meri cosmopoliti; ma i cosmopoliti sono gli ultimi a comprenderle davvero. In genere essi cercano di dimostrare non che il patriottismo non basta, ma che è fin troppo. Il punto è qui che centinaia delle persone più eroiche e più nobili nei paesi protestanti hanno davvero dato per scontato che basti essere patriota. Il più incurante e cinico dei cattolici lo sa meglio; e così lo sapeva il più vago e visionario degli universalisti. Di tutte le difficoltà protestanti, che qui mi riesce arduo immaginare, questa è forse la più comune e per molti versi la più lodevole: il fatto che il normale suddito britannico comincia con l’essere così spiccatamente britannico. Per accidente io no. La tradizione che udii in gioventù, le semplici, le troppo semplici verità ereditate da Priestley e Martineau, avevano in sé qualcosa di quella grande generalizzazione sugli uomini in quanto uomini che, nel primo di quei grandi personaggi, affrontò l’urlante sciovinismo delle guerre francesi e sfidò persino la leggenda di Trafalgar. È a quella tradizione che devo il fatto, sia esso un vantaggio o uno svantaggio, di non saper analizzare degnamente le pur eroiche virtù di un Fratello di Plymouth il cui unico centro è Plymouth. Poiché quel nazionalismo, per quanto difettoso, ebbe inizio molto tempo fa nella stessa civiltà centrale in cui ebbe inizio la Chiesa stessa; se è finito nella Chiesa, cominciò molto tempo fa nella Repubblica: in un mondo in cui tutte queste bandiere e frontiere erano ignote; in cui tutte queste chiese di Stato e sette nazionali erano impensabili; un vasto cosmo cosmopolita che non aveva mai udito il nome dell’Inghilterra, né concepito l’immagine di un regno separato e in guerra; in quella vasta pace pagana che fu la matrice di tutti questi misteri, che aveva dimenticato le libere città e non aveva sognato le piccole nazionalità; che conosceva soltanto l’umanità, l’humanum genus, e il nome di Roma.

The Catholic Church loves nations as she loves men; because they are her children. But they certainly are her children, in the sense that they are secondary to her in time and process of production. This is, as it happens, a very good example of a fallacy that often confuses discussion about the convert. The same people who call he convert a pervert, and especially a traitor to patriotism, very often use the other catchword to the effect that he is forced to believe this or that. But it is not really a question of what a man is made to believe but of what he must believe; what he cannot help believing. He cannot disbelieve in an elephant when he has seen one; and he cannot treat the Church as a child when he has discovered that she is his mother. She is not only his mother but his country’s mother in being much older and more aboriginal than his country. She is such a mother not in sentimental feeling but in historical fact. He cannot think one thing when he knows the contrary thing. He cannot think that Christianity was invented by Penda of Mercia, who sent missionaries to the heathen Augustine and the rude and barbarous Gregory. He cannot think that the Church first rose in the middle of the British Empire, and not of the Roman Empire. He cannot think that England existed, with cricket and fox-hunting and the Jacobean translation all complete, when Rome was founded or when Christ was born. It is no good talking about his being “free” to believe these things. He is exactly as free to believe them as he is to believe that a horse has feathers or that the sun is pea green. He cannot believe them when once he fully realises them; and among such things is the notion that the national claim upon a good patriot is in its nature more absolute, ancient and authoritative than the claim of the whole religious culture which first mapped out its territories and anointed its kings. That religious culture does indeed encourage him to fight to the last for his country, as for his family. But that is because the religious culture is generous and imaginative and humane and knows that men must have intimate and individual ties. But those secondary loyalties are secondary in time and logic to the law of universal morality which justifies them. And if the patriot is such a fool as to force the issue against that universal tradition from which his own patriotism descends, if he presses his claim to priority over the primitive law of the whole earth—then he will have brought it on himself if he is answered with the pulverising plainness of the Book of Job. As God said to the man, “Where were you when the foundations of the world were laid?” We might well say to the nation, “Where were you when the foundations of the Church were laid?” And the nation will not know in the least what to answer— if it should wish to answer—but will be forced to put its hand upon its mouth, if only like one who yawns and falls asleep.

I have taken this particular case of patriotism because it concerns at least an emotion in which I profoundly believe and happen to feel strongly. I have always done my best to defend it; though I have sometimes become suspect by sympathising with other people’s patriotism besides my own. But I cannot see how it can be defended except as part of a larger morality; and the Catholic morality happens to be one of the very few large moralities now ready to defend it. But the Church defends it as one of the duties of men and not as the whole duty of man; as it was in the Prussian theory of the State and too often in the British theory of the Empire. And for this the Catholic rests, exactly as the Universalist Unitarian rested, upon the actual fact of a human unity anterior to all these healthy and natural human divisions. But it is absurd to treat the Church as a novel conspiracy attacking the State, when the State was only recently a novel experiment arising within the Church. It is absurd to forget that the Church itself received the first loyalties of men who had not yet even conceived the notion of founding such a national and separate state; that the Faith really was not only the faith of our fathers, but the faith of our fathers before they had even named our fatherland.

La Chiesa cattolica ama le nazioni come ama gli uomini, perché sono suoi figli. E suoi figli lo sono certamente, nel senso che le sono posteriori nel tempo e nel processo di generazione. Questo è, si dà il caso, un ottimo esempio di un errore che spesso confonde la discussione intorno al convertito. Le stesse persone che chiamano il convertito un pervertito, e soprattutto un traditore del patriottismo, molto spesso usano l’altro luogo comune, secondo cui egli è costretto a credere questo o quello. Ma non si tratta in realtà di ciò che a un uomo si fa credere, bensì di ciò che egli deve credere; di ciò a cui non può fare a meno di credere. Non può non credere in un elefante dopo averne visto uno; e non può trattare la Chiesa come una bambina dopo aver scoperto che è sua madre. Ella è madre non solo di lui ma della sua patria, essendo assai più antica e più originaria della sua patria. È tale madre non per sentimento affettivo, ma per fatto storico. Non può pensare una cosa quando ne conosce la contraria. Non può pensare che il cristianesimo sia stato inventato da Penda di Mercia, il quale mandò missionari al pagano Agostino e al rozzo e barbaro Gregorio. Non può pensare che la Chiesa sia sorta dapprima in mezzo all’Impero britannico, e non a quello romano. Non può pensare che l’Inghilterra esistesse, completa di cricket, di caccia alla volpe e della traduzione giacobita, quando Roma fu fondata o quando Cristo nacque. Non serve a nulla parlare della sua «libertà» di credere queste cose. È libero di crederle esattamente quanto è libero di credere che un cavallo abbia le piume o che il sole sia verde pisello. Non può crederle una volta che le abbia pienamente comprese; e tra queste cose vi è l’idea che la pretesa della nazione su un buon patriota sia per sua natura più assoluta, antica e autorevole della pretesa dell’intera cultura religiosa che per prima ne tracciò i confini e ne unse i re. Quella cultura religiosa lo incoraggia in verità a combattere fino all’ultimo per la sua patria, come per la sua famiglia. Ma ciò avviene perché la cultura religiosa è generosa e fantasiosa e umana, e sa che gli uomini devono avere legami intimi e individuali. Ma quelle fedeltà secondarie sono secondarie nel tempo e nella logica rispetto alla legge della morale universale che le giustifica. E se il patriota è tanto sciocco da forzare la questione contro quella tradizione universale da cui discende il suo stesso patriottismo, se rivendica la propria priorità sulla legge primitiva di tutta la terra, allora se la sarà cercata qualora gli si risponda con la polverizzante schiettezza del Libro di Giobbe. Come Dio disse all’uomo: «Dov’eri tu quando furono poste le fondamenta del mondo?», così potremmo bene dire alla nazione: «Dov’eri tu quando furono poste le fondamenta della Chiesa?» E la nazione non saprà minimamente che cosa rispondere — ammesso che voglia rispondere — ma sarà costretta a portarsi la mano alla bocca, non fosse che come chi sbadiglia e si addormenta.

Ho scelto questo particolare caso del patriottismo perché riguarda almeno un’emozione in cui credo profondamente e che per giunta sento con forza. Ho sempre fatto del mio meglio per difenderlo; benché talvolta mi sia reso sospetto simpatizzando con il patriottismo altrui oltre che con il mio. Ma non vedo come lo si possa difendere se non come parte di una morale più ampia; e la morale cattolica si dà il caso sia una delle pochissime morali ampie oggi pronte a difenderlo. Ma la Chiesa lo difende come uno dei doveri dell’uomo e non come l’intero dovere dell’uomo; come avveniva nella teoria prussiana dello Stato e troppo spesso nella teoria britannica dell’Impero. E per questo il cattolico si fonda, esattamente come si fondava l’unitariano universalista, sul fatto reale di un’unità umana anteriore a tutte queste sane e naturali divisioni umane. Ma è assurdo trattare la Chiesa come una nuova cospirazione che aggredisce lo Stato, quando lo Stato era fino a poco fa un nuovo esperimento sorto all’interno della Chiesa. È assurdo dimenticare che la Chiesa stessa ricevette le prime fedeltà di uomini che non avevano ancora nemmeno concepito l’idea di fondare un simile stato nazionale e separato; che la Fede fu davvero non solo la fede dei nostri padri, ma la fede dei nostri padri prima ancora che avessero dato un nome alla nostra patria.

CHAPTER III: THE REAL OBSTACLES

In the last chapter I have dealt in a preliminary fashion with the Protestant case in the conventional controversial sense. I have dealt with the objections which I suspected very early of being prejudices and which I now know to be prejudices. I have dealt last and at the greatest length with what I believe to be the noblest of all the prejudices of Protestantism: that which is simply founded on patriotism. I do not think patriotism is necessarily prejudice; but I am quite sure it must be prejudice and nothing else but prejudice, unless it is covered by some common morality. And a patriotism that does not allow other people to be patriots is not a morality but an immorality. Even such a tribal prejudice, however, is a more respectable thing than most of the rags and tatters of stale slander and muddleheadedness which I am obliged to put first as the official policy of the opposition to the Church. These stale stories seem to count for a great deal with people who are resolved to keep far away from the Church. I do not believe they ever counted with anybody who had begun to draw near to it. When a man really sees the Church, even if he dislikes what he sees, he does not see what he had expected to dislike. Even if he wants to slay it he is no longer able to slander it; though he hates it at sight, what he sees is not what he looked to see; in that place he may gain a new passion but he loses his old prejudice. There drops from him the holy armour of his invincible ignorance; he can never be so stupid again. If he has a ready mind he can doubtless set his new reasons in some sort of order and even attempt to link them with his lost tradition. But the thing he hates is there; and the last chapter was wholly devoted to the study of things that are not there.

The real reasons are almost the opposite of the recognised reasons. The real difficulties are almost the opposite of the recognised difficulties. This is connected, of course, with a general fact, now so large and obvious but still not clearly comprehended and confessed. The whole case of Protestantism against Catholicism has been turned clean round and is facing the contrary way. On practically every single point on which the Reformation accused the Church, the modern world has not only acquitted the Church of the crime, but has actually charged it with the opposite crime. It is as if the reformers had mobbed the Pope for being a miser, and then the court had not only acquitted him but had censured him for his extravagance in scattering money among the mob. The principle of modern Protestantism seems to be that so long as we go on shouting “To hell with the Pope” there is room for the widest differences of opinion about whether he should go to the hell of the misers or the hell of the spendthrifts. This is what is meant by a broad basis for Christianity and the statement that there is room for many different opinions side by side. When the reformer says that the principles of the Reformation give freedom to different points of view, he means that they give freedom to the Universalist to curse Rome for having too much predestination and to the Calvinist to curse her for having too little. He means that in that happy family there is a place for the No Popery man who finds Purgatory too tender-hearted and also for the other No Popery man who finds Hell too harsh. He means that the same description can somehow be made to cover the Tolstoyan who blames priests because they permit patriotism and the Diehard who blames priests because they represent Internationalism. After all, the essential aim of true Christianity is that priests should be blamed; and who are we that we should set narrow dogmatic limits to the various ways in which various temperaments may desire to blame them? Why should we allow a cold difficulty of the logician, technically called a contradiction in terms, to stand between us and the warm and broadening human brotherhood of all who are full of sincere and unaffected dislike of their neighbours? Religion is of the heart, not of the head; and as long as all our hearts are full of a hatred for everything that our fathers loved, we can go on flatly contradicting each other for ever about what there is to be hated.

Such is the larger and more liberal modern attack upon the Church. It is quite inconsistent with the old doctrinal attack; but it does not propose to lose the advantages arising from any sort of attack. But in a somewhat analogous fashion, it will be found that the real difficulties of a modern convert are almost the direct contrary of those which were alleged by the more ancient Protestants. Protestant pamphlets do not touch even remotely any of the real hesitations that he feels; and even Catholic pamphlets have often been concerned too much with answering the Protestant pamphlets. Indeed, the only sense in which the priests and propagandists of Catholicism can really be said to be behind the times is that they sometimes go on flogging a dead horse and killing a heresy long after it has killed itself. But even that is, properly understood, a fault on the side of chivalry. The preacher, and even the persecutor, really takes the heresy more seriously than it is seen ultimately to deserve; the inquisitor has more respect for the heresy than the heretics have. Still, it is true that the grounds of suspicion or fear that do really fill the convert, and sometimes paralyse him at the very point of conversion, have really nothing in the world to do with this old crop of crude slanders and fallacies, and are often the very inversion of them.

The short way of putting it is to say that he is no longer afraid of the vices but very much afraid of the virtues of Catholicism. For instance, he has forgotten all about the old nonsense of the cunning lies of the confessional, in his lively and legitimate alarm of the truthfulness of the confessional. He does not recoil from its insincerity but from its sincerity; nor is he necessarily insincere in doing so. Realism is really a rock of offence; it is not at all unnatural to shrink from it; and most modern realists only manage to like it because they are careful to be realistic about other people. He is near enough to the sacrament of penance to have discovered its realism and not near enough to have yet discovered its reasonableness and its common sense. Most of those who have gone through this experience have a certain right to say, like the old soldier to his ignorant comrade, “Yes, I was afraid; and if you were half as much afraid, you would run away.” Perhaps it is just as well that people go through this stage before discovering how very little there is to be afraid of. In any case, I will say little more of that example here, having a feeling that absolution, like death and marriage, is a thing that a man ought to find out for himself. It will be enough to say that this is perhaps the supreme example of the fact that the Faith is a paradox that measures more within than without. If that be true of the smallest church, it is truer still of the yet smaller confessional-box, that is like a church within a church. It is almost a good thing that nobody outside should know what gigantic generosity, and even geniality, can be locked up in a box, as the legendary casket held the heart of the giant. It is a satisfaction, and almost a joke, that it is only in a dark corner and a cramped space that any man can discover that mountain of magnanimity.

CAPITOLO III: I VERI OSTACOLI

Nel capitolo precedente ho trattato in via preliminare la causa protestante nel senso convenzionale e polemico. Ho trattato le obiezioni che assai per tempo sospettai fossero pregiudizi e che ora so essere pregiudizi. Da ultimo e più diffusamente ho trattato quello che ritengo il più nobile di tutti i pregiudizi del protestantesimo: quello che si fonda semplicemente sul patriottismo. Non credo che il patriottismo sia necessariamente un pregiudizio; ma sono ben certo che debba essere pregiudizio e null’altro che pregiudizio, a meno che non sia coperto da una qualche morale comune. E un patriottismo che non consente agli altri di essere patrioti non è una morale ma un’immoralità. Tuttavia, perfino un simile pregiudizio tribale è cosa più rispettabile della maggior parte degli stracci e brandelli di stantia calunnia e confusione mentale che sono costretto a porre in primo piano come politica ufficiale dell’opposizione alla Chiesa. Queste storie stantie sembrano contare molto per le persone risolute a tenersi ben lontane dalla Chiesa. Non credo che abbiano mai contato per chiunque avesse cominciato ad avvicinarsi a essa. Quando un uomo vede davvero la Chiesa, anche se ciò che vede gli dispiace, non vede ciò che si aspettava gli dispiacesse. Anche se vuole ucciderla, non è più capace di calunniarla; benché la odii a prima vista, ciò che vede non è ciò che si aspettava di vedere; in quel luogo può guadagnare una nuova passione, ma perde il suo vecchio pregiudizio. Gli cade di dosso la sacra armatura della sua invincibile ignoranza; non potrà mai più essere tanto stupido. Se ha mente pronta, potrà senza dubbio disporre le sue nuove ragioni in una qualche sorta d’ordine e persino tentare di collegarle con la sua tradizione perduta. Ma la cosa che egli odia è lì; e il capitolo precedente era interamente dedicato allo studio di cose che non ci sono.

Le vere ragioni sono quasi l’opposto delle ragioni riconosciute. Le vere difficoltà sono quasi l’opposto delle difficoltà riconosciute. Ciò è connesso, naturalmente, con un fatto generale, ormai così grande ed evidente ma ancora non chiaramente compreso e riconosciuto. L’intera causa del protestantesimo contro il cattolicesimo è stata completamente rovesciata e guarda ora nella direzione opposta. Su praticamente ogni singolo punto su cui la Riforma accusava la Chiesa, il mondo moderno non solo ha assolto la Chiesa dal delitto, ma le ha effettivamente addossato il delitto opposto. È come se i riformatori avessero aggredito in massa il Papa perché avaro, e poi la corte non solo l’avesse assolto ma l’avesse biasimato per la sua prodigalità nello spargere denaro tra la folla. Il principio del protestantesimo moderno pare essere che, finché continuiamo a gridare «All’inferno il Papa», c’è spazio per le più ampie divergenze d’opinione sul se debba andare all’inferno degli avari o all’inferno degli scialacquatori. È questo che s’intende per un’ampia base del cristianesimo e per l’affermazione che vi è spazio per molte diverse opinioni fianco a fianco. Quando il riformatore dice che i principi della Riforma concedono libertà a diversi punti di vista, intende che concedono libertà all’universalista di maledire Roma perché ha troppa predestinazione e al calvinista di maledirla perché ne ha troppo poca. Intende che in quella felice famiglia c’è posto per l’antipapista che trova il Purgatorio troppo tenero di cuore e anche per l’altro antipapista che trova l’Inferno troppo severo. Intende che la stessa descrizione può in qualche modo essere fatta valere tanto per il tolstoiano che biasima i preti perché permettono il patriottismo, quanto per l’irriducibile che biasima i preti perché rappresentano l’internazionalismo. Dopotutto, lo scopo essenziale del vero cristianesimo è che i preti siano biasimati; e chi siamo noi per porre angusti limiti dogmatici ai vari modi in cui vari temperamenti possono desiderare di biasimarli? Perché dovremmo permettere che una fredda difficoltà del logico, tecnicamente detta contraddizione in termini, si frapponga tra noi e la calda e allargante fratellanza umana di tutti coloro che sono pieni di sincera e schietta avversione per il prossimo? La religione è del cuore, non della testa; e finché tutti i nostri cuori sono pieni di un odio per tutto ciò che i nostri padri amarono, possiamo continuare a contraddirci recisamente in eterno su ciò che c’è da odiare.

Tale è l’attacco moderno più ampio e più liberale contro la Chiesa. È del tutto incoerente con il vecchio attacco dottrinale; ma non intende perdere i vantaggi che derivano da un attacco di qualunque genere. Ma in modo alquanto analogo, si scoprirà che le vere difficoltà di un moderno convertito sono quasi il diretto contrario di quelle addotte dai protestanti più antichi. Gli opuscoli protestanti non sfiorano nemmeno lontanamente alcuna delle vere esitazioni che egli prova; e perfino gli opuscoli cattolici si sono spesso occupati troppo di rispondere agli opuscoli protestanti. Anzi, l’unico senso in cui si può davvero dire che i sacerdoti e i propagandisti del cattolicesimo siano indietro coi tempi è che talvolta continuano a frustare un cavallo morto e a uccidere un’eresia molto dopo che essa si è uccisa da sé. Ma anche questo è, a ben intenderlo, un difetto dal lato della cavalleria. Il predicatore, e persino il persecutore, prende in realtà l’eresia più sul serio di quanto in ultimo si veda ch’essa meriti; l’inquisitore ha per l’eresia più rispetto di quanto ne abbiano gli eretici. Nondimeno, è vero che i motivi di sospetto o di paura che davvero riempiono il convertito, e talora lo paralizzano proprio sul punto della conversione, non hanno in realtà nulla al mondo a che vedere con questa vecchia messe di rozze calunnie e fallacie, e ne sono spesso l’esatto rovescio.

In breve, si può dire che egli non teme più i vizi, ma teme moltissimo le virtù del cattolicesimo. Per esempio, ha del tutto dimenticato la vecchia sciocchezza delle astute menzogne del confessionale, nel suo vivo e legittimo allarme dinanzi alla veridicità del confessionale. Non arretra davanti alla sua insincerità, ma davanti alla sua sincerità; né in ciò è necessariamente insincero. Il realismo è davvero uno scoglio d’inciampo; non è affatto innaturale ritrarsene; e la maggior parte dei realisti moderni riesce ad apprezzarlo solo perché ha cura di essere realista riguardo agli altri. È abbastanza vicino al sacramento della penitenza da averne scoperto il realismo, ma non abbastanza da averne ancora scoperto la ragionevolezza e il buon senso. La maggior parte di coloro che hanno attraversato questa esperienza ha un certo diritto di dire, come il vecchio soldato al compagno inesperto: «Sì, avevo paura; e se tu avessi anche solo metà della mia paura, scapperesti». Forse è bene che le persone attraversino questa fase prima di scoprire quanto poco vi sia da temere. In ogni caso, dirò qui poco altro di quell’esempio, avendo la sensazione che l’assoluzione, come la morte e il matrimonio, sia cosa che un uomo dovrebbe scoprire da sé. Basterà dire che questo è forse l’esempio supremo del fatto che la Fede è un paradosso che misura più dentro che fuori. Se ciò è vero della più piccola chiesa, è ancor più vero del confessionale ancora più piccolo, che è come una chiesa dentro una chiesa. È quasi un bene che nessuno di fuori sappia quale gigantesca generosità, e persino cordialità, possa essere rinchiusa in una scatola, come il leggendario scrigno racchiudeva il cuore del gigante. È una soddisfazione, e quasi uno scherzo, che sia solo in un angolo buio e in uno spazio angusto che un uomo possa scoprire quella montagna di magnanimità.

It is the same with all the other points of attack, especially the old ones. The man who has come so far as that along the road has long left behind him the notion that the priest will force him to abandon his will. But he is not unreasonably dismayed at the extent to which he may have to use his will. He is not frightened because, after taking this drug, he will be henceforward irresponsible. But he is very much frightened because he will be responsible. He will have somebody to be responsible to and he will know what he is responsible for; two uncomfortable conditions which his more fortunate fellow-creatures have nowadays entirely escaped. There are of course many other examples of the same principle: that there is indeed an interval of acute doubt, which is, strictly speaking, rather fear than doubt, since in some cases at least (as I shall point out elsewhere) there is actually least doubt when there is most fear.

But anyhow, the doubts are hardly ever of the sort suggested by ordinary anti-Catholic propaganda: and it is surely time that such propagandists brought themselves more in touch with the real problem. The Catholic is scarcely ever frightened of the Protestant picture of Catholicism; but he is sometimes frightened of the Catholic picture of Catholicism; which may be a good reason for not disproportionately stressing the difficult or puzzling parts of the scheme. For the convert’s sake, it should also be remembered that one foolish word from inside does more harm than a hundred thousand foolish words from outside. The latter he has already learned to expect, like a blind hail or rain beating upon the Ark; but the voices from within, even the most casual and accidental, he is already prepared to regard as holy or more than human; and though this is unfair to people who only profess to be human beings, it is a fact that Catholics ought to remember. There is many a convert who has reached a stage at which no word from any Protestant or pagan could any longer hold him back. Only the word of a Catholic can keep him from Catholicism.

It is quite false, in my experience, to say that Jesuits, or any other Roman priests, pester and persecute people in order to proselytise. Nobody has any notion of what the whole story is about, who does not know that, through those long and dark and indecisive days, it is the man who persecutes himself. The apparent inaction of the priest may be something like the statuesque stillness of the angler; and such an attitude is not unnatural in the functions of a fisher of men. But it is very seldom impatient or premature and the person acted upon is quite lonely enough to realise that it is nothing merely external that is tugging at his liberty. The laity are probably less wise; for in most communions the ecclesiastical layman is more ecclesiastical than is good for his health, and certainly much more ecclesiastical than the ecclesiastics. My experience is that the amateur is generally much more angry than the professional; and if he expresses his irritation at the slow process of conversion, or the inconsistencies of the intermediate condition, he may do a great deal of harm, of the kind that he least intends to do. I know in my own case that I always experienced a slight setback whenever some irresponsible individual interposed to urge me on. It is worth while, for practical reasons, to testify to such experience, because it may guide the convert when he in his turn begins converting. Our enemies no longer really know how to attack the faith; but that is no reason why we should not know how to defend it.

Yet even that one trivial or incidental caution carries with it a reminder of what has been already noted: I mean the fact that whatever be the Catholic’s worries, they are the very contrary of the Protestant’s warnings. Merely as a matter of personal experience, I have been led to note here that it is not generally the priest, but much more often the layman, who rather too ostentatiously compasses sea and land to make one proselyte. All the creepy and uncanny whispers about the horror of having the priest in the home, as if he were a sort of vampire or a monster intrinsically different from mankind, vanishes with the smallest experience of the militant layman. The priest does his job, but it is much more his secular co-religionist who is disposed to explain it and talk about it. I do not object to laymen proselytising; for I never could see, even when I was practically a pagan, why a man should not urge his own opinions if he liked and that opinion as much as any other. I am not likely to complain of the evangelising energy of Mr. Hilaire Belloc or Mr. Eric Gill; if only because I owe to it the most intelligent talks of my youth. But it is that sort of man who proselytises in that sort of way; and the conventional caricature is wrong again when it always represents him in a cassock. Catholicism is not spread by any particular professional tricks or tones or secret signs or ceremonies. Catholicism is spread by Catholics; but not certainly, in private life at least, merely by Catholic priests. I merely give this here out of a hundred examples, as showing once again that the old traditional version of the terrors of Popery was almost always wrong, even where it might possibly have been right. A man may say if he likes that Catholicism is the enemy; and he may be stating from his point of view a profound spiritual truth. But if he says that Clericalism is the enemy, he is repeating a catchword.

It is my experience that the convert commonly passes through three stages or states of mind. The first is when he imagines himself to be entirely detached, or even to be entirely indifferent, but in the old sense of the term, as when the Prayer Book talks of judges who will truly and indifferently administer justice. Some flippant modern person would probably agree that our judges administer justice very indifferently. But the older meaning was legitimate and even logical and it is that which is applicable here. The first phase is that of the young philosopher who feels that he ought to be fair to the Church of Rome. He wishes to do it justice; but chiefly because he sees that it suffers injustice. I remember that when I was first on the Daily News, the great Liberal organ of the Nonconformists, I took the trouble to draw up a list of fifteen falsehoods which I found out, by my own personal knowledge, in a denunciation of Rome by Messrs. Horton and Hocking. I noted, for instance, that it was nonsense to say that the Covenanters fought for religious liberty when the Covenant denounced religious toleration; that it was false to say the Church only asked for orthodoxy and was indifferent to morality, since, if this was true of anybody, it was obviously true of the supporters of salvation by faith and not of salvation by works; that it was absurd to say that Catholics introduced a horrible sophistry of saying that a man might sometimes tell a lie, since every sane man knows he would tell a lie to save a child from Chinese torturers; that it missed the whole point, in this connection, to quote Ward’s phrase, “Make up your mind that you are justified in lying and then lie like a trooper,” for Ward’s argument was against equivocation or what people call Jesuitry. He meant, “When the child really is hiding in the cupboard and the Chinese torturers really are chasing him with red-hot pincers, then (and then only) be sure that you are right to deceive and do not hesitate to lie; but do not stoop to equivocate. Do not bother yourself to say, “The child is in a wooden house not far from here,” meaning the cupboard; but say the child is in Chiswick or Chimbora zoo, or anywhere you choose.” I find I made elaborate notes of all these arguments all that long time ago, merely for the logical pleasure of disentangling an intellectual injustice. I had no more idea of becoming a Catholic than of becoming a cannibal. I imagined that I was merely pointing out that justice should be done even to cannibals. I imagined that I was noting certain fallacies partly for the fun of the thing and partly for a certain feeling of loyalty to the truth of things. But as a matter of fact, looking back on these notes (which I never published), it seems to me that I took a tremendous amount of trouble about it if I really regarded it as a trifle; and taking trouble has certainly never been a particular weakness of mine. It seems to me that something was already working subconsciously to keep me more interested in fallacies about this particular topic than in fallacies about Free Trade or Female Suffrage or the House of Lords. Anyhow, that is the first stage in my own case and I think in many other cases: the stage of simply wishing to protect Papists from slander and oppression, not (consciously at least) because they hold any particular truth, but because they suffer from a particular accumulation of falsehood. The second stage is that in which the convert begins to be conscious not only of the falsehood but the truth and is enormously excited to find that there is far more of it than he would ever have expected. This is not so much a stage as a progress; and it goes on pretty rapidly but often for a long time. It consists in discovering what a very large number of lively and interesting ideas there are in the Catholic philosophy, that a great many of them commend themselves at once to his sympathies, and that even those which he would not accept have something to be said for them justifying their acceptance. This process, which may be called discovering the Catholic Church, is perhaps the most pleasant and straightforward part of the business easier than joining the Catholic Church and much easier than trying to live the Catholic life. It is like discovering a new continent full of strange flowers and fantastic animals, which is at once wild and hospitable. To give anything like a full account of that process would simply be to discuss about half a hundred Catholic ideas and institutions in turn. I might remark that much of it consists of the act of translation; of discovering the real meaning of words, which the Church uses rightly and the world uses wrongly. For instance, the convert discovers that “scandal” does not mean “gossip”; and the sin of causing it does not mean that it is always wicked to set silly old women wagging their tongues. Scandal means scandal, what it originally meant in Greek and Latin: the tripping up of somebody else when he is trying to be good. Or he will discover that phrases like “counsel of perfection” or “venial sin,” which mean nothing at all in the newspapers, mean something quite intelligent and interesting in the manuals of moral theology. He begins to realise that it is the secular world that spoils the sense of words; and he catches an exciting glimpse of the real case for the iron immortality of the Latin Mass. It is not a question between a dead language and a living language, in the sense of an everlasting language. It is a question between a dead language and a dying language; an inevitably degenerating language. It is these numberless glimpses of great ideas, that have been hidden from the convert by the prejudices of his provincial culture, that constitute the adventurous and varied second stage of the conversion. It is, broadly speaking, the stage in which the man is unconsciously trying to be converted. And the third stage is perhaps the truest and the most terrible. It is that in which the man is trying not to be converted.

Lo stesso vale per tutti gli altri punti d’attacco, specialmente quelli antichi. L’uomo che è giunto tanto avanti lungo la strada si è ormai lasciato alle spalle l’idea che il prete lo costringerà ad abbandonare la propria volontà. Ma non è irragionevolmente sgomento di fronte alla misura in cui gli toccherà usare la propria volontà. Non ha paura perché, dopo aver preso questa droga, sarà d’ora in poi irresponsabile. Ha invece moltissima paura perché sarà responsabile. Avrà qualcuno di fronte a cui essere responsabile e saprà di che cosa è responsabile; due scomode condizioni a cui i suoi più fortunati simili al giorno d’oggi sono interamente sfuggiti. Vi sono naturalmente molti altri esempi dello stesso principio: che c’è in effetti un intervallo di acuto dubbio, il quale è, a rigor di termini, più paura che dubbio, poiché in alcuni casi almeno (come mostrerò altrove) vi è in realtà il minimo dubbio quando vi è la massima paura.

Ma comunque sia, i dubbi non sono quasi mai di quel tipo suggerito dalla comune propaganda anticattolica: ed è certamente tempo che simili propagandisti si mettano un po’ più in contatto col problema reale. Il cattolico ha di rado paura del ritratto protestante del cattolicesimo; ma ha talvolta paura del ritratto cattolico del cattolicesimo; il che può essere una buona ragione per non insistere in modo sproporzionato sulle parti difficili o sconcertanti del sistema. Per amore del convertito, si dovrebbe pure ricordare che una sola parola sciocca dall’interno fa più danno di centomila parole sciocche dall’esterno. Le seconde ha già imparato ad aspettarsele, come una cieca grandine o pioggia che batte sull’Arca; ma le voci dall’interno, anche le più casuali e accidentali, egli è già disposto a considerarle sante o più che umane; e sebbene ciò sia ingiusto verso persone che dichiarano soltanto di essere esseri umani, è un fatto che i cattolici dovrebbero ricordare. C’è più d’un convertito che ha raggiunto uno stadio in cui nessuna parola di alcun protestante o pagano poteva più trattenerlo. Solo la parola di un cattolico può tenerlo lontano dal cattolicesimo.

È del tutto falso, per mia esperienza, dire che i gesuiti, o qualunque altro prete romano, tormentino e perseguitino la gente per fare proseliti. Nessuno ha idea di che cosa parli tutta la vicenda, se non sa che, attraverso quei giorni lunghi e oscuri e indecisi, è l’uomo che perseguita se stesso. L’apparente inazione del prete può somigliare all’immobilità statuaria del pescatore con la lenza; e un tale atteggiamento non è innaturale nelle funzioni di un pescatore di uomini. Ma è ben di rado impaziente o prematuro e la persona su cui si agisce è abbastanza sola da rendersi conto che non è nulla di puramente esterno a tirarle la libertà. I laici sono probabilmente meno saggi; poiché nella maggior parte delle confessioni il laico ecclesiastico è più ecclesiastico di quanto convenga alla sua salute, e certamente molto più ecclesiastico degli ecclesiastici. La mia esperienza è che il dilettante è in genere assai più adirato del professionista; e se esprime la sua irritazione per la lentezza del processo di conversione, o per le incoerenze della condizione intermedia, può fare un gran danno, del genere che meno intende fare. So nel mio caso che provavo sempre un lieve arretramento ogni volta che qualche individuo irresponsabile si intrometteva per spronarmi. Vale la pena, per ragioni pratiche, di testimoniare tale esperienza, perché essa può guidare il convertito quando a sua volta comincerà a convertire. I nostri nemici non sanno più davvero come attaccare la fede; ma ciò non è una ragione perché noi non dovremmo saperla difendere.

Eppure anche quell’unica banale o incidentale cautela porta con sé un richiamo a ciò che si è già notato: intendo il fatto che, quali che siano le preoccupazioni del cattolico, esse sono il vero contrario degli avvertimenti del protestante. Semplicemente come questione di esperienza personale, sono stato indotto a notare qui che non è generalmente il prete, ma assai più spesso il laico, quello che un po’ troppo ostentatamente percorre mare e terra per fare un solo proselito. Tutti i sussurri agghiaccianti e inquietanti sull’ orrore di avere il prete in casa, come se fosse una specie di vampiro o un mostro intrinsecamente diverso dal genere umano, svaniscono alla minima esperienza del laico militante. Il prete fa il suo mestiere, ma è assai più il suo secolare correligionario a essere disposto a spiegarlo e a parlarne. Non ho nulla in contrario a che i laici facciano proseliti; poiché non ho mai potuto vedere, neppure quando ero praticamente un pagano, perché un uomo non dovrebbe sostenere le proprie opinioni se gli piace, e quell’opinione tanto quanto qualunque altra. Non è probabile che io mi lamenti dell’energia evangelizzatrice del signor Hilaire Belloc o del signor Eric Gill; non fosse che perché a essa devo i più intelligenti discorsi della mia giovinezza. Ma è quel genere d’uomo che fa proseliti in quel genere di modo; e la caricatura convenzionale sbaglia di nuovo quando lo rappresenta sempre in tonaca. Il cattolicesimo non si diffonde per mezzo di particolari trucchi professionali o toni o segni segreti o cerimonie. Il cattolicesimo si diffonde per mezzo dei cattolici; ma non di certo, nella vita privata almeno, per mezzo dei soli preti cattolici. Do qui questo semplicemente fra cento esempi, per mostrare ancora una volta che l’antica versione tradizionale dei terrori del papismo era quasi sempre sbagliata, anche là dove sarebbe magari potuta essere giusta. Un uomo può dire, se gli piace, che il cattolicesimo è il nemico; e può star affermando, dal suo punto di vista, una profonda verità spirituale. Ma se dice che il clericalismo è il nemico, non fa che ripetere uno slogan.

È mia esperienza che il convertito attraversa comunemente tre stadi o stati d’animo. Il primo è quando immagina se stesso del tutto distaccato, o persino del tutto indifferente, ma nel vecchio senso del termine, come quando il libro di preghiere parla di giudici che amministreranno la giustizia in modo vero e indifferente. Qualche moderno spirito frivolo converrebbe probabilmente che i nostri giudici amministrano la giustizia in modo molto indifferente. Ma il senso più antico era legittimo e persino logico ed è quello che qui si applica. La prima fase è quella del giovane filosofo che sente di dover essere equo verso la Chiesa di Roma. Egli desidera renderle giustizia; ma soprattutto perché vede che essa subisce ingiustizia. Ricordo che, quando ero appena entrato al Daily News, il grande organo liberale dei nonconformisti, mi presi la briga di stilare un elenco di quindici falsità che scoprii, per mia personale conoscenza, in una denuncia di Roma da parte dei signori Horton e Hocking. Notai, per esempio, che era un’assurdità dire che i Covenanters combattevano per la libertà religiosa quando il Covenant condannava la tolleranza religiosa; che era falso dire che la Chiesa chiedeva solo l’ortodossia ed era indifferente alla moralità, poiché, se ciò era vero di qualcuno, era evidentemente vero dei sostenitori della salvezza per fede e non della salvezza per opere; che era assurdo dire che i cattolici introducevano un orribile sofisma nel dire che un uomo potesse talvolta mentire, poiché ogni uomo sano di mente sa che direbbe una bugia per salvare un bambino dai torturatori cinesi; che si perdeva tutto il punto, a questo proposito, nel citare la frase di Ward, “Convinciti di essere giustificato nel mentire e poi menti come un soldataccio,” poiché l’argomento di Ward era contro l’equivoco o quel che la gente chiama gesuitismo. Egli intendeva: “Quando il bambino davvero si nasconde nell’armadio e i torturatori cinesi davvero lo inseguono con tenaglie arroventate, allora (e allora soltanto) sii certo di aver ragione di ingannare e non esitare a mentire; ma non abbassarti all’equivoco. Non darti la pena di dire, «Il bambino è in una casa di legno non lontano da qui,» intendendo l’armadio; ma di’ che il bambino è a Chiswick o allo zoo di Chimbora, o dovunque tu voglia.” Trovo che presi minuziose note di tutti questi argomenti tanto tempo fa, unicamente per il piacere logico di sbrogliare un’ingiustizia intellettuale. Non avevo più idea di diventare cattolico di quanta ne avessi di diventare cannibale. Immaginavo di limitarmi a far notare che la giustizia dovrebbe essere resa persino ai cannibali. Immaginavo di rilevare certe fallacie in parte per il gusto della cosa e in parte per un certo senso di lealtà verso la verità delle cose. Ma di fatto, ripensando a queste note (che non pubblicai mai), mi pare di essermi preso un’enorme quantità di pena a riguardo, se davvero la consideravo una sciocchezza; e prendersi pena non è mai stato certo un mio particolare difetto. Mi pare che qualcosa stesse già lavorando inconsciamente per tenermi più interessato alle fallacie su questo particolare argomento che alle fallacie sul libero scambio o sul suffragio femminile o sulla Camera dei Lord. Comunque sia, quello è il primo stadio nel mio caso e credo in molti altri casi: lo stadio del semplice desiderio di proteggere i papisti dalla calunnia e dall’oppressione, non (consciamente almeno) perché detengano una qualche particolare verità, ma perché soffrono di un particolare accumulo di falsità. Il secondo stadio è quello in cui il convertito comincia a diventare consapevole non solo della falsità ma della verità ed è enormemente eccitato di scoprire che ce n’è assai più di quanta avrebbe mai potuto aspettarsi. Questo non è tanto uno stadio quanto un progresso; e procede abbastanza rapidamente ma spesso per lungo tempo. Consiste nello scoprire quale gran numero di idee vivaci e interessanti vi sia nella filosofia cattolica, che moltissime di esse si raccomandano subito alle sue simpatie, e che persino quelle che non accetterebbe hanno qualcosa che si può dire in loro favore a giustificarne l’accettazione. Questo processo, che si può chiamare lo scoprire la Chiesa cattolica, è forse la parte più piacevole e lineare dell’impresa, più facile che entrare nella Chiesa cattolica e molto più facile che cercare di vivere la vita cattolica. È come scoprire un nuovo continente pieno di strani fiori e di fantastici animali, che è a un tempo selvaggio e ospitale. Dare qualcosa come un resoconto completo di quel processo significherebbe semplicemente discutere a turno una cinquantina di idee e istituzioni cattoliche. Potrei osservare che gran parte di esso consiste nell’atto della traduzione; nello scoprire il vero significato delle parole, che la Chiesa usa rettamente e il mondo usa scorrettamente. Per esempio, il convertito scopre che “scandalo” non significa “pettegolezzo”; e il peccato di provocarlo non significa che sia sempre malvagio far chiacchierare sciocche vecchine. Scandalo significa scandalo, ciò che originariamente significava in greco e latino: lo sgambetto a qualcun altro mentre cerca di essere buono. Oppure scoprirà che espressioni come “consiglio di perfezione” o “peccato veniale,” che non significano nulla sui giornali, significano qualcosa di assai intelligente e interessante nei manuali di teologia morale. Comincia a rendersi conto che è il mondo secolare a rovinare il senso delle parole; e coglie un eccitante barlume del vero motivo a favore della ferrea immortalità della Messa latina. Non è una questione fra una lingua morta e una lingua viva, nel senso di una lingua eterna. È una questione fra una lingua morta e una lingua morente; una lingua che inevitabilmente degenera. Sono questi innumerevoli barlumi di grandi idee, che sono stati nascosti al convertito dai pregiudizi della sua cultura provinciale, a costituire l’avventuroso e vario secondo stadio della conversione. È, in senso lato, lo stadio in cui l’uomo sta inconsciamente cercando di essere convertito. E il terzo stadio è forse il più vero e il più terribile. È quello in cui l’uomo sta cercando di non essere convertito.

He has come too near to the truth, and has forgotten that truth is a magnet, with the powers of attraction and repulsion. He is filled with a sort of fear, which makes him feel like a fool who has been patronising “Popery” when he ought to have been awakening to the reality of Rome. He discovers a strange and alarming fact, which is perhaps implied in Newman’s interesting lecture on Blanco White and the two ways of attacking Catholicism. Anyhow, it is a truth that Newman and every other convert has probably found in one form or another. It is impossible to be just to the Catholic Church. The moment men cease to pull against it they feel a tug towards it. The moment they cease to shout it down they begin to listen to it with pleasure. The moment they try to be fair to it they begin to be fond of it. But when that affection has passed a certain point it begins to take on the tragic and menacing grandeur of a great love affair. The man has exactly the same sense of having committed or compromised himself; of having been in a sense entrapped, even if he is glad to be entrapped. But for a considerable time he is not so much glad as simply terrified. It may be that this real psychological experience has been misunderstood by stupider people and is responsible for all that remains of the legend that Rome is a mere trap. But that legend misses the whole point of the psychology. It is not the Pope who has set the trap or the priests who have baited it. The whole point of the position is that the trap is simply the truth. The whole point is that the man himself has made his way towards the trap of truth, and not the trap that has run after the man. All steps except the last step he has taken eagerly on his own account, out of interest in the truth; and even the last step, or the last stage, only alarms him because it is so very true. If I may refer once more to a personal experience, I may say that I for one was never less troubled by doubts than in the last phase, when I was troubled by fears. Before that final delay I had been detached and ready to regard all sorts of doctrines with an open mind. Since that delay has ended in decision, I have had all sorts of changes in mere mood; and I think I sympathise with doubts and difficulties more than I did before. But I had no doubts or difficulties just before. I had only fears; fears of something that had the finality and simplicity of suicide. But the more I thrust the thing into the back of my mind, the more certain I grew of what Thing it was. And by a paradox that does not frighten me now in the least, it may be that I shall never again have such absolute assurance that the thing is true as I had when I made my last effort to deny it.

There is a postscript or smaller point to be added here to this paradox; which I know that many will misunderstand. Becoming a Catholic broadens the mind. It especially broadens the mind about the reasons for becoming a Catholic. Standing in the centre where all roads meet, a man can look down each of the roads in turn and realise that they come from all points of the heavens. As long as he is still marching along his own road, that is the only road that can be seen, or sometimes even imagined. For instance, many a man who is not yet a Catholic calls himself a Mediaevalist. But a man who is only a Mediaevalist is very much broadened by becoming a Catholic. I am myself a Mediaevalist, in the sense that I think modern life has a great deal to learn from mediaeval life; that Guilds are a better social system than Capitalism; that friars are far less offensive than philanthropists. But I am a much more reasonable and moderate Mediaevalist than I was when I was only a Mediaevalist. For instance, I felt it necessary to be perpetually pitting Gothic architecture against Greek architecture, because it was necessary to back up Christians against pagans. But now I am in no such fuss and I know what Coventry Patmore meant when he said calmly that it would have been quite as Catholic to decorate his mantelpiece with the Venus of Milo as with the Virgin. As a Mediaevalist I am still proudest of the Gothic; but as a Catholic I am proud of the Baroque. That intensity which seems almost narrow because it comes to the point, like a mediaeval window, is very representative of that last concentration that comes just before conversion. At the last moment of all, the convert often feels as if he were looking through a leper’s window. He is looking through a little crack or crooked hole that seems to grow smaller as he stares at it; but it is an opening that looks towards the Altar. Only, when he has entered the Church, he finds that the Church is much larger inside than it is outside. He has left behind him the lop-sidedness of lepers’ windows and even in a sense the narrowness of Gothic doors; and he is under vast domes as open as the Renaissance and as universal as the Republic of the world. He can say in a sense unknown to all modern men certain ancient and serene words: Romanus civis sum; I am not a slave.

The point for the moment, however, is that there is generally an interval of intense nervousness, to say the least of it, before this normal heritage is reached. To a certain extent it is a fear which attaches to all sharp and irrevocable decisions; it is suggested in all the old jokes about the shakiness of the bridegroom at the wedding or the recruit who takes the shilling and gets drunk partly to celebrate, but partly also to forget it. But it is the fear of a fuller sacrament and a mightier army. He has, by the nature of the case, left a long way behind him the mere clumsy idea that the sacrament will poison him or the army will kill him. He has probably passed the point, though he does generally pass it at some time, when he wonders whether the whole business is an extraordinarily intelligent and ingenious confidence trick. He is not now in the condition which may be called the last phase of real doubt. I mean that in which he wondered whether the thing that everybody told him was too bad to be tolerable, is not too good to be true. Here again the recurrent principle is present; and the obstacle is the very opposite of that which Protestant propaganda has pointed out. If he still has the notion of being trapped, he has no longer any notion of being tricked. He is not afraid of finding the Church out, but rather of the Church finding him out.

Egli si è accostato troppo alla verità, e ha dimenticato che la verità è una calamita, dotata dei poteri dell’attrazione e della repulsione. È invaso da una sorta di timore, che lo fa sentire come uno sciocco che ha trattato con degnazione il “papismo” mentre avrebbe dovuto destarsi alla realtà di Roma. Scopre un fatto strano e allarmante, forse implicito nell’interessante conferenza di Newman su Blanco White e sui due modi di attaccare il cattolicesimo. In ogni caso, è una verità che Newman e ogni altro convertito ha probabilmente trovato in una forma o nell’altra. È impossibile essere giusti verso la Chiesa cattolica. Nel momento in cui gli uomini smettono di tirare contro di essa, sentono uno strattone verso di essa. Nel momento in cui smettono di gridarle contro, cominciano ad ascoltarla con piacere. Nel momento in cui cercano di essere equi verso di essa, cominciano ad affezionarvisi. Ma quando quell’affetto ha superato un certo punto, comincia ad assumere la tragica e minacciosa grandezza di una grande storia d’amore. L’uomo prova esattamente lo stesso senso di essersi impegnato o compromesso; di essere stato in un certo senso irretito, anche se è lieto di esserlo. Ma per un tempo considerevole non è tanto lieto quanto semplicemente terrorizzato. Può darsi che questa reale esperienza psicologica sia stata fraintesa da gente più ottusa e sia responsabile di tutto ciò che rimane della leggenda secondo cui Roma è una mera trappola. Ma quella leggenda manca completamente il punto della psicologia. Non è il Papa che ha teso la trappola né i preti che l’hanno adescata. Tutto il punto della posizione è che la trappola è semplicemente la verità. Tutto il punto è che l’uomo stesso si è fatto strada verso la trappola della verità, e non la trappola che ha corso dietro all’uomo. Tutti i passi tranne l’ultimo li ha compiuti avidamente di propria iniziativa, per interesse verso la verità; e persino l’ultimo passo, o l’ultima tappa, lo allarma soltanto perché è così tremendamente vera. Se posso riferirmi ancora una volta a un’esperienza personale, posso dire che io, per parte mia, non fui mai meno turbato dai dubbi che nell’ultima fase, quando ero turbato dai timori. Prima di quell’ultimo indugio ero stato distaccato e pronto a considerare ogni sorta di dottrine con mente aperta. Da quando quell’indugio si è concluso in decisione, ho avuto ogni sorta di mutamenti di semplice umore; e credo di simpatizzare con i dubbi e le difficoltà più di quanto facessi prima. Ma non avevo dubbi né difficoltà appena prima. Avevo soltanto timori; timori di qualcosa che aveva la finalità e la semplicità del suicidio. Ma più cacciavo la cosa in fondo alla mente, più certo diventavo di quale Cosa fosse. E per un paradosso che non mi spaventa affatto ora, può darsi che non avrò mai più un’assicurazione tanto assoluta che la cosa è vera come l’avevo quando compii il mio ultimo sforzo per negarla.

C’è un poscritto o punto minore da aggiungere qui a questo paradosso; che so che molti fraintenderanno. Diventare cattolico allarga la mente. Allarga specialmente la mente riguardo alle ragioni per diventare cattolico. Stando nel centro dove tutte le strade si incontrano, un uomo può guardare lungo ciascuna delle strade a turno e rendersi conto che vengono da tutti i punti dei cieli. Finché egli marcia ancora lungo la propria strada, quella è l’unica strada che si possa vedere, o talvolta persino immaginare. Per esempio, molti che non sono ancora cattolici si dicono medievalisti. Ma un uomo che è soltanto un medievalista viene molto allargato diventando cattolico. Io stesso sono un medievalista, nel senso che penso che la vita moderna abbia molto da imparare dalla vita medievale; che le Corporazioni siano un sistema sociale migliore del Capitalismo; che i frati siano assai meno offensivi dei filantropi. Ma sono un medievalista molto più ragionevole e moderato di quanto fossi quando ero soltanto un medievalista. Per esempio, sentivo la necessità di contrapporre perpetuamente l’architettura gotica all’architettura greca, perché era necessario sostenere i cristiani contro i pagani. Ma ora non sono in tale agitazione e so che cosa intendeva Coventry Patmore quando disse pacatamente che sarebbe stato altrettanto cattolico decorare la propria mensola del caminetto con la Venere di Milo quanto con la Vergine. Come medievalista sono ancora fierissimo del gotico; ma come cattolico sono fiero del barocco. Quell’intensità che sembra quasi angusta perché va dritta al punto, come una finestra medievale, è assai rappresentativa di quell’ultima concentrazione che viene proprio prima della conversione. Nell’ultimissimo momento, il convertito spesso sente come se stesse guardando attraverso la finestra di un lebbroso. Guarda attraverso una piccola fessura o foro storto che sembra farsi più piccolo mentre lo fissa; ma è un’apertura che guarda verso l’Altare. Solo che, quando è entrato nella Chiesa, scopre che la Chiesa è molto più grande dentro di quanto lo sia fuori. Si è lasciato alle spalle la sbilenchezza delle finestre dei lebbrosi e persino, in un certo senso, la strettezza delle porte gotiche; ed è sotto vaste cupole aperte come il Rinascimento e universali come la Repubblica del mondo. Egli può dire in un senso ignoto a tutti gli uomini moderni certe parole antiche e serene: Romanus civis sum; io non sono uno schiavo.

Il punto per il momento, tuttavia, è che vi è generalmente un intervallo di intensa apprensione, per dire il meno, prima che si raggiunga questa normale eredità. In una certa misura è un timore che si lega a tutte le decisioni nette e irrevocabili; è suggerito in tutte le vecchie battute sulla malfermezza dello sposo alle nozze o sulla recluta che accetta lo scellino e si ubriaca in parte per festeggiare, ma in parte anche per dimenticarlo. Ma è il timore di un sacramento più pieno e di un esercito più possente. Egli, per la natura stessa del caso, si è lasciato assai indietro la mera goffa idea che il sacramento lo avvelenerà o che l’esercito lo ucciderà. Ha probabilmente superato il punto, anche se in genere lo supera in qualche momento, in cui si domanda se l’intera faccenda sia un imbroglio straordinariamente intelligente e ingegnoso. Ora non è nella condizione che si può chiamare l’ultima fase del vero dubbio. Intendo quella in cui si domandava se la cosa che tutti gli dicevano essere troppo cattiva per essere tollerabile non sia troppo buona per essere vera. Anche qui è presente il principio ricorrente; e l’ostacolo è l’esatto contrario di quello che la propaganda protestante ha indicato. Se egli ha ancora la nozione di essere intrappolato, non ha più alcuna nozione di essere ingannato. Non ha paura di scoprire la Chiesa, ma piuttosto che la Chiesa scopra lui.

This note on the stages of conversion is necessarily very negative and inadequate. There is in the last second of time or hair’s breadth of space, before the iron leaps to the magnet, an abyss full of all the unfathomable forces of the universe. The space between doing and not doing such a thing is so tiny and so vast. It is only possible here to give the reasons for Catholicism, not the cause of Catholicism. I have tried to suggest here some of the enlightenments and experiences which gradually teach those who have been taught to think ill of the Church to begin to think well of her. That anything described as so bad should turn out to be so good is itself a rather arresting process having a savour of something sensational and strange. To come to curse and remain to bless, to come to scoff and remain to pray, is always welcome in a spirit of wonder and the glow of an unexpected good.

But it is one thing to conclude that Catholicism is good and another to conclude that it is right. It is one thing to conclude that it is right and another to conclude that it is always right. I had never believed the tradition that it was diabolical; I had soon come to doubt the idea that it was inhuman, but that would only have left me with the obvious inference that it was human. It is a considerable step from that to the inference that it is divine. When we come to that conviction of divine authority, we come to the more mysterious matter of divine aid. In other words. we come to the unfathomable idea of grace and the gift of faith; and I have not the smallest intention of attempting to fathom it. It is a theological question of the utmost complexity; and it is one thing to feel it as a fact and another to define it as a truth. One or two points about the preliminary dispositions that prepare the mind for it are all that need be indicated here. To begin with, there is one sense in which the blackest bigots are really the best philosophers. The Church really is like Antichrist in the sense that it is as unique as Christ. Indeed, if it be not Christ it probably is Antichrist; but certainly it is not Moses or Mahomet or Buddha or Plato or Pythagoras. The more we see of humanity, the more we sympathise with humanity, the more we shall see that when it is simply human it is simply heathen; and the names of its particular local gods or tribal prophets or highly respectable sages are a secondary matter compared with that human and heathen character. In the old paganism of Europe, in the existing paganism of Asia, there have been gods and priests and prophets and sages of all sorts; but not another institution of this sort. The pagan cults die very slowly; they do not return very rapidly. They do not make the sort of claim that is made at a crisis; and then make the same claim again and again at crisis after crisis throughout the whole history of the earth. All that people fear in the Church, all that they hate in her, all against which they most harden their hearts and sometimes (one is tempted to say) thicken their heads, all that has made people consciously and unconsciously treat the Catholic Church as a peril, is the evidence that there is something here that we cannot look on at languidly and with detachment, as we might look on at Hottentotts dancing at the new moon or Chinamen burning paper in porcelain temples. The Chinaman and the tourist can be on the best of terms on a basis of mutual scorn. But in the duel of the Church and the world is no such shield of contempt. The Church will not consent to scorn the soul of a coolie or even a tourist; and the measure of the madness with which men hate her is but their vain attempt to despise.

Another element, far more deep and delicate and hard to describe, is the immediate connection of what is most awful and archaic with what is most intimate and individual. It is a miracle in itself that anything so huge and historic in date and design should be so fresh in the affections. It is as if a man found his own parlour and fireside in the heart of the Great Pyramid. It is as if a child’s favourite doll turned out to be the oldest sacred image in the world, worshipped in Chaldea or Nineveh. It is as if a girl to whom a man made love in a garden were also, in some dark and double fashion, a statue standing for ever in a square. It is just here that all those things which were regarded as weakness come in as the fulness of strength. Everything that men called sentimental in Roman Catholic religion, its keepsakes, its small flowers and almost tawdry trinkets, its figures with merciful gestures and gentle eyes, its avowedly popular pathos and all that Matthew Arnold meant by Christianity with its “relieving tears”—all this is a sign of sensitive and vivid vitality in anything so vast and settled and systematic. There is nothing quite like this warmth, as in the warmth of Christmas, amid ancient hills hoary with such snows of antiquity. It can address even God Almighty with diminutives. In all its varied vestments it wears its Sacred Heart upon its sleeve. But to those who know that it is full of these lively affections, like little leaping flames, there is something of almost ironic satisfaction in the stark and primitive size of the thing, like some prehistoric monster; in its spires and mitres like the horns of giant herds or its colossal cornerstones like the four feet of an elephant. It would be easy to write a merely artistic study of the strange externals of the Roman religion, which should make it seem as uncouth and unearthly as Aztec or African religion It would be easy to talk of it as if it were really some sort of mammoth or monster elephant, older than the Ice Age, towering over the Stone Age; his very lines traced, it would seem, in the earthquakes or landslides of some older creation, his very organs and outer texture akin to unrecorded patterns of vegetation and air and light—the last residuum of a lost world. But the prehistoric monster is in the Zoological Gardens and not in the Natural History Museum. The extinct animal is still alive. And anything outlandish and unfamiliar in its form accentuates the startling naturalness and familiarity of its mind, as if the Sphinx began suddenly to talk of the topics of the hour. The super-elephant is not only a tame animal but a pet; and a young child shall lead him.

This antithesis between all that is formidable and remote and all that is personally relevant and realistically tender is another of those converging impressions which meet in the moment of conviction. But of all these things, that come nearest to the actual transition of the gift of faith, it is far harder to write than of the rationalistic and historical preliminaries of the enquiry. It is only with those preliminary dispositions towards the truth that I claim to deal here. In the chapters that follow I propose to touch upon two of the larger considerations of this class, not because they are in themselves any larger than many other immense aspects of so mighty a theme, but because they happen to balance each other and form a sort of antithesis very typical of all Catholic truth. In the first of the two chapters I shall try to point out how it is that when we praise the Church for her greatness we do not merely mean her largeness but, in a rather notable and unique sense, her universality. We mean her power of being cosmos and containing other things. And in the second chapter I shall point out what may seem to disturb this truth but really balances it. I mean the fact that we value the Church because she is a Church Militant; and sometimes even because she militates against ourselves. She is something more than the cosmos, in the sense of completed nature or completed human nature. She proves that she is some thing more by sometimes being right where they are wrong. These two aspects must be considered separately, though they come together to form the full conviction that comes just before conversion. But in this chapter I have merely noted down a few points or stages of the conversion considered as a practical process; and especially those three stages of it through which many a Protestant or Agnostic must have passed. Many a man, looking back cheerfully on them now, will not be annoyed if I call the first, patronising the Church; and the second, discovering the Church; and the third, running away from the Church. When those three phases are over, a larger truth begins to come into sight; it is much too large to describe and we will proceed to describe it.

Questa nota sulle fasi della conversione è necessariamente molto negativa e inadeguata. C’è nell’ultimo secondo di tempo o nel pelo di spazio, prima che il ferro salti verso la calamita, un abisso pieno di tutte le forze insondabili dell’universo. Lo spazio tra fare e non fare una cosa del genere è così piccolo e così vasto. Qui è possibile solo dare i motivi per il cattolicesimo, non la causa del cattolicesimo. Ho cercato di suggerire qui alcuni degli schiarimenti ed esperienze che gradualmente insegnano a coloro che sono stati insegnati a pensare male della Chiesa a cominciare a pensarbene di lei. Che qualcosa descritto come così cattivo si riveli essere così buono è in sé un processo piuttosto sorprendente, con un sapore di qualcosa di sensazionale e strano. Venire per maledire e rimanere a benedire, venire per deridere e rimanere a pregare, è sempre gradito nello spirito della meraviglia e nel calore di un bene inaspettato.

Ma è una cosa concludere che il cattolicesimo sia buono e un’altra concludere che abbia ragione. È una cosa concludere che ha ragione e un’altra concludere che ha sempre ragione. Non avevo mai creduto alla tradizione secondo cui fosse diabolico; presto ero arrivato a dubitare dell’idea che fosse disumano, ma questo mi avrebbe lasciato solo la deduzione ovvia che fosse umano. È un passo considerevole da questa alla deduzione che sia divino. Quando giungiamo a questa convinzione di autorità divina, giungiamo all’argomento più misterioso dell’aiuto divino. In altre parole, giungiamo all’idea insondabile della grazia e del dono della fede; e non ho la minima intenzione di tentare di sondarla. È una questione teologica di estrema complessità; ed è una cosa sentirla come un fatto e un’altra definirla come una verità. Uno o due punti sulle disposizioni preliminari che preparano la mente ad essa sono tutto ciò che qui va indicato. Per cominciare, c’è un senso in cui i bigotti più neri sono davvero i migliori filosofi. La Chiesa è veramente come l’Anticristo nel senso che è altrettanto unica quanto Cristo. In effetti, se non fosse Cristo probabilmente sarebbe Anticristo; ma certamente non è Mosè o Maometto o Buddha o Platone o Pitagora. Più vediamo dell’umanità, più simpatizziamo con l’umanità, più vedremo che quando è semplicemente umana è semplicemente pagana; e i nomi dei suoi particolari dèi locali o profeti tribali o saggi altamente rispettabili sono una questione secondaria rispetto a quel carattere umano e pagano. Nel vecchio paganesimo dell’Europa, nel paganesimo esistente in Asia, ci sono stati dèi e sacerdoti e profeti e saggi di ogni sorta; ma non un’altra istituzione di questo tipo. I culti pagani muoiono molto lentamente; non ritornano molto rapidamente. Non fanno il genere di pretese che si fa in una crisi; e poi ripetono la stessa pretesa ancora e ancora a ogni crisi dopo l’altra per tutta la storia della terra. Tutto ciò che le persone temono nella Chiesa, tutto ciò che odiano in essa, tutto contro cui induriscono maggiormente i loro cuori e a volte (uno è tentato di dire) addensano le loro teste, tutto ciò che ha fatto trattare consapevolmente e inconsapevolmente la Chiesa Cattolica come un pericolo, è la prova che qui c’è qualcosa che non possiamo guardare con languida distacco, come potremmo guardare gli Ovambo danzare alla nuova luna o i Cinesi bruciare carta in templi di porcellana. Il Cinese e il turista possono andare d’accordo a meraviglia su una base di reciproco disprezzo. Ma nel duello tra la Chiesa e il mondo non c’è uno scudo del genere fatto di disprezzo. La Chiesa non acconsentirà a disprezzare l’anima di un coolie o anche quella di un turista; e la misura della pazzia con cui gli uomini la odiano è solo il loro vano tentativo di disprezzarla.

Un altro elemento, molto più profondo e delicato e difficile da descrivere, è la connessione immediata di ciò che è più terribile e arcaico con ciò che è più intimo e individuale. È un miracolo in sé che qualcosa di così enorme e storico per data e disegno sia così fresco nei sentimenti. È come se un uomo trovasse il proprio salotto e caminetto nel cuore della Grande Piramide. È come se la bambola preferita di un bambino si rivelasse essere l’immagine sacra più antica del mondo, adorata in Caldea o a Ninive. È come se una ragazza a cui un uomo fece corte in un giardino fosse anche, in qualche modo oscuro e doppio, una statua che sta per sempre su una piazza. Proprio qui entrano tutte quelle cose che erano considerate debolezze come pienezza di forza. Tutto ciò che gli uomini chiamavano sentimentale nella religione cattolica romana, i suoi ricordi, i suoi piccoli fiori e quasi volgari cianfrusaglie, le sue figure con gesti misericordiosi e occhi gentili, il suo patetismo popolare dichiarato e tutto ciò che Matthew Arnold intendeva per cristianesimo con le sue “lacrime di sollievo” — tutto questo è un segno di sensibilità e vivida vitalità in qualcosa di così vasto, stabilito e sistematico. Non c’è nulla di paragonabile a questo calore, come nel calore del Natale, tra antiche colline incanutite da tali nevi dell’antichità. Può rivolgersi persino a Dio Onnipotente con diminutivi. In tutti i suoi vari paramenti porta il suo Sacro Cuore sul braccio. Ma per coloro che sanno che è piena di queste vivaci affezioni, come piccole fiamme danzanti, c’è qualcosa di quasi soddisfazione ironica nella nuda e primitiva grandezza della cosa, come un qualche mostro preistorico; nelle sue guglie e mitre come le corna di giganteschi branchi o i suoi colossali elementi angolari come i quattro piedi di un elefante. Sarebbe facile scrivere uno studio puramente artistico degli strani esteriori della religione romana, che la farebbero sembrare così rozza e ultraterrena come le religioni azteca o africana. Sarebbe facile parlarne come se fosse davvero una sorta di mammut o elefante mostro, più antico dell’Era Glaciale, che svetta sull’Età della Pietra; le sue stesse linee tracciate, sembrerebbe, negli terremoti o frane di qualche creazione più antica, i suoi organi e la sua struttura esterna imparentati con modelli non registrati di vegetazione, aria e luce — il residuo finale di un mondo perduto. Ma il mostro preistorico è negli Zoo e non nel Museo di Storia Naturale. L’animale estinto è ancora vivo. E qualsiasi cosa straniera e sconosciuta nella sua forma accentua la sorprendente naturalezza e familiarità della sua mente, come se la Sfinge iniziasse improvvisamente a parlare degli argomenti dell’ora. Il super-elefante non è solo un animale addomesticato ma un animaletto; e un giovane bambino lo guiderà.

Questa antitesi tra tutto ciò che è formidabile e remoto e tutto ciò che è personalmente rilevante e realisticamente tenero è un’altra di quelle impressioni convergenti che si incontrano nel momento della convinzione. Ma di tutte queste cose, che si avvicinano maggiormente alla reale transizione del dono della fede, è molto più difficile scrivere rispetto ai preliminari razionalistici e storici dell’indagine. È solo con quelle disposizioni preliminari verso la verità che pretendo di occuparmi qui. Nei capitoli che seguono propongo di toccare due delle più ampie considerazioni di questa classe, non perché siano in sé stesse più grandi di molti altri aspetti immensi di un tema così potente, ma perché capita che si bilancino a vicenda e formano una sorta di antitesi molto tipica di tutta la verità cattolica. Nel primo dei due capitoli proverò a indicare come sia che quando lodiamo la Chiesa per la sua grandezza non intendiamo semplicemente la sua ampiezza ma, in un senso piuttosto notevole e unico, la sua universalità. Intendiamo il suo potere di essere cosmo e contenere altre cose. E nel secondo capitolo indicherò ciò che può sembrare disturbare questa verità ma in realtà la bilancia. Intendo il fatto che apprezziamo la Chiesa perché è una Chiesa Militante; e talvolta anche perché milita contro di noi. È qualcosa di più del cosmo, nel senso di natura completata o natura umana completata. Dimostra di essere qualcosa in più a volte avendo ragione dove loro hanno torto. Questi due aspetti devono essere considerati separatamente, sebbene si uniscano per formare la piena convinzione che arriva appena prima della conversione. Ma in questo capitolo ho semplicemente annotato alcuni punti o stadi della conversione considerata come un processo pratico; e specialmente quei tre stadi attraverso i quali molti un protestante o agnostico devono essere passati. Molti, guardandosi indietro con allegria ora, non si offenderanno se chiamo il primo, paternalisticamente la Chiesa; e il secondo, scoprire la Chiesa; e il terzo, scappare dalla Chiesa. Quando queste tre fasi sono finite, una più ampia verità comincia a entrare in vista; è troppo grande per essere descritta e procederemo a descriverla.

CHAPTER IV: THE WORLD INSIDE OUT

The first fallacy about the Catholic Church is the idea that it is a church. I mean that it is a church in the sense in which the Nonconformist newspapers talk about The Churches. I do not intend any expression of contempt about The Churches; nor is it an expression of contempt to say that it would be more convenient to call them the sects. This is true in a much deeper and more sympathetic sense than may at first appear; but to begin with, it is certainly true in a perfectly plain and historical sense, which has nothing to do with sympathy at all. Thus, for instance, I have much more sympathy for small nationalities than I have for small sects. But it is simply a historical fact that the Roman Empire was the Empire and that it was not a small nationality. And it is simply a historical fact that the Roman Church is the Church and is not a sect. Nor is there anything narrow or unreasonable in saying that the Church is the Church. It may be a good thing that the Roman Empire broke up into nations; but it certainly was not one of the nations into which it broke up. And even a person who thinks it fortunate that the Church broke up into sects ought to be able to distinguish between the little things he likes and the big thing he has broken. As a matter of fact, in the case of things so large, so unique and so creative of the culture about them as were the Roman Empire and the Roman Church, it is not controversial but simply correct to confine the one word to the one example. Everybody who originally used the word “Empire” used it of that Empire; everybody who used the word “Ecclesia” used it of that Ecclesia. There may have been similar things in other places, but they could not be called by the same name for the simple reason that they were not named in the same language. We know what we mean by a Roman Emperor; we can if we like talk of a Chinese Emperor, just as we can if we like take a particular sort of a Mandarin and say he is equivalent to a Marquis. But we never can be certain that he is exactly equivalent; for the thing we are thinking about is peculiar to our own history and in that sense stands alone. Now in that, if in no other sense, the Catholic Church stands alone. It does not merely belong to a class of Christian churches. It does not merely belong to a class of human religions. Considered quite coldly and impartially, as by a man from the moon, it is much more sui generis than that. It is, if the critic chooses to think so, the ruin of an attempt at a Universal Religion which was bound to fail. But calling the wreckers to break up a ship does not turn the ship into one of its own timbers; and cutting Poland up into three pieces does not make Poland the same as Posen.

But in a much more profound and philosophical sense this notion that the Church is one of the sects is the great fallacy of the whole affair. It is a matter more psychological and more difficult to describe. But it is perhaps the most sensational of the silent upheavals or reversals in the mind that constitute the revolution called conversion. Every man conceives himself as moving about in a cosmos of some kind; and the man of the days of my youth walked about in a kind of vast and airy Crystal Palace in which there were exhibits set side by side. The cosmos, being made of glass and iron, was partly transparent and partly colourless; anyhow, there was something negative about it; arching over all our heads, a roof as remote as a sky, it seemed to be impartial and impersonal. Our attention was fixed on the exhibits, which were all carefully ticketed and arranged in rows; for it was the age of science. Here stood all the religions in a row— the churches or sects or whatever we called them; and towards the end of the row there was a particularly dingy and dismal one, with a pointed roof half fallen in and pointed windows most broken with stones by passers-by; and we were told that this particular exhibit was the Roman Catholic Church. Some of us were sorry for it and even fancied it had been rather badly used; most of us regarded it as dirty and disreputable; a few of us even pointed out that many details in the ruin were artistically beautiful or architecturally important. But most people preferred to deal at other and more business-like booths; at the Quaker shop of Peace and Plenty or the Salvation Army store where the showman beats the big drum outside. Now conversion consists very largely, on its intellectual side, in the discovery that all that picture of equal creeds inside an indifferent cosmos is quite false. It is not a question of comparing the merits and defects of the Quaker meeting-house set beside the Catholic cathedral. It is the Quaker meeting-house that is inside the Catholic cathedral; it is the Catholic cathedral that covers everything like the vault of the Crystal Palace; and it is when we look up at the vast distant dome covering all the exhibits that we trace the Gothic roof and the pointed windows. In other words, Quakerism is but a temporary form of Quietism which has arisen technically outside the Church as the Quietism of Fenelon appeared technically inside the Church. But both were in themselves temporary and would have, like Fenelon, sooner or later to return to the Church in order to live. The principle of life in all these variations of Protestantism, in so far as it is not a principle of death, consists of what remained in them of Catholic Christendom; and to Catholic Christendom they have always returned to be recharged with vitality. I know that this will sound like a statement to be challenged; but it is true. The return of Catholic ideas to the separated parts of Christendom was often indeed indirect. But though the influence came through many, centrest it always came from one. It came through the Romantic Movement, a glimpse of the mere picturesqueness of mediaevalism; but it is something more than an accident that Romances, like Romance languages, are named after Rome. Or it came through the instinctive reaction of old-fashioned people like Johnson or Scott or Cobbett, wishing to save old elements that had originally been Catholic against a progress that was merely Capitalist. But it led them to denounce that Capitalist progress and become, like Cobbett, practical foes of Protestantism without being practising followers of Catholicism. Or it came from the Pre-Raphaelites or the opening of continental art and culture by Matthew Arnold and Morris and Ruskin and the rest. But examine the actual make-up of the mind of a good Quaker or Congregational minister at this moment, and compare it with the mind of such a dissenter in the Little Bethel before such culture came. And you will see how much of his health and happiness he owes to Ruskin and what Ruskin owed to Giotto; to Morris and what Morris owed to Chaucer; to fine scholars of his own school like Philip Wicksteed, and what they owe to Dante and St. Thomas. Such a man will still sometimes talk of the Middle Ages as the Dark Ages. But the Dark Ages have improved the wallpaper on his wall and the dress on his wife and all the whole dingy and vulgar life which he lived in the days of Stiggins and Brother Tadger. For he also is a Christian and lives only by the life of Christendom.

CAPITOLO IV: IL MONDO ALLA ROVESCIA

La prima fallacia riguardo alla Chiesa Cattolica è l’idea che essa sia una chiesa. Intendo che sia una chiesa nel senso in cui i giornali anticonformisti parlano delle Chiese. Non intendo alcuna espressione di disprezzo verso le Chiese; né è un’espressione di disprezzo dire che sarebbe più comodo chiamarle le sette. Ciò è vero in un senso assai più profondo e più benevolo di quanto possa apparire a prima vista; ma per cominciare, è certamente vero in un senso del tutto piano e storico, che nulla ha a che fare con la benevolenza. Così, per esempio, provo molta più simpatia per le piccole nazionalità che per le piccole sette. Ma è semplicemente un fatto storico che l’Impero Romano fosse l’Impero e che non fosse una piccola nazionalità. Ed è semplicemente un fatto storico che la Chiesa Romana sia la Chiesa e non sia una setta. Né v’è alcunché di angusto o irragionevole nel dire che la Chiesa è la Chiesa. Può essere una buona cosa che l’Impero Romano si sia frantumato in nazioni; ma di certo esso non era una delle nazioni in cui si frantumò. E persino chi ritiene fortunato che la Chiesa si sia frantumata in sette dovrebbe essere in grado di distinguere tra le piccole cose che gli piacciono e la grande cosa che ha spezzato. In realtà, nel caso di cose tanto grandi, tanto uniche e tanto creatrici della cultura che le circonda quali furono l’Impero Romano e la Chiesa Romana, non è polemico ma semplicemente corretto riservare l’unica parola all’unico esempio. Chiunque usò in origine la parola «Impero» la usò per quell’Impero; chiunque usò la parola «Ecclesia» la usò per quell’Ecclesia. Vi possono essere state cose simili in altri luoghi, ma non potevano essere chiamate con lo stesso nome per la semplice ragione che non venivano nominate nella stessa lingua. Sappiamo che cosa intendiamo per Imperatore Romano; possiamo, se vogliamo, parlare di un Imperatore Cinese, proprio come possiamo, se vogliamo, prendere un particolare tipo di Mandarino e dire che equivale a un Marchese. Ma non possiamo mai essere certi che equivalga esattamente; poiché la cosa a cui stiamo pensando è peculiare della nostra storia e in tal senso sta sola. Ora, in questo, se non in altro senso, la Chiesa Cattolica sta sola. Non appartiene semplicemente a una categoria di chiese cristiane. Non appartiene semplicemente a una categoria di religioni umane. Considerata con tutta freddezza e imparzialità, come da un uomo venuto dalla luna, è assai più sui generis di così. Essa è, se il critico sceglie di pensarla così, la rovina di un tentativo di Religione Universale destinato a fallire. Ma chiamare i demolitori a smantellare una nave non trasforma la nave in una delle sue stesse assi; e tagliare la Polonia in tre pezzi non rende la Polonia uguale a Posen.

Ma in un senso assai più profondo e filosofico questa nozione che la Chiesa sia una delle sette è la grande fallacia dell’intera faccenda. È una questione più psicologica e più difficile da descrivere. Ma è forse il più clamoroso dei silenziosi sconvolgimenti o ribaltamenti della mente che costituiscono la rivoluzione chiamata conversione. Ogni uomo concepisce se stesso come in movimento entro un cosmo di qualche sorta; e l’uomo dei giorni della mia giovinezza si aggirava in una specie di vasto e arioso Palazzo di Cristallo in cui vi erano esposti allineati fianco a fianco. Il cosmo, fatto di vetro e ferro, era in parte trasparente e in parte incolore; comunque, vi era qualcosa di negativo in esso; inarcandosi sopra tutte le nostre teste, un tetto remoto come un cielo, sembrava imparziale e impersonale. La nostra attenzione era fissa sugli esposti, tutti accuratamente etichettati e disposti in file; poiché era l’età della scienza. Qui stavano tutte le religioni in fila: le chiese o le sette o comunque le chiamassimo; e verso la fine della fila ve n’era una particolarmente squallida e tetra, con un tetto a punta mezzo crollato e finestre a punta per lo più rotte a sassate dai passanti; e ci veniva detto che questo particolare esposto era la Chiesa Cattolica Romana. Alcuni di noi ne avevano pena e persino immaginavano che fosse stata piuttosto maltrattata; la maggior parte di noi la considerava sporca e malfamata; alcuni di noi facevano persino notare che molti dettagli della rovina erano artisticamente belli o architettonicamente importanti. Ma la maggior parte della gente preferiva trattare presso altri banchi più efficienti; alla bottega quacchera di Pace e Abbondanza o all’emporio dell’Esercito della Salvezza dove l’imbonitore batte la gran cassa fuori. Ora la conversione consiste in gran parte, sul suo versante intellettuale, nella scoperta che tutto quel quadro di credi paritari dentro un cosmo indifferente è del tutto falso. Non si tratta di confrontare i pregi e i difetti della casa di riunione quacchera posta accanto alla cattedrale cattolica. È la casa di riunione quacchera a stare dentro la cattedrale cattolica; è la cattedrale cattolica a coprire ogni cosa come la volta del Palazzo di Cristallo; ed è quando alziamo lo sguardo verso l’immensa cupola lontana che copre tutti gli esposti che ravvisiamo il tetto gotico e le finestre a punta. In altre parole, il Quaccherismo non è che una forma temporanea di Quietismo sorta tecnicamente fuori dalla Chiesa così come il Quietismo di Fénelon apparve tecnicamente dentro la Chiesa. Ma entrambi erano in se stessi temporanei e avrebbero dovuto, come Fénelon, prima o poi tornare alla Chiesa per vivere. Il principio di vita in tutte queste varianti del Protestantesimo, nella misura in cui non è un principio di morte, consiste in ciò che in esse rimase della Cristianità cattolica; e alla Cristianità cattolica esse sono sempre tornate per essere ricaricate di vitalità. So che questo suonerà come un’affermazione contestabile; ma è vera. Il ritorno delle idee cattoliche alle parti separate della Cristianità fu spesso, invero, indiretto. Ma benché l’influsso giungesse attraverso molti centri, giunse sempre da uno solo. Giunse attraverso il Movimento Romantico, un barlume del mero pittoresco del medievalismo; ma non è soltanto un caso che i Romanzi, come le lingue Romanze, prendano il nome da Roma. Oppure giunse attraverso la reazione istintiva di persone all’antica come Johnson o Scott o Cobbett, desiderose di salvare vecchi elementi che erano stati in origine cattolici contro un progresso che era meramente Capitalista. Ma ciò li condusse a denunciare quel progresso Capitalista e a diventare, come Cobbett, nemici pratici del Protestantesimo senza essere praticanti seguaci del Cattolicesimo. Oppure giunse dai Preraffaelliti o dall’apertura all’arte e alla cultura continentali per opera di Matthew Arnold e Morris e Ruskin e gli altri. Ma esaminate l’effettiva costituzione della mente di un buon quacchero o di un ministro congregazionalista in questo momento, e confrontatela con la mente di un simile dissidente nella Little Bethel prima che tale cultura giungesse. E vedrete quanta parte della sua salute e felicità debba a Ruskin e ciò che Ruskin dovette a Giotto; a Morris e ciò che Morris dovette a Chaucer; a fini studiosi della sua stessa scuola come Philip Wicksteed, e ciò che essi devono a Dante e a San Tommaso. Un uomo simile parlerà ancora talvolta del Medioevo come dei Secoli Bui. Ma i Secoli Bui hanno migliorato la carta da parati sul suo muro e l’abito di sua moglie e tutta quella vita squallida e volgare che egli conduceva ai giorni di Stiggins e di Fratello Tadger. Poiché anch’egli è cristiano e vive soltanto della vita della Cristianità.

It is not easy to express this enormous inversion which I have here tried to suggest in the image of a world turned inside out. I mean that the thing which had been stared at as a small something swells out and swallows everything. Christendom is in the literal sense a continent. We come to feel that it contains everything, even the things in revolt against itself. But it is perhaps the most towering intellectual transformation of all and the one that it is hardest to undo even for the sake of argument. It is almost impossible even in imagination to reverse that reversal. Another way of putting it is to say that we have come to regard all these historical figures as characters in Catholic history, even if they are not Catholics. And in a certain sense, the historical as distinct from the theological sense, they never do cease to be Catholic. They are not people who have really created something entirely new, until they actually pass the border of reason and create more or less crazy nightmares. But nightmares do not last; and most of them even now are in various stages of waking up. Protestants are Catholics gone wrong; that is what is really meant by saying they are Christians. Sometimes they have gone very wrong; but not often have they gone right ahead with their own particular wrong. Thus a Calvinist is a Catholic obsessed with the Catholic idea of the sovereignty of God. But when he makes it mean that God wishes particular people to be damned, we may say with all restraint that he has become a rather morbid Catholic. In point of fact he is a diseased Catholic; and the disease left to itself would be death or madness. But, as a matter of fact, the disease did not last long, and is itself now practically dead. But every step he takes back towards humanity is a step back towards Catholicism. Thus a Quaker is a, Catholic obsessed with the Catholic idea of gentle simplicity and truth. But when he made it mean that it is a lie to say “you” and an act of idolatry to take off your hat to a lady, it is not too much to say that whether or not he had a hat off, he certainly had a tile loose. But as a matter of fact he himself found it necessary to dispense with the eccentricity (and the hat) and to leave the straight road that would have led him to a lunatic asylum. Only every step he takes back towards common sense is a step back towards Catholicism. In so far as he was right he was a Catholic; and in so far as he was wrong he has not himself been able to remain a Protestant.

To us, therefore, it is henceforth impossible to think of the Quaker as a figure at the beginning of a new Quaker history or the Calvinist as the founder of a new Calvinistic world. It is quite obvious to us that they are simply characters in our own Catholic history, only characters who caused a great deal of trouble by trying to do something that we could do better and that they did not really do at all. Now some may suppose that this can be maintained of the older sects like Calvinists and Quakers, but cannot be maintained of modern movements like those of Socialists or Spiritualists. But they will be quite wrong. The covering or continental character of the Church applies just as much to modern manias as to the old religious manias; it applies quite as much to Materialists or Spiritualists as to Puritans. In all of them you find that some Catholic dogma is, first, taken for granted; then exaggerated into an error; and then generally reacted against and rejected as an error, bringing the individual in question a few steps back again on the homeward road. And this is almost always the mark of such a heretic; that while he will wildly question any other Catholic dogma, he never dreams of questioning his own favourite Catholic dogma and does not even seem to know that it could be questioned. It never occurred to the Calvinist that anybody might use his liberty to deny or limit the divine omnipotence, or to the Quaker that anyone could question the supremacy of simplicity. That is exactly the situation of the Socialist. Bolshevism and every shade of any such theory of brotherhood is based upon one unfathomably mystical Catholic dogma; the equality of men. The Communists stake everything on the equality of man as the Calvinists staked everything on the omnipotence of God. They ride it to death as the others rode their dogma to death, turning their horse into a nightmare. But it never seems to occur to them that some people do not believe in the Catholic dogma of the mystical equality of men. Yet there are many, even among Christians, who are so heretical as to question it. The Socialists get into a great tangle when they try to apply it; they compromise with their own ideals; they modify their own doctrine; and so find themselves, like the Quakers and the Calvinists, after all their extreme extravagances, a day’s march nearer Rome.

In short, the story of these sects is not one of straight lines striking outwards and onwards, though if it were they would all be striking in different directions. It is a pattern of curves continually returning into the continent and common life of their and our civilisation; and the summary of that civilisation and central sanity is the philosophy of the Catholic Church. To us, Spiritualists are men studying the existence of spirits, in a brief and blinding oblivion of the existence of evil spirits. They are, as it were, people just educated enough to have heard of ghosts but not educated enough to have heard of witches. If the evil spirits succeed in stopping their education and stunting their minds, they may of course go on for ever repeating silly messages from Plato and doggerel verses from Milton. But if they do go a step or two further, instead of marking time on the borderland, their next step will be to learn what the Church could have taught. To us, Christian Scientists are simply people with one idea, which they have never learnt to balance and combine with all the other ideas. That is why the wealthy business man so often becomes a Christian Scientist. He is not used to ideas and one idea goes to his head, like one glass of wine to a starving man. But the Catholic Church is used to living with ideas and walks among all those very dangerous wild beasts with the poise and the lifted head of a lion-tamer. The Christian Scientist can go on monotonously repeating his one idea and remain a Christian Scientist. But if ever he really goes on to any other ideas, he will be so much the nearer to being a Catholic.

Non è facile esprimere questa enorme inversione che ho qui cercato di suggerire con l’immagine di un mondo rivoltato come un guanto. Voglio dire che la cosa che era stata fissata come un piccolo qualcosa si dilata e inghiotte ogni cosa. La cristianità è, nel senso letterale, un continente. Si arriva a sentire che contiene ogni cosa, persino ciò che si ribella contro di essa. Ma è forse la più imponente di tutte le trasformazioni intellettuali, e quella che è più arduo disfare anche solo per amor di discussione. È quasi impossibile, persino con l’immaginazione, rovesciare quel rovesciamento. Un altro modo di dirlo è che siamo giunti a considerare tutte queste figure storiche come personaggi della storia cattolica, anche se non sono cattolici. E in un certo senso, quello storico distinto da quello teologico, essi non cessano mai di essere cattolici. Non sono persone che abbiano davvero creato qualcosa di interamente nuovo, finché non oltrepassano il confine della ragione e creano incubi più o meno folli. Ma gli incubi non durano; e la maggior parte di essi si trova anche adesso in vari stadi del risveglio. I protestanti sono cattolici traviati; è questo che si intende in realtà dicendo che sono cristiani. Talvolta si sono traviati assai; ma non spesso sono andati fino in fondo lungo il proprio particolare traviamento. Così un calvinista è un cattolico ossessionato dall’idea cattolica della sovranità di Dio. Ma quando le fa significare che Dio desidera la dannazione di certe persone, possiamo dire, con ogni moderazione, che è diventato un cattolico piuttosto morboso. In verità è un cattolico malato; e la malattia, lasciata a se stessa, sarebbe la morte o la follia. Ma, in effetti, la malattia non durò a lungo, ed è essa stessa ormai praticamente morta. Eppure ogni passo che egli compie indietro verso l’umanità è un passo indietro verso il cattolicesimo. Così un quacchero è un cattolico ossessionato dall’idea cattolica della mite semplicità e della verità. Ma quando le fece significare che dire «voi» è una menzogna e togliersi il cappello davanti a una signora un atto d’idolatria, non è troppo dire che, col cappello in testa o senza, gli mancava di certo qualche rotella. Ma di fatto egli stesso trovò necessario rinunciare all’eccentricità (e al cappello) e abbandonare la diritta strada che l’avrebbe condotto al manicomio. Se non che ogni passo che compie indietro verso il buon senso è un passo indietro verso il cattolicesimo. In quanto aveva ragione era cattolico; e in quanto aveva torto non è riuscito nemmeno lui a rimanere protestante.

Per noi, dunque, è ormai impossibile pensare al quacchero come a una figura posta all’inizio di una nuova storia quacchera, o al calvinista come al fondatore di un nuovo mondo calvinista. Ci appare del tutto evidente che essi sono semplicemente personaggi della nostra stessa storia cattolica, solo personaggi che procurarono un mucchio di guai tentando di fare qualcosa che noi sapevamo fare meglio e che essi, in realtà, non fecero affatto. Ora qualcuno potrebbe supporre che questo si possa sostenere per le sette più antiche, come i calvinisti e i quaccheri, ma non per i movimenti moderni, come quelli dei socialisti o degli spiritisti. Ma avranno del tutto torto. Il carattere avvolgente o continentale della Chiesa vale tanto per le manie moderne quanto per le antiche manie religiose; vale per i materialisti o gli spiritisti quanto per i puritani. In tutti costoro si scopre che un qualche dogma cattolico viene dapprima dato per scontato; poi esagerato fino a diventare errore; e infine, in genere, respinto e rigettato come errore, riportando l’individuo in questione qualche passo indietro sulla strada del ritorno. E questo è quasi sempre il segno di un simile eretico: che mentre metterà furiosamente in dubbio ogni altro dogma cattolico, non sogna mai di mettere in dubbio il proprio dogma cattolico prediletto, e nemmeno pare sapere che lo si potrebbe mettere in dubbio. Non venne mai in mente al calvinista che qualcuno potesse usare la propria libertà per negare o limitare l’onnipotenza divina, né al quacchero che qualcuno potesse mettere in questione la supremazia della semplicità. Questa è esattamente la situazione del socialista. Il bolscevismo e ogni sfumatura di una simile teoria della fratellanza si fonda su un dogma cattolico insondabilmente mistico: l’uguaglianza degli uomini. I comunisti puntano tutto sull’uguaglianza dell’uomo come i calvinisti puntavano tutto sull’onnipotenza di Dio. La cavalcano fino alla morte come gli altri cavalcavano il proprio dogma fino alla morte, trasformando il loro cavallo in un incubo. Ma non pare mai venir loro in mente che alcuni non credano al dogma cattolico della mistica uguaglianza degli uomini. Eppure ce ne sono molti, anche tra i cristiani, tanto eretici da metterlo in dubbio. I socialisti si cacciano in un gran groviglio quando tentano di applicarlo; scendono a patti con i propri ideali; modificano la propria dottrina; e così si ritrovano, come i quaccheri e i calvinisti, dopo tutte le loro estreme stravaganze, una giornata di marcia più vicini a Roma.

In breve, la storia di queste sette non è fatta di linee rette che si slanciano in fuori e in avanti, benché, se lo fosse, si slancerebbero tutte in direzioni diverse. È un disegno di curve che tornano di continuo nel continente e nella vita comune della loro e nostra civiltà; e la sintesi di quella civiltà e di quella sanità centrale è la filosofia della Chiesa cattolica. Per noi gli spiritisti sono uomini che studiano l’esistenza degli spiriti, in un breve e accecante oblio dell’esistenza degli spiriti maligni. Sono, per così dire, persone istruite appena quanto basta per aver sentito parlare di fantasmi, ma non abbastanza per aver sentito parlare di streghe. Se gli spiriti maligni riescono ad arrestare la loro educazione e ad atrofizzarne la mente, potranno naturalmente continuare in eterno a ripetere sciocchi messaggi di Platone e versacci di Milton. Ma se compiono un passo o due in più, invece di segnare il tempo sulla soglia, il loro passo successivo sarà imparare ciò che la Chiesa avrebbe potuto insegnare. Per noi i seguaci della Christian Science sono semplicemente persone con una sola idea, che non hanno mai imparato a bilanciare e a combinare con tutte le altre idee. È per questo che il ricco uomo d’affari così spesso diventa un adepto della Christian Science. Non è abituato alle idee, e una sola idea gli dà alla testa, come un solo bicchiere di vino a un uomo affamato. Ma la Chiesa cattolica è abituata a convivere con le idee e cammina in mezzo a tutte quelle pericolosissime bestie feroci con l’equilibrio e il capo eretto di un domatore di leoni. L’adepto della Christian Science può continuare a ripetere monotonamente la sua unica idea e restare tale. Ma se mai passa davvero a qualche altra idea, sarà tanto più vicino a essere cattolico.

When the convert has once seen the world like that, with one balance of ideas and a number of other ideas that have left it and lost their balance, he does not in fact experience any of the inconveniences that he might reasonably have feared before that silent but stunning revolution. He is not worried by being told that there is something in Spiritualism or something in Christian Science. He knows there is something in everything. But he is moved by the more impressive fact that he finds everything in something. And he is quite sure that if these investigators really are looking for everything, and not merely looking for anything, they will be more and more likely to look for it in the same place. In that sense he is far less worried about them than he was when he thought that one or other of them might be the only person having any sort of communication with the higher mysteries and obviously rather capable of making a mess of it. He is no more likely to be overawed by the fact that Mrs. Eddy achieved spiritual healing or Mr. Home achieved bodily levitation than a fully dressed gentleman in Bond Street would be overawed by the top-hat on the head of a naked savage. A top-hat may be a good hat but it is a bad costume. And a magnetic trick may be a sufficient sensation but it is a very insufficient philosophy. He is no more envious of a Bolshevist for making a revolution than of a beaver for making a dam; for he knows his own civilisation can make things on a pattern not quite so simple or so monotonous. But he believes this of his civilisation and his religion and not merely of himself. There is nothing supercilious about his attitude; because he is well aware that he has only scratched the surface of the spiritual estate that is now open to him. In other words, the convert does not in the least abandon investigation or even adventure. He does not think he knows everything, nor has he lost curiosity about the things he does not know. But experience has taught him that he will find nearly everything somewhere inside that estate and that a very large number of people are finding next to nothing outside it. For the estate is not only a formal garden or an ordered farm; there is plenty of hunting and fishing on it, and, as the phrase goes, very good sport.

For this is one of the very queerest of the common delusions about what happens to the convert. In some muddled way people have confused the natural remarks of converts, about having found moral peace, with some idea of their having found mental rest, in the sense of mental inaction. They might as well say that a man who has completely recovered his health, after an attack of palsy or St. Vitus’ dance, signalises his healthy state by sitting absolutely still like a stone. Recovering his health means recovering his power of moving in the right way as distinct from the wrong way; but he will probably move a great deal more than before. To become a Catholic is not to leave off thinking, but to learn how to think. It is so in exactly the same sense in which to recover from palsy is not to leave off moving but to learn how to move. The Catholic convert has for the first time a starting-point for straight and strenuous thinking. He has for the first time a way of testing the truth in any question that he raises. As the world goes, especially at present, it is the other people, the heathen and the heretics, who seem to have every virtue except the power of connected thought. There was indeed a brief period when a small minority did some hard thinking on the heathen or heretical side. It barely lasted from the time of Voltaire to the time of Huxley. It has now entirely disappeared. What is now called free thought is valued, not because it is free thought, but because it is freedom from thought; because it is free thoughtlessness.

Nothing is more amusing to the convert, when his conversion has been complete for some time, than to hear the speculations about when or whether he will repent of the conversion; when he will be sick of it, how long he will stand it, at what stage of his external exasperation he will start up and say he can bear it no more. For all this is founded on that optical illusion about the outside and the inside which I have tried to sketch in this chapter. The outsiders, stand by and see, or think they see, the convert entering with bowed head a sort of small temple which they are convinced is fitted up inside like a prison, if not a torture-chamber. But all they really know about it is that he has passed through a door. They do not know that he has not gone into the inner darkness, but out into the broad daylight. It is he who is, in the beautiful and beatific sense of the word, an outsider. He does not want to go into a larger room, because he does not know of any larger room to go into. He knows of a large number of much smaller rooms, each of which is labelled as being very large; but he is quite sure he would be cramped in any of them. Each of them professes to be a complete cosmos or scheme of all things; but then so does the cosmos of the Clapham Sect or the Clapton Agapemone. Each of them is supposed to be domed with the sky or painted inside with all the stars. But each of these cosmic systems or machines seems to him much smaller and even much simpler than the broad and balanced universe in which he lives. One of them is labelled Agnostic; but he knows by experience that it has not really even the freedom of ignorance. It is a wheel that must always go round without a single jolt of miraculous interruption—a circle that must not be squared by any higher mathematics of mysticism; a machine that must be scoured as clean of all spirits as if it were the avowed machine of materialism. In living in a world with two orders, the supernatural and the natural, the convert feels he is living in a larger world and does not feel any temptation to crawl back into a smaller one. One of them is labelled Theosophical or Buddhistic; but he knows by experience that it is only the same sort of wearisome wheel used for spiritual things instead of material things. Living in a world where he is free to do anything, even to go to the devil, he does not see why he should tie himself to the wheel of a mere destiny. One of them is labelled Humanitarian; but he knows that such humanitarians have really far less experience of humanity. He knows that they are thinking almost entirely of men as they are at this moment in modern cities, and have nothing like the huge human interest of what began by being preached to legionaries in Palestine and is still being preached to peasants in China. So clear is this perception that I have sometimes put it to myself, as something between a melancholy meditation and a joke. “Where should I go now, if I did leave the Catholic Church?” I certainly would not go to any of those little social sects which only express one idea at a time, because that idea happens to be fashionable at the moment. The best I could hope for would be to wander away into the woods and become, not a Pantheist (for that is also a limitation and a bore) but rather a pagan, in the mood to cry out that some particular mountain peak or flowering fruit tree was sacred and a thing to be worshipped. That at least would be beginning all over again; but it would bring me back to the same problem in the end. If it was reasonable to have a sacred tree it was not unreasonable to have a sacred crucifix; and if the god was to be found on one peak he may as reasonably be found under one spire. To find a new religion is sooner or later to have found one; and why should I have been discontented with the one I had found? Especially, as I said in the first words of this essay, when it is the one old religion which seems capable of remaining new.

I know very well that if I went upon that journey I should either despair or return; and that none of the trees would ever be a substitute for the real sacred tree. Paganism is better than pantheism, for paganism is free to imagine divinities, while pantheism is forced to pretend, in a priggish way, that all things are equally divine. But I should not imagine any divinity that was sufficiently divine. I seem to know that weary return through the woodlands; for I think in some symbolic fashion I have walked that road before. For as I have tried to confess here without excessive egotism, I think I am the sort of man who came to Christ from Pan and Dionysus and not from Luther or Laud; that the conversion I understand is that of the pagan and not the Puritan; and upon that antique conversion is founded the whole world that we know. It is a transformation far more vast and tremendous than anything that has been meant for many years past, at least in England and America, by a sectarian controversy or a doctrinal division. On the height of that ancient empire and that international experience, humanity had a vision. It has not had another; but only quarrels about that one. Paganism was the largest thing in the world and Christianity was larger; and everything else has been comparatively small.

Una volta che il convertito ha visto il mondo così, con un solo equilibrio di idee e una quantità di altre idee che lo hanno abbandonato perdendo il proprio, non prova in realtà nessuno degli inconvenienti che avrebbe potuto ragionevolmente temere prima di quella silenziosa ma sbalorditiva rivoluzione. Non lo turba sentirsi dire che c’è qualcosa nello Spiritismo o qualcosa nella Christian Science. Sa che c’è qualcosa in ogni cosa. Ma lo colpisce il fatto più impressionante di trovare ogni cosa in qualcosa. Ed è ben certo che se questi indagatori cercano davvero ogni cosa, e non semplicemente una cosa qualsiasi, sarà sempre più probabile che la cerchino nello stesso luogo. In tal senso è assai meno inquieto sul loro conto di quanto lo fosse quando pensava che l’uno o l’altro potesse essere l’unica persona ad avere una qualche comunicazione con i misteri più alti, e per giunta assai capace di combinare un pasticcio. Non è più incline a lasciarsi intimidire dal fatto che la signora Eddy ottenesse guarigioni spirituali o che il signor Home ottenesse la levitazione del corpo di quanto un gentiluomo ben vestito di Bond Street si lascerebbe intimidire dal cilindro posato sul capo di un selvaggio nudo. Un cilindro può essere un buon cappello, ma è un pessimo abito. E un trucco magnetico può essere una sensazione sufficiente, ma è una filosofia del tutto insufficiente. Non invidia un bolscevico che fa una rivoluzione più di quanto invidi un castoro che costruisce una diga; poiché sa che la propria civiltà sa costruire cose secondo un disegno non così semplice né così monotono. Ma lo crede della propria civiltà e della propria religione, e non soltanto di se stesso. Non c’è nulla di altezzoso nel suo atteggiamento; perché sa bene di aver soltanto scalfito la superficie della tenuta spirituale che ora gli è aperta. In altre parole, il convertito non abbandona minimamente l’indagine, e nemmeno l’avventura. Non crede di sapere ogni cosa, né ha perduto la curiosità per le cose che non sa. Ma l’esperienza gli ha insegnato che troverà quasi ogni cosa da qualche parte dentro quella tenuta, e che un gran numero di persone non trova quasi nulla al di fuori di essa. Poiché la tenuta non è soltanto un giardino all’italiana o una fattoria ben ordinata; vi si trova caccia e pesca in abbondanza e, come si suol dire, ottimo svago.

Poiché questa è una delle più strane fra le comuni illusioni su ciò che accade al convertito. In qualche modo confuso, la gente ha scambiato le naturali osservazioni dei convertiti sull’aver trovato la pace morale con l’idea che essi abbiano trovato un riposo mentale, nel senso di inerzia della mente. Potrebbero bene dire che un uomo il quale abbia interamente recuperato la salute, dopo un attacco di paralisi o di ballo di San Vito, manifesti il suo stato sano stando assolutamente immobile come una pietra. Recuperare la salute significa recuperare la facoltà di muoversi nel modo giusto anziché in quello sbagliato; ma probabilmente si muoverà assai più di prima. Diventare cattolico non significa smettere di pensare, ma imparare a pensare. Lo è esattamente nello stesso senso in cui guarire dalla paralisi non significa smettere di muoversi, ma imparare a muoversi. Il convertito cattolico ha per la prima volta un punto di partenza per un pensiero diritto e vigoroso. Ha per la prima volta un modo di saggiare la verità in ogni questione che solleva. Per come va il mondo, specialmente al giorno d’oggi, sono gli altri, i pagani e gli eretici, a sembrare dotati di ogni virtù tranne quella del pensiero coerente. Vi fu, è vero, un breve periodo in cui una piccola minoranza pensò davvero con rigore dalla parte pagana o eretica. Durò a stento dal tempo di Voltaire al tempo di Huxley. Ora è del tutto scomparsa. Ciò che oggi si chiama libero pensiero è apprezzato non perché sia libero pensiero, ma perché è libertà dal pensiero; perché è libera sconsideratezza.

Nulla diverte di più il convertito, quando la sua conversione è ormai compiuta da qualche tempo, che udire le congetture su quando, o se mai, si pentirà della conversione; quando ne avrà abbastanza, quanto a lungo la sopporterà, a quale grado della sua esasperazione esteriore balzerà in piedi dichiarando di non poterne più. Poiché tutto ciò si fonda su quell’illusione ottica circa il fuori e il dentro che ho cercato di tratteggiare in questo capitolo. Chi sta di fuori osserva, o crede di osservare, il convertito entrare a capo chino in una specie di piccolo tempio che è convinto sia arredato all’interno come una prigione, se non addirittura una camera di tortura. Ma tutto ciò che davvero ne sanno è che egli ha varcato una porta. Non sanno che egli non è entrato nelle tenebre interiori, ma è uscito alla piena luce del giorno. È lui a essere, nel senso bello e beatifico della parola, un estraneo. Non desidera entrare in una stanza più grande, perché non conosce alcuna stanza più grande in cui entrare. Conosce un gran numero di stanze assai più piccole, ciascuna etichettata come grandissima; ma è ben certo che in ognuna di esse si sentirebbe allo stretto. Ognuna pretende di essere un cosmo completo o un sistema di tutte le cose; ma altrettanto fa il cosmo della Setta di Clapham o dell’Agapemone di Clapton. Ognuna si suppone sormontata da una cupola di cielo o dipinta all’interno con tutte le stelle. Ma ciascuno di questi sistemi o congegni cosmici gli appare assai più piccolo e persino assai più semplice dell’universo ampio ed equilibrato in cui vive. Uno di essi porta l’etichetta di Agnostico; ma sa per esperienza che non possiede davvero nemmeno la libertà dell’ignoranza. È una ruota che deve sempre girare senza un solo sobbalzo di interruzione miracolosa — un cerchio che non dev’essere quadrato da alcuna matematica superiore del misticismo; una macchina che dev’essere ripulita da ogni spirito come se fosse la dichiarata macchina del materialismo. Vivendo in un mondo con due ordini, il soprannaturale e il naturale, il convertito sente di vivere in un mondo più vasto e non prova alcuna tentazione di rannicchiarsi di nuovo in uno più piccolo. Uno di essi porta l’etichetta di Teosofico o Buddhista; ma sa per esperienza che si tratta soltanto della stessa tediosa ruota applicata alle cose spirituali anziché a quelle materiali. Vivendo in un mondo dove è libero di fare qualsiasi cosa, persino di andare al diavolo, non vede perché dovrebbe legarsi alla ruota di un mero destino. Uno di essi porta l’etichetta di Umanitario; ma egli sa che simili umanitari hanno in realtà assai minore esperienza dell’umanità. Sa che essi pensano quasi esclusivamente agli uomini come sono in questo momento nelle città moderne, e non hanno nulla dell’immenso interesse umano di ciò che cominciò con l’essere predicato ai legionari in Palestina ed è ancora predicato ai contadini in Cina. Tanto chiara è questa percezione che talvolta me la sono posta, come qualcosa tra una malinconica meditazione e uno scherzo: «Dove andrei ora, se lasciassi la Chiesa cattolica?» Di certo non andrei in nessuna di quelle piccole sette sociali che esprimono una sola idea per volta, perché quell’idea si trova a essere di moda in quel momento. Il meglio che potrei sperare sarebbe di allontanarmi vagando nei boschi e diventare, non un panteista (giacché anche questa è una limitazione e una noia), ma piuttosto un pagano, disposto a gridare che una certa vetta montana o un certo albero da frutto in fiore fosse sacro e degno di adorazione. Quello almeno sarebbe ricominciare tutto daccapo; ma alla fine mi ricondurrebbe allo stesso problema. Se era ragionevole avere un albero sacro, non era irragionevole avere un crocifisso sacro; e se il dio si poteva trovare su una vetta, con pari ragione lo si può trovare sotto una guglia. Trovare una nuova religione significa prima o poi averne trovata una; e perché avrei dovuto essere scontento di quella che avevo già trovato? Tanto più, come ho detto nelle prime parole di questo saggio, quando è l’unica antica religione che sembra capace di restare nuova.

So molto bene che se intraprendessi quel viaggio mi toccherebbe o disperare o tornare indietro; e che nessuno di quegli alberi sarebbe mai un sostituto del vero albero sacro. Il paganesimo è migliore del panteismo, poiché il paganesimo è libero di immaginare divinità, mentre il panteismo è costretto a fingere, in modo saccente, che tutte le cose siano ugualmente divine. Ma non riuscirei a immaginare alcuna divinità che fosse sufficientemente divina. Mi pare di conoscere quel faticoso ritorno attraverso i boschi; poiché credo che in qualche modo simbolico abbia già percorso quella strada. Poiché, come ho cercato di confessare qui senza eccessivo egotismo, credo di essere il genere d’uomo che giunse a Cristo da Pan e Dioniso e non da Lutero o Laud; che la conversione che comprendo è quella del pagano e non del puritano; e su quell’antica conversione si fonda l’intero mondo che conosciamo. È una trasformazione assai più vasta e tremenda di qualsiasi cosa si sia intesa da molti anni a questa parte, almeno in Inghilterra e in America, con una controversia settaria o una divisione dottrinale. Sulla vetta di quell’antico impero e di quell’esperienza internazionale, l’umanità ebbe una visione. Non ne ha avuta un’altra; ma soltanto liti a proposito di quella. Il paganesimo era la cosa più grande del mondo, e il cristianesimo era più grande ancora; e tutto il resto è stato, in confronto, piccolo.

CHAPTER V: THE EXCEPTION PROVES THE RULE

The Catholic Church is the only thing which saves a man from the degrading slavery of being a child of his age. I have compared it with the New Religions; but this is exactly where it differs from the New Religions. The New Religions are in many ways suited to the new conditions; but they are only suited to the new conditions. When those conditions shall have changed in only a century or so, the points upon which alone they insist at present will have become almost pointless. If the Faith has all the freshness of a new religion, it has all the richness of an old religion; it has especially all the reserves of an old religion. So far as that is concerned, its antiquity is alone a great advantage, and especially a great advantage for purposes of renovation and youth. It is only by the analogy of animal bodies that we suppose that old things must be stiff. It is a mere metaphor from bones and arteries. In an intellectual sense old things are flexible. Above all, they are various and have many alternatives to offer. There is a sort of rotation of crops in religious history; and old fields can lie fallow for a while and then be worked again. But when the new religion or any such notion has sown its one crop of wild oats, which the wind generally blows away, it is barren. A thing as old as the Catholic Church has an accumulated armoury and treasury to choose from; it can pick and choose among the centuries and brings one age to the rescue of another. It can call in the old world to redress the balance of the new.

Anyhow, the New Religions are suited to the new world; and this is their most damning defect. Each religion is produced by contemporary causes that can be clearly pointed out. Socialism is a reaction against Capitalism. Spiritualism is a reaction against Materialism; it is also in its intensified form merely the trail of the tragedy of the Great War. But there is a somewhat more subtle sense in which the very fitness of the new creeds makes them unfit; their very acceptability makes them inacceptable. Thus they all profess to be progressive because the peculiar boast of their peculiar period was progress; they claim to be democratic because our political system still rather pathetically claims to be democratic. They rushed to a reconciliation with science, which was often only a premature surrender to science. They hastily divested themselves of anything considered dowdy or old-fashioned in the way of vesture or symbol. They claimed to have bright services and cheery sermons; the churches competed with the cinemas; the churches even became cinemas. In its more moderate form the mood was merely one of praising natural pleasures, such as the enjoyment of nature and even the enjoyment of human nature. These are excellent things and this is an excellent liberty; and yet it has its limitations.

We do not really want a religion that is right where we are right. What we want is a religion that is right where we are wrong. In these current fashions it is not really a question of the religion allowing us liberty; but (at the best) of the liberty allowing us a religion. These people merely take the modern mood, with much in it that is amiable and much that is anarchical and much that is merely dull and obvious, and then require any creed to be cut down to fit that mood. But the mood would exist even without the creed. They say they want a religion to be social, when they would be social without any religion. They say they want a religion to be practical, when they would be practical without any religion. They say they want a religion acceptable to science, when they would accept the science even if they did not accept the religion. They say they want a religion like this because they are like this already. They say they want it, when they mean that they could do without it.

It is a very different matter when a religion, in the real sense of a binding thing, binds men to their morality when it is not identical with their mood. It is very different when some of the saints preached social reconciliation to fierce and raging factions who could hardly bear the sight of each others’ faces. It was a very different thing when charity was preached to pagans who really did not believe in it; just as it is a very different thing now, when chastity is preached to new pagans who do not believe in it. It is in those cases that we get the real grapple of religion; and it is in those cases that we get the peculiar and solitary triumph of the Catholic faith. It is not in merely being right when we are right, as in being cheerful or hopeful or humane. It is in having been right when we were wrong, and in the fact coming back upon us afterwards like a boomerang. One word that tells us what we do not know outweighs a thousand words that tell us what we do know. And the thing is all the more striking if we not only did not know it but could not believe it. It may seem a paradox to say that the truth teaches us more by the words we reject than by the words we receive. Yet the paradox is a parable of the simplest sort and familiar to us all; any example might be given of it. If a man tells us to avoid public houses, we think him a tiresome though perhaps a well-intentioned old party. If he tells us to use public houses, we recognise that he has a higher morality and presents an ideal that is indeed lofty, but perhaps a little too simple and obvious to need defence. But if a man tells us to avoid the one particular public house called The Pig and Whistle, on the left hand as you turn round by the pond, the direction may seem very dogmatic and arbitrary and showing insufficient process of argument. But if we then fling ourselves into The Pig and Whistle and are immediately poisoned with the gin or smothered in the feather-bed and robbed of our money, we recognise that the man who advised us did know something about it and had a cultivated and scientific knowledge of the public houses of the district. We think it even more, as we emerge half-murdered from The Pig and Whistle, if we originally rejected his warning as a silly superstition. The warning itself is almost more impressive if it was not justified by reasons, but only by results. There is something very notable about a thing which is arbitrary when it is also accurate. We may very easily forget, even while we fulfil, the advice that we thought was self-evident sense. But nothing can measure our mystical and unfathomable reverence for the advice that we thought was nonsense.

CAPITOLO V: L’ECCEZIONE CONFERMA LA REGOLA

La Chiesa Cattolica è l’unica cosa che salva l’uomo dalla degradante schiavitù di essere figlio del proprio tempo. L’ho paragonata alle Nuove Religioni; ma è proprio qui che essa differisce dalle Nuove Religioni. Le Nuove Religioni sono per molti versi adatte alle nuove condizioni; ma sono adatte soltanto alle nuove condizioni. Quando quelle condizioni saranno mutate, anche solo nel giro di un secolo, i punti sui quali soltanto esse oggi insistono saranno divenuti quasi privi di senso. Se la Fede possiede tutta la freschezza di una religione nuova, possiede anche tutta la ricchezza di una religione antica; possiede soprattutto tutte le riserve di una religione antica. Sotto questo aspetto, la sua antichità è di per sé un grande vantaggio, e specialmente un grande vantaggio ai fini del rinnovamento e della giovinezza. È solo per analogia con i corpi animali che supponiamo che le cose vecchie debbano essere rigide. È una semplice metafora tratta dalle ossa e dalle arterie. In senso intellettuale le cose vecchie sono flessibili. Soprattutto, sono varie e hanno molte alternative da offrire. C’è una sorta di rotazione delle colture nella storia religiosa; e i vecchi campi possono restare a maggese per un certo tempo e poi essere lavorati di nuovo. Ma quando la nuova religione, o qualsiasi nozione simile, ha seminato il suo unico raccolto di follie giovanili, che il vento generalmente disperde, essa diventa sterile. Una cosa antica come la Chiesa Cattolica ha un arsenale e un tesoro accumulati fra cui scegliere; può scegliere e vagliare tra i secoli e portare un’epoca in soccorso di un’altra. Può chiamare in causa il vecchio mondo per raddrizzare l’equilibrio del nuovo.

Comunque sia, le Nuove Religioni sono adatte al mondo nuovo; ed è questo il loro difetto più dannoso. Ogni religione è prodotta da cause contemporanee che possono essere chiaramente indicate. Il Socialismo è una reazione contro il Capitalismo. Lo Spiritismo è una reazione contro il Materialismo; ed è anche, nella sua forma più intensa, semplicemente la scia della tragedia della Grande Guerra. Ma c’è un senso alquanto più sottile in cui la stessa idoneità dei nuovi credi li rende inadatti; la loro stessa accettabilità li rende inaccettabili. Così tutti pretendono di essere progressisti perché il vanto peculiare del loro peculiare periodo era il progresso; pretendono di essere democratici perché il nostro sistema politico ancora, piuttosto pateticamente, pretende di essere democratico. Si precipitarono a una riconciliazione con la scienza, che spesso non era altro che una resa prematura alla scienza. Si spogliarono in fretta di tutto ciò che era ritenuto sciatto o antiquato in fatto di paramenti o simboli. Vantavano funzioni brillanti e sermoni allegri; le chiese gareggiavano con i cinema; le chiese divennero perfino cinema. Nella sua forma più moderata l’atteggiamento consisteva semplicemente nel lodare i piaceri naturali, come il godimento della natura e persino il godimento della natura umana. Sono cose eccellenti e questa è una libertà eccellente; eppure ha i suoi limiti.

Non vogliamo davvero una religione che abbia ragione là dove noi abbiamo ragione. Ciò che vogliamo è una religione che abbia ragione là dove noi abbiamo torto. In queste mode correnti non si tratta in realtà di una religione che ci concede la libertà; ma (nel migliore dei casi) di una libertà che ci concede una religione. Questa gente si limita a prendere l’atteggiamento moderno, con molto in esso che è amabile e molto che è anarchico e molto che è semplicemente banale e ovvio, e poi pretende che qualunque credo venga ridotto a misura di quell’atteggiamento. Ma l’atteggiamento esisterebbe anche senza il credo. Dicono di volere una religione che sia sociale, quando sarebbero sociali senza alcuna religione. Dicono di volere una religione che sia pratica, quando sarebbero pratici senza alcuna religione. Dicono di volere una religione accettabile alla scienza, quando accetterebbero la scienza anche se non accettassero la religione. Dicono di volere una religione così perché sono già così. Dicono di volerla, quando in realtà intendono che potrebbero farne a meno.

È tutt’altra cosa quando una religione, nel senso reale di qualcosa che vincola, lega gli uomini alla loro morale quando essa non coincide con il loro umore. È molto diverso quando alcuni santi predicavano la riconciliazione sociale a fazioni feroci e furibonde che a stento sopportavano di vedersi in faccia. Era una cosa molto diversa quando la carità veniva predicata a pagani che davvero non vi credevano; proprio come è una cosa molto diversa oggi, quando la castità viene predicata a nuovi pagani che non vi credono. È in quei casi che si ha il vero corpo a corpo della religione; ed è in quei casi che si ha il trionfo peculiare e solitario della fede cattolica. Non sta nell’avere semplicemente ragione quando abbiamo ragione, come nell’essere allegri o fiduciosi o umani. Sta nell’avere avuto ragione quando avevamo torto, e nel fatto che ciò ci ritorna poi addosso come un boomerang. Una sola parola che ci dice ciò che non sappiamo vale più di mille parole che ci dicono ciò che già sappiamo. E la cosa è tanto più sorprendente se non solo non lo sapevamo, ma non potevamo crederlo. Può sembrare un paradosso dire che la verità ci insegna di più con le parole che rifiutiamo che con le parole che accogliamo. Eppure il paradosso è una parabola del tipo più semplice e familiare a tutti noi; se ne potrebbe dare qualsiasi esempio. Se un uomo ci dice di evitare le osterie, lo giudichiamo un vecchio tipo noioso, anche se forse ben intenzionato. Se ci dice di frequentare le osterie, riconosciamo che egli possiede una morale più alta e presenta un ideale davvero elevato, ma forse un po’ troppo semplice e ovvio per aver bisogno di difesa. Ma se un uomo ci dice di evitare quella particolare osteria chiamata Il Maiale e il Fischietto, sulla sinistra quando si svolta accanto allo stagno, l’indicazione può sembrare assai dogmatica e arbitraria e mostrare un insufficiente processo argomentativo. Ma se poi ci precipitiamo dentro Il Maiale e il Fischietto e veniamo immediatamente avvelenati con il gin o soffocati nel piumino e derubati del nostro denaro, riconosciamo che l’uomo che ci aveva consigliato sapeva davvero qualcosa in proposito e possedeva una conoscenza coltivata e scientifica delle osterie del distretto. Lo pensiamo ancora di più, mentre emergiamo mezzi assassinati da Il Maiale e il Fischietto, se in origine avevamo respinto il suo avvertimento come una sciocca superstizione. L’avvertimento stesso è quasi più impressionante se non era giustificato da ragioni, ma soltanto dai risultati. C’è qualcosa di assai notevole in una cosa che è arbitraria quando è anche esatta. Possiamo molto facilmente dimenticare, persino mentre lo seguiamo, il consiglio che ritenevamo buonsenso evidente di per . Ma nulla può misurare la nostra mistica e insondabile reverenza per il consiglio che ritenevamo un’assurdità.

As will be seen in a moment, I do not mean in the least that the Catholic Church is arbitrary in the sense of never giving reasons; but I do mean that the convert is profoundly affected by the fact that, even when he did not see the reason, he lived to see that it was reasonable. But there is something even more singular than this, which it will be well to note as a part of the convert’s experience. In many cases, as a matter of fact, he did originally have a glimpse of the reasons, even if he did not reason about them; but they were forgotten in the interlude when reason was clouded by rationalism. The point is not very easy to explain, and I shall be obliged to take merely personal examples in order to explain it. I mean that we have often had a premonition as well as a warning; and the fact often comes back to us after we have disregarded both. It is worth noting in connection with conversion, because the convert is often obstructed by a catchword which says that the Church crushes the conscience. The Church does not crush any man’s conscience. It is the man who crushes his conscience and then finds out that it was right, when he has almost forgotten that he had one.

I will take two examples out of the new movements: Socialism and Spiritualism. Now it is perfectly true that when I first began to think seriously about Socialism, I was a Socialist. But it is equally true, and more important than it sounds, that before I had ever heard of Socialism I was a strong anti-Socialist. I was what has since been called a Distributist, though I did not know it. When I was a child and dreamed the usual dreams about kings and clowns and robbers and policemen, I always conceived all contentment and dignity as consisting in something compact and personal; in being king of the castle or captain of the pirate ship or the man who owned the shop or the robber who was safe in the cavern. As I passed through boyhood I always imagined battles for justice as being the defence of special walls and houses and high defiant shrines; and I embodied some of those crude but coloured visions in a story called The Napoleon of Notting Hill. All this happened, in fancy at least, when I had never heard of Socialism and was a much better judge of it.

Shades of the prison-house began to close and with them came a merely mechanical discussion as to how we were all to get out of prison. Then indeed, in the darkness of the dungeon, was heard the voice of Mr. Sidney Webb, telling us that we could only conceivably get out of our Capitalist captivity with the patent Chubb key of Collectivism. Or to use a more exact metaphor, he told us that we could only escape from our dark and filthy cells of industrial slavery by melting all our private latchkeys into one gigantic latchkey as large as a battering ram. We did not really like giving up our little private keys or local attachments or love of our own possessions; but we were quite convinced that social justice must be done somehow and could only be done socialistically. I therefore became a Socialist in the old days of the Fabian Society; and so I think did everybody else worth talking about except the Catholics. And the Catholics were an insignificant handful, the dregs of a dead religion, essentially a superstition. About this time appeared the Encyclical on Labour by Leo XIII; and nobody in our really well-informed world took much notice of it. Certainly the Pope spoke as strongly as any Socialist could speak when he said that Capitalism “laid on the toiling millions a yoke little better than slavery.” But as the Pope was not a Socialist it was obvious that he had not read the right Socialist books and pamphlets; and we could not expect the poor old gentleman to know what every young man knew by this time—that Socialism was inevitable. That was a long time ago, and by a gradual process, mostly practical and political, which I have no intention of describing here, most of us began to realise that Socialism was not inevitable; that it was not really popular; that it was not the only way, or even the right way, of restoring the rights of the poor. We have come to the conclusion that the obvious cure for private property being given to the few is to see that it is given to the many; not to see that it is taken away from everybody or given in trust to the dear good politicians. Then, having discovered that fact as a fact, we look back at Leo XIII and discover in his old and dated document, of which we took no notice at the time, that he was saying then exactly what we are saying now. “As many as possible of the working classes should become owners.” That is what I mean by the justification of arbitrary warning. If the Pope had said then exactly what we said and wanted him to say, we should not have really reverenced him then and we should have entirely repudiated him afterwards. He would only have marched with the million who accepted Fabianism; and with them he would have marched away. But when he saw a distinction we did not see then, and do see now, that distinction is decisive. It marks a disagreement more convincing than a hundred agreements. It is not that he was right when we were right, but that he was right when we were wrong.

The superficial critic of these things, noting that I am no longer a Socialist, will always say, “Of course, you are a Catholic and you are not allowed to be a Socialist.” To which I answer emphatically, No. That is missing the whole point. The Church anticipated my experience; but it was experience and not only obedience. I am quite sure now from merely living in this world, and seeing something of Catholic peasants as well as Collectivist officials, that it is happier and healthier for most men to become owners than for them to give up all ownership to those officials. I do not follow the State Socialist in his extreme belief in the State; but I have not ceased to be credulous about the State merely because I have become credulous about the Church. I believe less in the State because I know more of the statesmen. I cannot believe small property to be impossible after I have seen it. I cannot believe State management to be impeccable after I have seen it. It is not any authority, except what St. Thomas calls the authority of the senses, which tells me that the mere community of goods is a solution that is too much of a simplification. The Church has taught me, but I could not unteach myself; I have learned because I have lived. and I could not unlearn it. If I ceased to be a Catholic I could not again be a Communist.

Come si vedrà tra un istante, non intendo affatto che la Chiesa Cattolica sia arbitraria nel senso di non addurre mai ragioni; ma intendo che il convertito è profondamente segnato dal fatto che, anche quando non vedeva la ragione, visse abbastanza per vedere che era ragionevole. Ma c’è qualcosa di ancora più singolare di questo, che sarà bene notare come parte dell’esperienza del convertito. In molti casi, di fatto, egli ebbe in origine un barlume delle ragioni, anche se non ragionava su di esse; ma furono dimenticate nell’intermezzo in cui la ragione era offuscata dal razionalismo. Il punto non è molto facile da spiegare, e sarò costretto a prendere esempi meramente personali per spiegarlo. Intendo che spesso abbiamo avuto un presentimento e anche un avvertimento; e il fatto ci ritorna spesso in mente dopo che li abbiamo ignorati entrambi. Vale la pena di notarlo a proposito della conversione, perché il convertito è spesso ostacolato da uno slogan che dice che la Chiesa schiaccia la coscienza. La Chiesa non schiaccia la coscienza di nessuno. È l’uomo che schiaccia la propria coscienza e poi scopre che essa aveva ragione, quando ha quasi dimenticato di averne una.

Prenderò due esempi tra i nuovi movimenti: il Socialismo e lo Spiritismo. Ora, è perfettamente vero che quando cominciai a pensare seriamente al Socialismo, ero socialista. Ma è altrettanto vero, e più importante di quanto sembri, che prima ancora di aver sentito parlare di Socialismo ero un convinto antisocialista. Ero ciò che in seguito è stato chiamato distributista, benché non lo sapessi. Quando ero un bambino e sognavo i soliti sogni su re e buffoni e briganti e poliziotti, concepivo sempre ogni appagamento e dignità come consistenti in qualcosa di compatto e personale; nell’essere il re del castello o il capitano della nave pirata o l’uomo che possedeva la bottega o il brigante al sicuro nella caverna. Man mano che attraversavo la fanciullezza immaginavo sempre le battaglie per la giustizia come la difesa di particolari mura e case e alti santuari sfidanti; e incarnai alcune di quelle rozze ma colorite visioni in un racconto intitolato Il Napoleone di Notting Hill. Tutto questo accadde, almeno nella fantasia, quando non avevo mai sentito parlare di Socialismo ed ero un giudice assai migliore di esso.

Le ombre della prigione-casa cominciarono a chiudersi e con esse venne una discussione meramente meccanica su come dovessimo tutti evadere dalla prigione. Allora davvero, nell’oscurità del sotterraneo, si udì la voce del signor Sidney Webb, che ci diceva che potevamo concepibilmente uscire dalla nostra prigionia capitalista solo con la brevettata chiave Chubb del Collettivismo. Ovvero, per usare una metafora più esatta, ci diceva che potevamo sfuggire alle nostre buie e sudicie celle di schiavitù industriale solo fondendo tutte le nostre chiavi private in un’unica gigantesca chiave grande come un ariete da assedio. Non ci piaceva affatto rinunciare alle nostre piccole chiavi private o ai legami locali o all’amore per i nostri beni; ma eravamo del tutto convinti che la giustizia sociale dovesse in qualche modo essere fatta e potesse essere fatta solo in modo socialista. Divenni perciò socialista ai vecchi tempi della Fabian Society; e così credo fecero tutti gli altri di cui valga la pena parlare, salvo i cattolici. E i cattolici erano una manciata insignificante, la feccia di una religione morta, essenzialmente una superstizione. Verso quel tempo apparve l’Enciclica sul Lavoro di Leone XIII; e nessuno nel nostro mondo davvero bene informato vi prestò molta attenzione. Certo il Papa parlò con la stessa fermezza con cui avrebbe potuto parlare qualsiasi socialista quando disse che il Capitalismo «impone ai milioni di lavoratori un giogo poco migliore della schiavitù». Ma poiché il Papa non era socialista, era ovvio che non avesse letto i giusti libri e opuscoli socialisti; e non potevamo aspettarci che il povero vecchio signore sapesse ciò che ogni giovane ormai sapeva a quel tempo: che il Socialismo era inevitabile. Fu molto tempo fa, e per un processo graduale, per lo più pratico e politico, che non ho intenzione di descrivere qui, la maggior parte di noi cominciò a rendersi conto che il Socialismo non era inevitabile; che non era davvero popolare; che non era l’unica via, e nemmeno la via giusta, per ripristinare i diritti dei poveri. Siamo giunti alla conclusione che il rimedio ovvio al fatto che la proprietà privata sia data a pochi è provvedere che sia data a molti; non provvedere che sia tolta a tutti o affidata in custodia ai cari, buoni politici. Poi, avendo scoperto quel fatto come un fatto, guardiamo indietro a Leone XIII e scopriamo nel suo vecchio e datato documento, di cui a suo tempo non tenemmo conto, che egli diceva allora esattamente ciò che noi diciamo ora. «Quanti più possibile fra le classi lavoratrici dovrebbero divenire proprietari.» È questo che intendo per giustificazione dell’avvertimento arbitrario. Se il Papa avesse detto allora esattamente ciò che dicevamo noi e volevamo che dicesse, non lo avremmo davvero venerato allora e lo avremmo interamente ripudiato in seguito. Avrebbe soltanto marciato con il milione di coloro che accettavano il fabianesimo; e con essi se ne sarebbe andato marciando via. Ma quando egli vide una distinzione che noi allora non vedevamo, e ora vediamo, quella distinzione è decisiva. Segna un disaccordo più convincente di cento accordi. Non è che avesse ragione quando avevamo ragione noi, ma che aveva ragione quando avevamo torto.

Il critico superficiale di queste cose, notando che non sono più socialista, dirà sempre: «Naturalmente, lei è cattolico e non le è permesso essere socialista». Al che rispondo con enfasi: no. Questo significa mancare completamente il punto. La Chiesa anticipò la mia esperienza; ma fu esperienza e non solo obbedienza. Sono ormai del tutto certo, per il semplice fatto di vivere in questo mondo e di aver visto qualcosa dei contadini cattolici e anche dei funzionari collettivisti, che è più felice e più sano, per la maggior parte degli uomini, divenire proprietari piuttosto che cedere ogni proprietà a quei funzionari. Non seguo il socialista di Stato nella sua estrema fede nello Stato; ma non ho cessato di essere credulo verso lo Stato solo perché sono divenuto credulo verso la Chiesa. Credo meno nello Stato perché conosco meglio gli uomini di Stato. Non posso credere che la piccola proprietà sia impossibile dopo averla vista. Non posso credere che la gestione statale sia impeccabile dopo averla vista. Non è alcuna autorità, tranne quella che San Tommaso chiama l’autorità dei sensi, a dirmi che la mera comunità dei beni è una soluzione che è troppo una semplificazione. La Chiesa me lo ha insegnato, ma non potevo dis-insegnarmelo; ho imparato perché ho vissuto, e non potevo disimpararlo. Se cessassi di essere cattolico non potrei di nuovo essere comunista.

As it happens, my story was almost exactly the same in connection with Spiritualism. There again I was modern when I was young, but not when I was very young. While I had a vague but innocent nursery religion still hanging about me, I regarded the first signs of these psychic and psychological things with mere repugnance. I hated the whole notion of mesmerism and magnetic tricks with the mind; I loathed their bulging eyes and stiff attitudes and unnatural trances and the whole bag of tricks. When I saw a girl I admired set down to crystal-gazing, I was furious; I hardly knew why. Then came the period when I wanted to know why, when I examined my own reasons and found I had none. I saw that it was inconsistent in science to revere research and forbid psychical research. I saw that men of science were more and more accepting these things and I went along with my scientific age. I was never exactly a Spiritualist, but I almost always defended Spiritualism. I experimented with a planchette, quite enough to convince myself finally that some things do happen that are not in the ordinary sense natural. I have since come to think, for reasons that would require too much space to detail, that it is not so much supernatural as unnatural and even anti-natural. I believe the experiments were bad for me; I believe they are bad for the other experimentalists. But I found out the fact long before I found out the Catholic Church or the Catholic view of that question. Only, as I have said, when I do find it out, I find it rather impressive; for it is not the religion that was right when I was right, but the religion that was right when I was wrong.

But I wish to note about both those cases that the common cant in the matter is emphatically not true. It is not true that the Church crushed my natural conscience; it is not true that the Church asked me to give up my individual ideal. It is not true that Collectivism was ever my ideal. I do not believe it was ever really anybody else’s ideal. It was not an ideal but a compromise; it was a concession to practical economists who told us that we could not prevent poverty except by something uncommonly like slavery. State Socialism never came natural to us; it never convinced us that it was natural; it convinced us that it was necessary. In exactly the same way Spiritualism never came as something natural but only as something necessary. Each told us that it was the only way into the promised land, in the one case of a future life and the other of life in the future. We did not like government departments and tickets and registers; but we were told there was no other way of reaching a better society. We did not like dark rooms and dubious mediums and ladies tied up with rope, but we were told there was no other way to reach a better world. We were ready to crawl down a municipal drain-pipe or through a spiritual sewer, because it was the only way to better things; the only way even to prove that there were better things. But the drain-pipe had never figured in our dreams like a tower of ivory or a house of gold, or even like the robbers’ tower of our romantic boyhood or the solid and comfortable house of our matured experience. The Faith had not only been true all along, but it had been true to the first and the last things, to our unspoilt instincts and our conclusive experience; and it had condemned nothing but an interlude of intellectual snobbishness and surrender to the persuasions of pedantry. It had condemned nothing but what we ourselves should have come to condemn, though we might have condemned it too late.

The Church therefore never made my individual ideal impossible; it would be truer to say that she was the first to make it possible. The Encyclical’s ideal had been much nearer my own instinct than the ideal I had consented to substitute for it. The Catholic suspicion of table-rapping was much more like my own original suspicion than it was like my own subsequent surrender. But in those two cases it is surely clear that the Catholic Church plays exactly the part that she professes to play: something that knows what we cannot be expected to know, but should probably accept if we really knew it. I am not in this case, any more than in the greater part of this study, referring to the things that are really best worth knowing. The supernatural truths are connected with the mystery of grace and are a matter for theologians; admittedly a rather delicate and difficult matter even for them. But though the transcendental truths are the most important they are not those that best illustrate this particular point, which concerns the decisions which can be more or less tested by experience And of all those things that can be tested by experience I could tell the same story: that there was a time when I thought the Catholic doctrine was meaningless, but that even that was not the very earliest time, which was a time of greater simplicity, when I had a sort of glimpse of the meaning though I had never even heard of the doctrine. The world deceived me and the Church would at any time have undeceived me. The thing that a man may really shed at last like a superstition is the fashion of this world that passes away.

I could give many other examples, but I fear they, would inevitably tend to be egotistical examples. Throughout this brief study I am under the double difficulty that all roads lead to Rome, but that each pilgrim is tempted to talk as if all roads had been like his own road. I could write a great deal, for instance, about my early wrestlings with the rather ridiculous dilemma which was put to me in my youth by the optimist and the pessimist. I promptly and properly refused to be a pessimist; and I therefore fell into the way of calling myself an optimist. Now I should not call myself either, and what is more important I can see that virtue may be entangled in both. But I think it is entangled; and I think that an older and simpler truth can loosen the tangle. But the point in the present connection is this: that before I had ever heard of optimists or pessimists I was something much more like what I am now than could be covered by either of those two pedantic words. In my childhood I assumed that cheerfulness was a good thing, but I also assumed that it was a bad thing not to protest against things that are really bad. After an interlude of intellectual formalism and false antithesis, I have come back to being able to think what I could then only feel. But I have realised that the protest can rise to a much more divine indignation and that the cheerfulness is but a faint suggestion of a much more divine joy. It is not so much that I have found I was wrong as that I have found out why I was right.

Si dà il caso che la mia storia fosse quasi esattamente la stessa a proposito dello Spiritismo. Anche lì fui moderno da giovane, ma non da giovanissimo. Finché mi aleggiava ancora addosso una vaga ma innocente religione dell’infanzia, guardavo i primi segni di queste faccende psichiche e psicologiche con pura repulsione. Detestavo l’intera nozione del mesmerismo e dei trucchi magnetici sulla mente; aborrivo i loro occhi sporgenti e le pose rigide e le trance innaturali e tutto l’armamentario di trucchi. Quando vidi una ragazza che ammiravo mettersi a fissare la sfera di cristallo, andai su tutte le furie; a stento sapevo il perché. Poi venne il periodo in cui volli sapere il perché, in cui esaminai le mie ragioni e scoprii di non averne. Vidi che era incoerente, per la scienza, venerare la ricerca e vietare la ricerca psichica. Vidi che gli uomini di scienza accettavano sempre più queste cose e mi accodai alla mia epoca scientifica. Non fui mai propriamente uno Spiritista, ma quasi sempre difesi lo Spiritismo. Feci esperimenti con una planchette, quanto bastava per convincermi infine che certe cose accadono davvero, che non sono naturali nel senso ordinario. Da allora sono giunto a pensare, per ragioni che richiederebbero troppo spazio per essere esposte, che si tratti non tanto di qualcosa di soprannaturale quanto di innaturale e persino di antinaturale. Credo che quegli esperimenti mi facessero male; credo che facciano male anche agli altri sperimentatori. Ma scoprii il fatto molto prima di scoprire la Chiesa Cattolica o la concezione cattolica di quella questione. Solo che, come ho detto, quando lo scopro, lo trovo piuttosto impressionante; poiché non è la religione che aveva ragione quando avevo ragione io, ma la religione che aveva ragione quando avevo torto.

Ma desidero osservare, riguardo a entrambi quei casi, che la solita cantilena in materia è decisamente falsa. Non è vero che la Chiesa abbia soffocato la mia coscienza naturale; non è vero che la Chiesa mi abbia chiesto di rinunciare al mio ideale individuale. Non è vero che il Collettivismo sia mai stato il mio ideale. Non credo che sia mai stato davvero l’ideale di nessun altro. Non era un ideale ma un compromesso; era una concessione agli economisti pratici che ci dicevano che non potevamo prevenire la povertà se non con qualcosa di straordinariamente simile alla schiavitù. Il Socialismo di Stato non ci venne mai spontaneo; non ci convinse mai di essere naturale; ci convinse di essere necessario. Esattamente allo stesso modo lo Spiritismo non si presentò mai come qualcosa di naturale, ma solo come qualcosa di necessario. Entrambi ci dicevano che erano l’unica via verso la terra promessa, nell’un caso di una vita futura e nell’altro di una vita nel futuro. Non ci piacevano gli uffici governativi e i tagliandi e i registri; ma ci veniva detto che non c’era altra via per raggiungere una società migliore. Non ci piacevano le stanze buie e i dubbi medium e le signore legate con la corda, ma ci veniva detto che non c’era altra via per raggiungere un mondo migliore. Eravamo pronti a strisciare giù per un tubo di scarico municipale o attraverso una fogna spirituale, perché era l’unica via verso cose migliori; l’unica via anche solo per dimostrare che esistevano cose migliori. Ma il tubo di scarico non aveva mai figurato nei nostri sogni come una torre d’avorio o una casa d’oro, e nemmeno come la torre dei briganti della nostra romantica fanciullezza o la solida e comoda casa della nostra matura esperienza. La Fede non solo era stata vera per tutto il tempo, ma era stata vera rispetto alle prime e alle ultime cose, ai nostri istinti incorrotti e alla nostra esperienza conclusiva; e non aveva condannato altro che un intermezzo di snobismo intellettuale e di resa alle lusinghe della pedanteria. Non aveva condannato altro che ciò che noi stessi saremmo giunti a condannare, per quanto forse l’avremmo condannato troppo tardi.

La Chiesa dunque non rese mai impossibile il mio ideale individuale; sarebbe più esatto dire che fu la prima a renderlo possibile. L’ideale dell’Enciclica era stato assai più vicino al mio istinto di quanto lo fosse l’ideale che avevo acconsentito a sostituirgli. Il sospetto cattolico verso i tavoli battenti somigliava molto di più al mio sospetto originario di quanto somigliasse alla mia successiva resa. Ma in quei due casi è certo chiaro che la Chiesa Cattolica recita esattamente la parte che dichiara di recitare: qualcosa che sa ciò che non ci si può aspettare che noi sappiamo, ma che probabilmente accetteremmo se davvero lo sapessimo. In questo caso, come nella maggior parte di questo studio, non mi riferisco alle cose che sono realmente più degne di essere conosciute. Le verità soprannaturali sono connesse al mistero della grazia e sono materia per i teologi; una materia, invero, piuttosto delicata e difficile persino per loro. Ma sebbene le verità trascendentali siano le più importanti, non sono quelle che meglio illustrano questo particolare punto, che riguarda le decisioni che possono essere più o meno verificate dall’esperienza. E di tutte quelle cose che possono essere verificate dall’esperienza potrei raccontare la stessa storia: che ci fu un tempo in cui ritenevo la dottrina cattolica priva di senso, ma che quello non era nemmeno il tempo più remoto, il quale era un tempo di maggiore semplicità, quando avevo una sorta di barlume del significato benché non avessi mai neppure sentito parlare della dottrina. Il mondo mi ingannò e la Chiesa mi avrebbe in qualsiasi momento disingannato. La cosa che un uomo può davvero infine deporre come una superstizione è la moda di questo mondo che passa.

Potrei dare molti altri esempi, ma temo che tenderebbero inevitabilmente a essere esempi egoistici. In tutto questo breve studio mi trovo davanti alla doppia difficoltà che tutte le strade portano a Roma, ma che ogni pellegrino è tentato di parlare come se tutte le strade fossero state simili alla sua strada. Potrei scrivere moltissimo, per esempio, sui miei primi corpo a corpo con il dilemma piuttosto ridicolo che nella mia giovinezza mi ponevano l’ottimista e il pessimista. Rifiutai prontamente e a ragione di essere un pessimista; e per questo caddi nell’abitudine di definirmi ottimista. Ora non mi definirei né l’uno né l’altro, e ciò che più conta riesco a vedere che la virtù può restare impigliata in entrambi. Ma credo che vi sia impigliata; e credo che una verità più antica e più semplice possa sciogliere il groviglio. Ma il punto, in questo contesto, è questo: che prima ancora di aver mai sentito parlare di ottimisti o pessimisti io ero qualcosa di molto più simile a ciò che sono ora di quanto potesse essere abbracciato da una di quelle due parole pedantesche. Nella mia fanciullezza davo per scontato che l’allegria fosse una cosa buona, ma davo anche per scontato che fosse una cosa cattiva non protestare contro le cose che sono davvero cattive. Dopo un intermezzo di formalismo intellettuale e di falsa antitesi, sono tornato a poter pensare ciò che allora sapevo soltanto sentire. Ma ho compreso che la protesta può elevarsi a un’indignazione assai più divina e che l’allegria non è che un debole accenno di una gioia assai più divina. Non è tanto che ho scoperto di aver avuto torto, quanto che ho scoperto perché avevo ragione.

In this we find the supreme example of the exception that proves the rule. The rule, of which I have given a rough outline in the previous chapter, is that the Catholic philosophy is a universal philosophy found to fit anywhere with human nature and the nature of things. But even when it does not fit in with human nature it is found in the long run to favour something yet more fitting. It generally suits us, but where it does not suit us we learn to suit it, so long as we are alive enough to learn anything. In the rare cases where a reasonable man can really say that it cuts across his intelligence, it will generally be found that it is true, not only to truth, but even to his deepest instinct for truth. Education does not cease with conversion, but rather begins. The man does not cease to study because he has become convinced that certain things are worth studying; and these things include not only the orthodox values but even the orthodox vetoes. Strangely enough, in a sense, the forbidden fruit is often more fruitful than the free. It is more fruitful in the sense of a fascinating botanical study of why it is really poisonous. Thus for the sake of an example, all healthy people have an instinct against usury; and the Church has only confirmed that instinct. But to learn how to define usury, to study what it is and to argue why it is wrong, is to have a liberal education, not only in political economy, but in the philosophy of Aristotle and the history of the Councils of Lateran. There almost always is a human reason for all the merely human advice given by the Church to humanity; and to find out the principle of the thing is, among other things, one of the keenest of intellectual pleasures. But in any case the fact remains that the Church is right in the main in being tolerant in the main; but that where she is intolerant she is most right and even most reasonable. Adam lived in a garden where a thousand mercies were granted to him; but the one inhibition was the greatest mercy of all.

In the same way, let the convert, or still more the semi-convert, face any one fact that does seem to him to deface the Catholic scheme as a falsehood; and if he faces it long enough he will probably find that it is the greatest truth of all. I have found this myself in that extreme logic of free will which is found in the fallen angels and the possibility of perdition. Such things are altogether beyond my imagination, but the lines of logic go out towards them in my reason. Indeed, I can undertake to justify the whole Catholic theology, if I be granted to start with the supreme sacredness and value of two things: Reason and Liberty. It is an illuminating comment on current anti-Catholic talk that they are the two things which most people imagine to be forbidden to Catholics.

But the best way of putting what I mean is to repeat what I have already said, in connection with the satisfying scope of Catholic universality. I cannot picture these theological ultimates and I have not the authority or learning to define them. But I still put the matter to myself thus: Supposing I were so miserable as to lose the Faith, could I go back to that cheap charity and crude optimism which says that every sin is a blunder, that evil cannot conquer or does not even exist? I could no more go back to those cushioned chapels than a man who has regained his sanity would willingly go back to a padded cell. I might cease to believe in a God of any kind; but I could not cease to think that a God who had made men and angels free was finer than one who coerced them into comfort. I might cease to believe in a future life of any kind; but I could not cease to think it was a finer doctrine that we choose and make our future life than that it is fitted out for us like an hotel and we are taken there in a celestial omnibus as compulsory as a Black Maria. I know that Catholicism is too large for me, and I have not yet explored its beautiful or terrible truths. But I know that Universalism is too small for me; and I could not creep back into that dull safety, who have looked on the dizzy vision of liberty.

In ciò troviamo l’esempio supremo dell’eccezione che conferma la regola. La regola, di cui ho tracciato un rozzo profilo nel capitolo precedente, è che la filosofia cattolica è una filosofia universale che si scopre accordarsi ovunque con la natura umana e con la natura delle cose. Ma anche quando non si accorda con la natura umana, si scopre alla lunga che essa favorisce qualcosa di ancor più consono. In genere ci si adatta, ma là dove non si adatta a noi impariamo ad adattarci a essa, purché siamo abbastanza vivi da imparare qualcosa. Nei rari casi in cui un uomo ragionevole può davvero dire che essa contraddice la sua intelligenza, si scoprirà in genere che è fedele non solo alla verità, ma persino al suo più profondo istinto per la verità. L’istruzione non cessa con la conversione, anzi comincia. L’uomo non smette di studiare perché si è convinto che certe cose meritino di essere studiate; e queste cose comprendono non solo i valori ortodossi, ma persino i divieti ortodossi. Per quanto strano, in un certo senso, il frutto proibito è spesso più fruttuoso di quello concesso. È più fruttuoso nel senso di un affascinante studio botanico sul perché sia realmente velenoso. Così, per fare un esempio, tutte le persone sane hanno un istinto contro l’usura; e la Chiesa non ha fatto che confermare quell’istinto. Ma imparare a definire l’usura, studiare che cosa sia e argomentare perché sia sbagliata, significa avere una istruzione liberale, non solo in economia politica, ma nella filosofia di Aristotele e nella storia dei Concili Lateranensi. C’è quasi sempre una ragione umana per tutti i consigli puramente umani dati dalla Chiesa all’umanità; e scoprire il principio della cosa è, fra le altre cose, uno dei più acuti piaceri intellettuali. Ma in ogni caso resta il fatto che la Chiesa ha ragione nel complesso a essere tollerante nel complesso; ma che là dove è intollerante ha più ragione che mai e persino è più ragionevole che mai. Adamo viveva in un giardino dove gli erano concesse mille grazie; ma l’unico divieto era la più grande grazia di tutte.

Allo stesso modo, che il convertito, o ancor più il semi-convertito, affronti un qualsiasi fatto che gli sembri deturpare lo schema cattolico come una falsità; e se lo affronta abbastanza a lungo, scoprirà probabilmente che è la più grande verità di tutte. Io stesso l’ho scoperto in quella estrema logica del libero arbitrio che si ritrova negli angeli caduti e nella possibilità della perdizione. Cose simili sono del tutto al di là della mia immaginazione, ma le linee della logica si protendono verso di esse nella mia ragione. Anzi, posso impegnarmi a giustificare l’intera teologia cattolica, purché mi si conceda di partire dalla suprema sacralità e dal valore di due cose: la Ragione e la Libertà. È un commento illuminante sul corrente discorso anticattolico il fatto che siano proprio le due cose che la maggior parte della gente immagina essere proibite ai cattolici.

Ma il modo migliore di esprimere ciò che intendo è ripetere quanto ho già detto, a proposito della soddisfacente ampiezza dell’universalità cattolica. Non riesco a raffigurarmi questi ultimi termini teologici e non ho l’autorità né il sapere per definirli. Ma continuo a porre la questione a me stesso così: supponendo che fossi tanto infelice da perdere la Fede, potrei tornare a quella carità a buon mercato e a quel rozzo ottimismo che dice che ogni peccato è un errore, che il male non può vincere o addirittura non esiste? Non potrei tornare a quelle cappelle imbottite più di quanto un uomo che ha riacquistato la sanità mentale tornerebbe volentieri in una cella imbottita. Potrei smettere di credere in un Dio di qualsiasi tipo; ma non potrei smettere di pensare che un Dio che ha reso liberi uomini e angeli fosse più nobile di uno che li costringesse dentro la comodità. Potrei smettere di credere in una vita futura di qualsiasi tipo; ma non potrei smettere di pensare che sia una dottrina più nobile quella secondo cui scegliamo e costruiamo la nostra vita futura, piuttosto che quella secondo cui essa ci viene allestita come un albergo e vi siamo condotti in un omnibus celeste tanto obbligatorio quanto una Black Maria. So che il Cattolicesimo è troppo grande per me, e non ho ancora esplorato le sue verità belle o terribili. Ma so che l’Universalismo è troppo piccolo per me; e non potrei rifugiarmi di nuovo in quella grigia sicurezza, io che ho contemplato la vertiginosa visione della libertà.

CHAPTER VI: A NOTE ON PRESENT PROSPECTS

On reconsidering these notes I find them to be far too personal; yet I do not know how any conception of conversion can be anything else. I do not profess to have any particular knowledge about the actual conditions and calculations of the Catholic movement at the moment. I do not believe that anybody else has any knowledge of what it will be like the next moment. Statistics are generally misleading and predictions are practically always false. But there is always a certain faint tradition of the thing called common sense; and so long as a glimmer of it remains, in spite of all journalism and State instruction, it is possible to appreciate what we call a reality. Nobody in his five wits will deny that at this moment conversion is a reality. Everybody knows that his own social circle, which fifty years ago would have been a firm territory of Protestantism, perhaps hardening into rationalism or indifference but doing even that slowly and without conscious convulsion, has just lately shown a curious disposition to collapse softly and suddenly, first in one unexpected place and then in another, making great holes in that solid land and letting up the leaping flames of what was counted an extinct volcano. It is in everybody’s experience, whether he is sad or glad or mad or merely indifferent, that these conversions seem to come of themselves in the most curious and apparently accidental quarters; Tom’s wife, Harry’s brother, Fanny’s funny sister-in-law who went on the stage, Sam’s eccentric uncle who studied military strategy—of each of these isolated souls we hear suddenly that it is isolated no longer. It is one with the souls militant and triumphant.

Against these things (which we know as facts and do not merely read as statistics) there is admittedly something to be set. It is what is commonly called leakage; and with a paragraph upon this point I will close these pages. Father Ronald Knox, with that felicity that is so good that the wit almost seems like good luck, has remarked that the Catholic Church really does have to get on by hook or crook. That is, by the hook of the fisherman and the crook of the shepherd; and it is the hook that has to catch the convert and the crook that has to keep him. He said in this connection that the conversions to the Church just now were so numerous that they would be obvious and overwhelming, like a landslide, if it were not that they were neutralised in mere numbers, or rather lessened in their full claim of numbers, by a certain amount of falling away in other directions. Now the first fact to realise is that it is in other directions, in totally different directions. Some people, especially young people, abandon practising Catholicism. But none of them abandon it for Protestantism. All of them practically abandon it for paganism. Most of them abandon it for something that is really rather too simple to be called an -ism of any kind. They abandon it for things and not theories; and when they do have theories they may sometimes be Bolshevist theories or Futurist theories, but they are practically never the theological theories of Protestantism. I will not say they leave Catholicism for beer and skittles; for Catholicism has never discouraged those Christian institutions as Protestantism sometimes has. They leave it to have a high old time; and considering what a muddle we have made of modern morality, they can hardly be blamed. But this reaction, which is only that of a section, is in its nature a reaction of the young and as such I do not think it will last. I know it is the cant phrase of the old rationalists that their reason prevents a return to the Faith, but it is false: it is no longer reason but rather passion.

This may sound a sweeping statement, but if it be examined it will be found not unjust, and certainly not unsympathetic. Nothing is more notable if we really study the characteristics of the rising generation than the fact that they are not acting upon any exact and definite philosophy, such as those which have made the revolutions of the past. If they are anarchical, they are not anarchist. The dogmatic anarchism of the middle of the nineteenth century is not the creed they hold, or even the excuse they offer. They have a considerable negative revolt against religion, a negative revolt against negative morality. They have a feeling, which is not unreasonable, that to commit themselves to the Catholic citizenship is to take responsibilities that continually act as restraints. But they do not maintain anything like a contrary system of spiritual citizenship, or moral responsibility. For instance, it is perfectly natural that they should want to act naturally. But they do not want to act naturally according to any intellectual theory of the reliability of Nature. On the contrary, their young and brilliant literary representatives are very prone to press upon us the crudity and cruelty of Nature. That is the moral of Mr. Aldous Huxley, and of many others. State to them any of the consistent theories of the supreme claim of Nature upon us, such as the pantheistic idea of God in all natural things; or the Nietzschean theory that nature is evolving something with superior claims to our own; or any other definable defence of the natural process itself, and they will almost certainly reject it as something unproved or exploded. They do not want to have an exact imitation of the laws of the physical universe; they want to have their own way, a much more intelligible desire. But the result is that they are, after all, at a disadvantage in face of those other young people who have satisfied their reason by a scheme that makes the universe reasonable.

For that is the very simple explanation of the affair. In so far as there is really a secession among the young, it is but a part of the same process as that conversion of the young, of which I wrote in the first chapter. The rising generation sees the real issue; and those who are ready for it rally, and those who are not ready for it scatter. But there can be but one end to a war between a solid and a scattered army. It is not a controversy between two philosophies, as was the Catholic and the Calvinist, or the Catholic and the Materialist. It is a controversy between philosophers and philanderers. I do not say it in contempt; I have much more sympathy with the person who leaves the Church for a love-affair than with one who leaves it for a long-winded German theory to prove that God is evil or that children are a sort of morbid monkey. But the very laws of life are against the endurance of a revolt that rests on nothing but natural passion; it is bound to change in its proportion with the coming of experience; and, at the worst, it will become a battle between bad Catholics and good Catholics, with the great dome over all.

CAPITOLO VI: UNA NOTA SULLE PROSPETTIVE ATTUALI

Riconsiderando questi appunti, li trovo troppo personali; eppure non so come una qualsiasi concezione della conversione possa essere altro. Non pretendo di avere alcuna particolare conoscenza delle effettive condizioni e dei calcoli del movimento cattolico in questo momento. Non credo che nessun altro abbia alcuna conoscenza di come sarà nel momento successivo. Le statistiche sono generalmente fuorvianti e le previsioni sono praticamente sempre false. Ma esiste sempre una certa fioca tradizione di quella cosa chiamata buon senso; e finché ne rimane un barlume, malgrado tutto il giornalismo e l’istruzione di Stato, è possibile apprezzare ciò che chiamiamo una realtà. Nessuno che sia in possesso delle sue facoltà negherà che in questo momento la conversione è una realtà. Tutti sanno che la propria cerchia sociale, che cinquant’anni fa sarebbe stata un saldo territorio di protestantesimo, magari indurendosi nel razionalismo o nell’indifferenza, ma facendolo lentamente e senza convulsione cosciente, ha proprio di recente mostrato una curiosa disposizione a crollare dolcemente e all’improvviso, prima in un punto inatteso e poi in un altro, aprendo grandi voragini in quella terra solida e lasciando erompere le fiamme guizzanti di ciò che si riteneva un vulcano estinto. È nell’esperienza di tutti, che si sia tristi o lieti o folli o semplicemente indifferenti, che queste conversioni paiono giungere da sé nelle contrade più curiose e apparentemente casuali; la moglie di Tom, il fratello di Harry, la buffa cognata di Fanny che si diede al palcoscenico, lo zio eccentrico di Sam che studiava strategia militare: di ciascuna di queste anime isolate udiamo d’un tratto che non è più isolata. È una cosa sola con le anime militanti e trionfanti.

A queste cose (che conosciamo come fatti e non leggiamo semplicemente come statistiche) c’è, bisogna ammetterlo, qualcosa da contrapporre. È ciò che comunemente si chiama dispersione; e con un paragrafo su questo punto chiuderò queste pagine. Padre Ronald Knox, con quella felicità così eccellente che l’arguzia sembra quasi fortuna, ha osservato che la Chiesa Cattolica deve davvero cavarsela con l’amo e il vincastro. Vale a dire, con l’amo del pescatore e il vincastro del pastore; ed è l’amo che deve pescare il convertito e il vincastro che deve custodirlo. Egli disse a questo proposito che le conversioni alla Chiesa erano ora così numerose che sarebbero state evidenti e travolgenti, come una frana, se non fosse che venivano neutralizzate nel puro numero, o piuttosto ridotte nella loro piena pretesa di numeri, da una certa quantità di abbandoni in altre direzioni. Ora, il primo fatto da comprendere è che avvengono in altre direzioni, in direzioni del tutto diverse. Alcuni, specialmente i giovani, abbandonano la pratica del cattolicesimo. Ma nessuno di loro lo abbandona per il protestantesimo. Praticamente tutti lo abbandonano per il paganesimo. La maggior parte lo abbandona per qualcosa di troppo semplice, in verità, per essere chiamato un -ismo di sorta. Lo abbandonano per cose e non per teorie; e quando hanno teorie possono talvolta essere teorie bolsceviche o futuriste, ma non sono praticamente mai le teorie teologiche del protestantesimo. Non dirò che lasciano il cattolicesimo per la birra e i birilli; poiché il cattolicesimo non ha mai scoraggiato quelle cristiane istituzioni come talora ha fatto il protestantesimo. Lo lasciano per darsi al bel tempo antico; e considerando che pasticcio abbiamo fatto della morale moderna, difficilmente li si può biasimare. Ma questa reazione, che è solo quella di una parte, è per sua natura una reazione dei giovani, e come tale non credo che durerà. So che è la frase fatta dei vecchi razionalisti che la loro ragione impedisca un ritorno alla Fede, ma è falso: non è più ragione, bensì passione.

Questa potrà sembrare un’affermazione radicale, ma se la si esamina la si troverà non ingiusta, e di certo non priva di simpatia. Nulla è più notevole, se davvero studiamo le caratteristiche della generazione nascente, del fatto che essi non agiscono in base ad alcuna filosofia esatta e definita, quali quelle che hanno fatto le rivoluzioni del passato. Se sono anarchici, non sono anarchisti. L’anarchismo dogmatico della metà del diciannovesimo secolo non è il credo che professano, e nemmeno la scusa che offrono. Hanno una considerevole rivolta negativa contro la religione, una rivolta negativa contro la morale negativa. Hanno la sensazione, non irragionevole, che impegnarsi nella cittadinanza cattolica significhi assumersi responsabilità che agiscono di continuo come freni. Ma non sostengono nulla di simile a un sistema contrario di cittadinanza spirituale, o di responsabilità morale. Per esempio, è perfettamente naturale che vogliano agire in modo naturale. Ma non vogliono agire in modo naturale secondo una qualche teoria intellettuale dell’affidabilità della Natura. Al contrario, i loro giovani e brillanti rappresentanti letterari sono assai inclini a insisterci sulla crudezza e crudeltà della Natura. Questa è la morale del signor Aldous Huxley, e di molti altri. Esponete loro una qualsiasi delle teorie coerenti della suprema pretesa della Natura su di noi, come l’idea panteistica di Dio in tutte le cose naturali; o la teoria nietzschiana che la natura stia evolvendo qualcosa con pretese superiori alle nostre; o qualsiasi altra definibile difesa del processo naturale stesso, e quasi certamente la respingeranno come qualcosa di non provato o screditato. Non vogliono avere un’esatta imitazione delle leggi dell’universo fisico; vogliono fare a modo loro, un desiderio assai più comprensibile. Ma il risultato è che essi sono, dopotutto, in svantaggio di fronte a quegli altri giovani che hanno soddisfatto la loro ragione con uno schema che rende ragionevole l’universo.

Perché questa è la spiegazione assai semplice della faccenda. Nella misura in cui c’è davvero una secessione tra i giovani, essa non è che una parte del medesimo processo di quella conversione dei giovani, di cui ho scritto nel primo capitolo. La generazione nascente vede la vera questione; e quelli che vi sono pronti si stringono a raccolta, e quelli che non vi sono pronti si disperdono. Ma non può esservi che una fine a una guerra tra un esercito compatto e uno disperso. Non è una controversia tra due filosofie, come fu quella cattolica e calvinista, o cattolica e materialista. È una controversia tra filosofi e cascamorti. Non lo dico con disprezzo; ho molta più simpatia per chi lascia la Chiesa per una storia d’amore che per chi la lascia per una prolissa teoria tedesca volta a dimostrare che Dio è malvagio o che i bambini sono una sorta di scimmia morbosa. Ma le leggi stesse della vita si oppongono alla durata di una rivolta che non poggia su nulla se non sulla passione naturale; è destinata a mutare nelle sue proporzioni con il venire dell’esperienza; e, nel peggiore dei casi, diventerà una battaglia tra cattivi cattolici e buoni cattolici, sotto la grande cupola che tutto sovrasta.